土壤水分对玉米秸秆还田腐解率、土壤肥力及小麦籽粒蛋白质产量的影响
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摘要
为提高玉米秸秆还田效果,通过防雨棚微区控水设施,研究了土壤水分对还田玉米秸秆腐解、土壤肥力及小麦籽粒蛋白质产量的影响,3个土壤水分水平分别为田间持水量的50%～55%(干旱)、60%～65%(轻旱)和70%～75%(适宜水分)。结果表明,小麦季还田玉米秸秆腐解速率表现为"快-慢-快"的变化趋势。随着土壤水分含量的增加,秸秆量减少率逐渐增加。秸秆腐解前期(0～70 d),干旱条件下秸秆量累计减少率、氮素释放率显著降低(P<0.05);成熟期,不同土壤水分条件下秸秆量累计减少率及氮素释放率分别为66.50%～69.51%和75.88%～77.31%,不同土壤水分处理间差异不显著。与播前相比,成熟期不同处理0～25 cm耕层土壤有机质含量基本表现为降低趋势,但秸秆还田(RS)处理土壤有机质含量下降幅度较对照(CK)显著降低。与CK相比,RS处理0～25 cm耕层土壤有机质含量显著提高(16.1%～17.2%);不同生育时期土壤0～25 cm耕层的碱解氮含量显著提高(11.65%～23.10%);小麦籽粒蛋白质含量略有降低,籽粒蛋白质产量显著降低(4.63%)。在秸秆还田条件下,干旱处理的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量均显著高于轻旱和适宜水分处理。综上,还田玉米秸秆的腐解和氮素释放需要较好的土壤水分条件;土壤水分适宜时进行秸秆粉碎翻压还田有利于提高土壤有机质和碱解氮含量;干旱条件下秸秆还田导致小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量均显著降低。
A micro-plot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different soil moisture on decomposition of maize stalk,soil fertility and grain protein yield in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),which provided reference for improving the effect and application of maize stalk returning.The experiment was conducted under a rain proof shelter which was subjected to 50%-55%(drought,D),60%-65%(slight drought,SD) and 70%-75%(normal,N) of field moisture capacity,respectively.Two disposal patterns of maize stalks returning before wheat sowing(stalk returning,RS) and non-stalk returning as control(CK),were employed.The results indicated that the decomposition rate of maize stalk showed a trend of ‘fast-slow-fast' during the whole growing period of winter wheat.With the increase of soil moisture content,the reduction rate of stalk residual amount increased gradually.At the beginning(0-70 d) of maize stalk returning,both mass loss rate of maize stalks and nitrogen release rate were dramatically reduced under drought conditions(P<0.05).At maturity,stalk decomposition rate and nitrogen release rate under different soil moisture content were 66.50%-69.51% and 75.88%-77.31%,respectively,and no significant difference exist between different treatments.Content of soil organic matters within 0-25 cm soil layer of different patterns under different soil moisture contents appeares a decreasing trend from wheat seed sowing to maturity.However,the decrease rate of soil organic matter content under RS is significantly lower than that under CK.Compared to CK,soil organic matter content within 0-25 cm soil layer was significantly increased by 16.1%-17.2% and alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen content was dramatically increased by 11.65%-23.10%.Compared with CK,wheat grain protein content under RS showed slight decrease,and grain protein yield under RS was significantly decreased by 4.63%(P<0.05).Additionally,wheat grain protein content under D treatments were dramatically increased compared with those under either SD or N treatments.It could be concluded that decomposition and nitrogen release of maize stalk returning need relatively appropriate soil moisture conditions(normal soil moisture content or even slight drought in this experiment).Stalk returning under suitable soil moisture content will help to increase the content of both soil organic matters and alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen.However,stalk returning under drought conditions,resulted in a significant reduction in grain yield and protein yield.
A micro-plot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different soil moisture on decomposition of maize stalk,soil fertility and grain protein yield in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),which provided reference for improving the effect and application of maize stalk returning.The experiment was conducted under a rain proof shelter which was subjected to 50%-55%(drought,D),60%-65%(slight drought,SD) and 70%-75%(normal,N) of field moisture capacity,respectively.Two disposal patterns of maize stalks returning before wheat sowing(stalk returning,RS) and non-stalk returning as control(CK),were employed.The results indicated that the decomposition rate of maize stalk showed a trend of ‘fast-slow-fast' during the whole growing period of winter wheat.With the increase of soil moisture content,the reduction rate of stalk residual amount increased gradually.At the beginning(0-70 d) of maize stalk returning,both mass loss rate of maize stalks and nitrogen release rate were dramatically reduced under drought conditions(P<0.05).At maturity,stalk decomposition rate and nitrogen release rate under different soil moisture content were 66.50%-69.51% and 75.88%-77.31%,respectively,and no significant difference exist between different treatments.Content of soil organic matters within 0-25 cm soil layer of different patterns under different soil moisture contents appeares a decreasing trend from wheat seed sowing to maturity.However,the decrease rate of soil organic matter content under RS is significantly lower than that under CK.Compared to CK,soil organic matter content within 0-25 cm soil layer was significantly increased by 16.1%-17.2% and alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen content was dramatically increased by 11.65%-23.10%.Compared with CK,wheat grain protein content under RS showed slight decrease,and grain protein yield under RS was significantly decreased by 4.63%(P<0.05).Additionally,wheat grain protein content under D treatments were dramatically increased compared with those under either SD or N treatments.It could be concluded that decomposition and nitrogen release of maize stalk returning need relatively appropriate soil moisture conditions(normal soil moisture content or even slight drought in this experiment).Stalk returning under suitable soil moisture content will help to increase the content of both soil organic matters and alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen.However,stalk returning under drought conditions,resulted in a significant reduction in grain yield and protein yield.
引文
[1]邵云,马守田,李雪梅,等.秸秆还田方式对麦田土壤碳、氮、水动态及小麦产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2014,34(11):1546. SHAO Y,MA S T,LI X M,MA S C,et al.Effects of different straw returning methods on soil carbon,nitrogen,water dynamics and yield of wheat [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2014,34(11):1546.
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[7]戴志刚,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.不同作物还田秸秆的养分释放特征试验[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6):272. DAI Z G,LU J W,LI X K,et al.Nutrient release characteristics of different crop straws manure [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(6):272.
[8]NIKLINSKA M,MARYANSKI M,LASKOWSKI R.Effect of temperature on humus respiration rate and nitrogen mineralization:implication for global climate change[J].Biogeochemistry,1999,44:239.
[9]江晓东,迟淑筠,王芸,等.少免耕对小麦/玉米农田玉米还田秸秆腐解的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(10):248. JIANG X D,CHI S Y,WANG Y,et al.Effect of less tillage and no-tillage patterns on decomposition of returned maize straw in wheat/maize system [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(10):248.
[10]王宏燕,彭驰,侯中田.降水和地积温对有机肥腐解的动态分析[J].东北农业大学学报,1996,27(1):21. WANG H Y,PENG C,HOU Z T.The effect of rainfall and accumulated temperature of soil on the dynamic humification of manure [J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,1996,27(1):21.
[11]张素瑜,王和洲,杨明达,等.水分与玉米秸秆还田对小麦根系生长和水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学,2016,49(13):2486. ZHANG S Y,WANG H Z,YANG M D,et al.Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on root growth and water use efficiency of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(13):2486.
[12]王旭东,陈鲜妮,王彩霞,等.农田不同肥力条件下玉米秸秆腐解效果[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(10):252. WANG X D,CHEN X N,WANG C X,et al.Decomposition of corn stalk in cropland with different fertility [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(10):252.
[13]刘世平,陈文林,聂新涛,等.麦稻两熟地区不同埋深对还田秸秆腐解进程的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):1050. LIU S P,CHEN W L,NIE X T,et al.Effect of embedding depth on decomposition course of crop residues in rice-wheat system [J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(6):1050.
[14]张电学,韩志卿,李东坡,等.不同促腐条件下秸秆还田对土壤微生物量碳氮磷动态变化的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(10):1907. ZHANG D X,HAN Z Q,LI D P,et al.Effects of returning maize straw into field on dynamic change of soil microbial biomass C,N and P under different promoted decay condition [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(10):1907.
[15]朱瑞祥,薛少平,张秀琴,等.机械化玉米秸秆还田对土壤水肥状况的动态研究[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(4):41. ZHU R X,XUE S P,ZHANG X Q,et al.Dynamic research on soil water and fertility condition after mechanized returning corn stalks into the soil [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2001,17(4):41.
[16]蔡立群,牛怡,罗珠珠,等.秸秆促腐还田土壤养分及微生物量的动态变化[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(9):1047. CAI L Q,NIU Y,LUO Z Z,et al.Dynamic characteristics of soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass of field-returned straws at different decay accretion conditions [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(9):1047.
[17]党建友,裴雪霞,张定一,等.秸秆还田下施氮模式对冬小麦生长发育及肥料利用率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2014,34(11):1553. DANG J Y,PEI X X,ZHANG D Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen application patterns on growth and nutrient use efficiency of winter wheat under corn straw returned to field [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2014,34(11):1553.
[18]苗峰,赵炳梓,陈金林.秸秆还田与施氮量耦合对冬小麦产量和养分吸收的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(3):398. MIAO F,ZHAO B Z,CHEN J L.Effects of straw-return coupled with nitrogen fertilizer application on winter wheat yield and nutrient absorption [J].Soils,2012,44(3):398.
[19]匡恩俊,迟凤琴,宿庆瑞,等.不同还田方式下玉米秸秆腐解规律的研究[J].玉米科学,2012,20(2):99. KUANG E J,CHI F Q,SU Q R,et al.Decomposition characteristics of maize straws under different returning methods [J].Maize Science,2012,20(2):99.
[20]李昌明,王晓玥,孙波,等.不同气候和土壤条件下秸秆腐解过程中养分的释放特征及其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2017,54(5):1213. LI C M,WANG X Y,SUN B,et al.Characteristics of nutrient release and its affecting factors during plant residue decomposition under different climate and soil conditions [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(5):1213.
[21]马力,杨林章,颜廷梅,等.长期施肥水稻土氮素剖面分布及温度对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响[J].土壤学报,2010,47(2):291. MA L,YANG L Z,YAN T M,et al.Profile distribution and mineralization characteristics of nitrogen in relation to temperature in paddy soil under long-term fertilization [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(2):291.
[22]徐健程,王晓维,朱晓芳,等.不同绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆腐解特征研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(1):55. XU J C,WANG X W,ZHU X F,et al.Study on decomposition of maize straw under different green manure cropping patterns [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(1):55.
[23]王小燕,于振文.不同施氮量条件下灌溉量对小麦氮素吸收转运和分配的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3015. WANG X Y,YU Z W.Effect of irrigation rate on absorption and translocation of nitrogen under different nitrogen fertilizer rate in wheat [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(10):3015.
[2]刘军,景峰,李同花,等.秸秆还田对长期连作棉田土壤腐殖质组分含量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(2):294. LIU J,JING F,LI T H,et al.Effects of returning stalks into field on soil humus composition of continuous cropping cotton field [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(18):294.
[3]潘剑玲,代万安,尚占环,等.秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):527. PAN J L,DAI W A,SHANG Z H,et al.Review of research progress on the influence and mechanism of field straw residue incorporation on soil organic matter and nitrogen availability [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(5):527.
[4]车莉.农作物秸秆资源量估算、分布与利用潜力研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2014:1. CHE L.Research on resource estimation,distribution and utilization potential of crop residue [D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2014:1.
[5]赵四申,张西群,贾素梅,等.玉米秸秆整株还田对小麦生长发育及产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(1):146. ZHAO S S,ZHANG X Q,JIA S M,et al.Influence of returning whole corn stalk into soil on wheat growth and its yield [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2003,11(1):146.
[6]黄涛,仇少君,杜娟,等.碳氮管理措施对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系作物产量、秸秆腐解、土壤CO2排放的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(4):756. HUANG T,QIU S J,DU J,et al.Effects of different carbon and nitrogen managements on yield,straw decomposition,soil CO2 flux of the winter wheat/summer maize [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(4):756.
[7]戴志刚,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.不同作物还田秸秆的养分释放特征试验[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6):272. DAI Z G,LU J W,LI X K,et al.Nutrient release characteristics of different crop straws manure [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(6):272.
[8]NIKLINSKA M,MARYANSKI M,LASKOWSKI R.Effect of temperature on humus respiration rate and nitrogen mineralization:implication for global climate change[J].Biogeochemistry,1999,44:239.
[9]江晓东,迟淑筠,王芸,等.少免耕对小麦/玉米农田玉米还田秸秆腐解的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(10):248. JIANG X D,CHI S Y,WANG Y,et al.Effect of less tillage and no-tillage patterns on decomposition of returned maize straw in wheat/maize system [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(10):248.
[10]王宏燕,彭驰,侯中田.降水和地积温对有机肥腐解的动态分析[J].东北农业大学学报,1996,27(1):21. WANG H Y,PENG C,HOU Z T.The effect of rainfall and accumulated temperature of soil on the dynamic humification of manure [J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,1996,27(1):21.
[11]张素瑜,王和洲,杨明达,等.水分与玉米秸秆还田对小麦根系生长和水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学,2016,49(13):2486. ZHANG S Y,WANG H Z,YANG M D,et al.Influence of returning corn stalks to field under different soil moisture contents on root growth and water use efficiency of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(13):2486.
[12]王旭东,陈鲜妮,王彩霞,等.农田不同肥力条件下玉米秸秆腐解效果[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(10):252. WANG X D,CHEN X N,WANG C X,et al.Decomposition of corn stalk in cropland with different fertility [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2009,25(10):252.
[13]刘世平,陈文林,聂新涛,等.麦稻两熟地区不同埋深对还田秸秆腐解进程的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(6):1050. LIU S P,CHEN W L,NIE X T,et al.Effect of embedding depth on decomposition course of crop residues in rice-wheat system [J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2007,13(6):1050.
[14]张电学,韩志卿,李东坡,等.不同促腐条件下秸秆还田对土壤微生物量碳氮磷动态变化的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(10):1907. ZHANG D X,HAN Z Q,LI D P,et al.Effects of returning maize straw into field on dynamic change of soil microbial biomass C,N and P under different promoted decay condition [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(10):1907.
[15]朱瑞祥,薛少平,张秀琴,等.机械化玉米秸秆还田对土壤水肥状况的动态研究[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(4):41. ZHU R X,XUE S P,ZHANG X Q,et al.Dynamic research on soil water and fertility condition after mechanized returning corn stalks into the soil [J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2001,17(4):41.
[16]蔡立群,牛怡,罗珠珠,等.秸秆促腐还田土壤养分及微生物量的动态变化[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(9):1047. CAI L Q,NIU Y,LUO Z Z,et al.Dynamic characteristics of soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass of field-returned straws at different decay accretion conditions [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(9):1047.
[17]党建友,裴雪霞,张定一,等.秸秆还田下施氮模式对冬小麦生长发育及肥料利用率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2014,34(11):1553. DANG J Y,PEI X X,ZHANG D Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen application patterns on growth and nutrient use efficiency of winter wheat under corn straw returned to field [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2014,34(11):1553.
[18]苗峰,赵炳梓,陈金林.秸秆还田与施氮量耦合对冬小麦产量和养分吸收的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(3):398. MIAO F,ZHAO B Z,CHEN J L.Effects of straw-return coupled with nitrogen fertilizer application on winter wheat yield and nutrient absorption [J].Soils,2012,44(3):398.
[19]匡恩俊,迟凤琴,宿庆瑞,等.不同还田方式下玉米秸秆腐解规律的研究[J].玉米科学,2012,20(2):99. KUANG E J,CHI F Q,SU Q R,et al.Decomposition characteristics of maize straws under different returning methods [J].Maize Science,2012,20(2):99.
[20]李昌明,王晓玥,孙波,等.不同气候和土壤条件下秸秆腐解过程中养分的释放特征及其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2017,54(5):1213. LI C M,WANG X Y,SUN B,et al.Characteristics of nutrient release and its affecting factors during plant residue decomposition under different climate and soil conditions [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(5):1213.
[21]马力,杨林章,颜廷梅,等.长期施肥水稻土氮素剖面分布及温度对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响[J].土壤学报,2010,47(2):291. MA L,YANG L Z,YAN T M,et al.Profile distribution and mineralization characteristics of nitrogen in relation to temperature in paddy soil under long-term fertilization [J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(2):291.
[22]徐健程,王晓维,朱晓芳,等.不同绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆腐解特征研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(1):55. XU J C,WANG X W,ZHU X F,et al.Study on decomposition of maize straw under different green manure cropping patterns [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(1):55.
[23]王小燕,于振文.不同施氮量条件下灌溉量对小麦氮素吸收转运和分配的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3015. WANG X Y,YU Z W.Effect of irrigation rate on absorption and translocation of nitrogen under different nitrogen fertilizer rate in wheat [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(10):3015.