论顾炎武经学思想的时代性
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摘要
顾炎武之所学,一言以蔽之曰经学。"经学即理学"的命题,尤可视为顾炎武晚年学术之定论。顾炎武为明末遗民,但"经学即理学"命题影响清代学术至巨,即如梁启超所说,"‘经学即理学’一语,则炎武所创学派之新旗帜也";"有清一代学术,确在此旗帜之下,而获一新生命";"大抵清代经学之祖推顾炎武"。但一代有一代之学术,学术史每由转换不同的背景,应对不同的问题,而呈现出不同的形态。当其时之谓可,故《易》言时义,《礼》言时中,"时为大,顺次之,体次之,宜次之,称次之"。而总之不离于道术为是。经学、理学、朴学与道术的关系,亦犹五行与天道。五行亦道也,五行即天道在东南西北中五个阶段各自运转的不同时态。"言六艺者折中于夫子","天不变道亦不变"。道术是超越一切的,此下最重要的事情则是顺应时势的变化而转换学术的形态。顾炎武所开创的朴学在清初有救弊之功,在清末则不免有偏离道术之失,当是顾炎武始料之未及。
GU Yanwu's academic thought focuses on Jingxue,and the"Jingxue is Lixue"is the most important proposition in his study. This proposition greatly influenced the development of academic history in the Qing Dynasty. The logical meaning of this proposition is first to improve Jingxue by Lixue and then to suppress Lixue by Jingxue. In the late Zhou Dynasty,Chinese scholarship was embodied in Confucianism. In the Han to Tang dynasties,it was embodied in the study of Jingxue. In Song and Ming Dynasties,it was embodied in Lixue. In the Qing Dynasty,it was embodied in Puxue. The academic performance of each period varies according to different historical background. However,the essence of learning or say Tiandao is consistent and unchanging. In the early Qing Dynasty,Puxue was an important contribution in Chinese academic history. The lack of Lixue in the late Qing Dynasty was an important reason for the demise of the Dynasty. Therefore,GU Yanwu's proposition of"Jingxue is Lixue"is with the limitations of the times.
GU Yanwu's academic thought focuses on Jingxue,and the"Jingxue is Lixue"is the most important proposition in his study. This proposition greatly influenced the development of academic history in the Qing Dynasty. The logical meaning of this proposition is first to improve Jingxue by Lixue and then to suppress Lixue by Jingxue. In the late Zhou Dynasty,Chinese scholarship was embodied in Confucianism. In the Han to Tang dynasties,it was embodied in the study of Jingxue. In Song and Ming Dynasties,it was embodied in Lixue. In the Qing Dynasty,it was embodied in Puxue. The academic performance of each period varies according to different historical background. However,the essence of learning or say Tiandao is consistent and unchanging. In the early Qing Dynasty,Puxue was an important contribution in Chinese academic history. The lack of Lixue in the late Qing Dynasty was an important reason for the demise of the Dynasty. Therefore,GU Yanwu's proposition of"Jingxue is Lixue"is with the limitations of the times.
引文
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[2]顾炎武.与施愚山书[A].亭林诗文集(卷3)[C].四部丛刊景上海涵芬楼藏原刊本.
[3]顾炎武.下学指南序[A].亭林诗文集(卷6)[C].四部丛刊景上海涵芬楼藏原刊本.
[4]钱谦益.新刻十三经注疏序[A].牧斋初学集(卷28)[C].四部丛刊景上海涵芬楼藏康熙刊本.
[5]钱谦益.与卓去病论经学书[A].牧斋初学集(卷79)[C].四部丛刊景上海涵芬楼藏康熙刊本.
[6]钱穆.中国近三百年学术史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997.
[7]归有光.送何氏二子序[A].震川先生集(卷9)[C].四部丛刊景上海涵芬楼藏康熙刊本.
[8]赵尔巽.孙诒经传[A].清史稿(卷441)[C].北京:中华书局,1977.
[9]黄以周.南菁书院立主义[A].儆季文钞(卷6)[C].光绪二十年刊本.
[10]赵尔巽.黄以周传[A].清史稿(卷482)[C].北京:中华书局,1977.
[11]缪荃孙.中书衔处州府学敎授黄先生墓志铭[A].艺风堂文续集[C].宣统二年刻民国二年印本.
[12]陈锺璋.象山之学原于上蔡考[A].民国海康县续志(卷29)[C].民国二十七年铅印本.
[13]翁方纲.中州文献册跋[A].复初斋文(卷17)[C].清李彦章校刻本.
[14]纪昀.经部总叙[A].四库全书总目提要(卷1)[C].石家庄:河北人民出版社,2000.
[15]陆心源.拟顾炎武从祀议[A].仪顾堂集[C].清光绪刻本.
[16]苏轼.李氏山房藏书记[A].东坡七集(卷32)[C].续四部丛刊陶斋校刊本.
[17]纪昀.子部儒家类小序[A].四库全书总目提要(卷91)[C].石家庄:河北人民出版社,2000.
[18]纪昀.论语传注提要[A].四库全书总目提要(卷37)[C].石家庄:河北人民出版社,2000.
[19]颜元.存学编[A].颜元集[C].北京:中华书局,1987.
[20]梁启超.清代学术概论[M].上海:商务印书馆,1921.
[21]邓绎.藻川堂谭艺:三代篇[M].清光绪刻本.
[22]赖襄.书日知录后[A].赖山阳全书·文集[C].东京:赖山阳先生遗迹显彰会,1931.
[23]皮锡瑞.经学历史[M].北京:中华书局,2004.
[24]郑珍.读《日知录》[A].巢经巢集(卷3)[C].光绪二十年刊本.
[25]魏中林.钱仲联讲论清诗[M].苏州:苏州大学出版社,2004.
[26]马一浮.诸子篇[A].马一浮集(第3册)[C].杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1996.