济南市秋冬季大气细粒子污染特征及来源
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摘要
快速的经济发展和城市化进程造成我国城市大气污染日益显著,并受到更为广泛的关注.为了解济南市大气细粒子及其化学成分的污染特征,于2013.10.15—2013.11.16和2013.12.24—2014.1.27(总观测天数为62天)利用中流量颗粒物采样器采集了济南市大气PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其中的化学成分,包括水溶性离子、无机金属元素、元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC),并结合颗粒物质量重构法和主成分分析法探讨了济南市大气细粒子的来源.结果表明,监测期内济南市PM_(2.5)质量浓度严重超标,日均值均高于我国国家环境空气质量标准(GB3095—2012)中的一级标准,最高日均值达到了335μg·m~(-3).水溶性离子、有机碳、元素碳和金属元素分别占总PM_(2.5)浓度的45.3%、34.7%、2.3%、5.6%(秋季),42.8%、32.9%、3.6%、12.5%(冬季).二次水溶性离子NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+为主要的水溶性离子,分别占总离子浓度的34.1%、35.6%、9.2%(秋季)和35.2%、30.4%、15.9%(冬季).OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别为33.8μg·m~(-3)和4.3μg·m~(-3),OC/EC比值表明秋季汽车尾气与生物质燃烧对有机气溶胶的贡献较大,而冬季燃煤排放对有机气溶胶的贡献较大.化学质量重构结果表明,秋季济南市细粒子中二次无机盐、海盐、重金属、矿物尘、建筑尘、有机物和元素碳的质量百分比分别为38.6%、1.2%、0.2%、5.4%、1.4%、34.7%和2.3%,冬季分别为34.8%、1.5%、3.5%、7.5%、3.2%、33.0%和3.6%.主成分分析结果表明,汽车尾气及二次转化、燃煤以及冶炼工业排放是济南市大气细粒子的主要来源.
With the rapid development of the economy and urbanization,the urban air pollution in China has become dominant,and has attracted more attentions than before. Fine particles(PM_(2.5)),collected from 15 October 2013 to 27 January 2014 in Ji'nan,Shandong province were analyzed for water-soluble ions(WSI),metal elements,elemental carbon(EC) and organic carbon(OC) to investigate the characteristic and sources of PM_(2.5). Results indicated that pollution of atmospheric fine particles in Ji'nan city was very serious,and the daily average of PM_(2.5),exceeded level I of theNational Standard(GB3095—2012), up to 335 μg·m~(-3). Percentages of measured chemical species,WSI,OC,EC and metal elements,to PM_(2.5)were 45.3%,34.7%,2.3% and 5.6% in the autumn,42.8%,32.9%,3.6% and 12.5% in the winter,respectively. Secondary water-soluble ions including NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)and NH_4~+were the main water soluble ions,accounting for 34.1%,35.6% and9.2% in the autumn and 35.2%,30.4% and 15.9% in the winter of all measured ions. The average concentrations of OC and EC were 33. 8 μg·m~(-3)and 4. 3 μg·m~(-3). It could be concluded from the ratio of OC/EC that vehicle exhaust and biomass burning in autumn and coal emissions in the winter were the main contributors to organic aerosols. The results of mass closure indicated that percentages of secondary inorganic salt(SIA),sea salt(SS),heavy metal(HM),mineral dust(MIN),construction dust(CD),organic matter(OM),and EC were 38.6%,1.2%,0.2%,5.4%,1.4%,34.7% and 2. 3% for autumn,and 34. 8%,1. 5%,3. 5%,7. 5%,3. 2%,33. 0% and 3. 6% for winter,respectively. The results of PCA indicated that vehicle exhaust,second transformation,coal combustion and industrial emissions were the main sources of PM_(2.5) in Ji'nan.
With the rapid development of the economy and urbanization,the urban air pollution in China has become dominant,and has attracted more attentions than before. Fine particles(PM_(2.5)),collected from 15 October 2013 to 27 January 2014 in Ji'nan,Shandong province were analyzed for water-soluble ions(WSI),metal elements,elemental carbon(EC) and organic carbon(OC) to investigate the characteristic and sources of PM_(2.5). Results indicated that pollution of atmospheric fine particles in Ji'nan city was very serious,and the daily average of PM_(2.5),exceeded level I of theNational Standard(GB3095—2012), up to 335 μg·m~(-3). Percentages of measured chemical species,WSI,OC,EC and metal elements,to PM_(2.5)were 45.3%,34.7%,2.3% and 5.6% in the autumn,42.8%,32.9%,3.6% and 12.5% in the winter,respectively. Secondary water-soluble ions including NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)and NH_4~+were the main water soluble ions,accounting for 34.1%,35.6% and9.2% in the autumn and 35.2%,30.4% and 15.9% in the winter of all measured ions. The average concentrations of OC and EC were 33. 8 μg·m~(-3)and 4. 3 μg·m~(-3). It could be concluded from the ratio of OC/EC that vehicle exhaust and biomass burning in autumn and coal emissions in the winter were the main contributors to organic aerosols. The results of mass closure indicated that percentages of secondary inorganic salt(SIA),sea salt(SS),heavy metal(HM),mineral dust(MIN),construction dust(CD),organic matter(OM),and EC were 38.6%,1.2%,0.2%,5.4%,1.4%,34.7% and 2. 3% for autumn,and 34. 8%,1. 5%,3. 5%,7. 5%,3. 2%,33. 0% and 3. 6% for winter,respectively. The results of PCA indicated that vehicle exhaust,second transformation,coal combustion and industrial emissions were the main sources of PM_(2.5) in Ji'nan.
引文
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[17]孙颖,潘月鹏,李杏茹,等.京津冀典型城市大气颗粒物化学成分同步观测研究[J].环境科学,2011,32(9):2732-2740.SUN Y,PAN Y P,LI X R,et al.Chemical composition and mass closure of particulate matter in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei megacities,Northern China[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(9):2732-2740(in Chinese).
[18]LI X R,WANG L L,Ji D S,et al.Characterization of the size-segregated water-soluble inorganic ions in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration spatialtemporal variability,size distribution and sources[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,77:250-259.
[19]李杏茹,王英锋,郭雪清,等.2008年奥运期间北京不同粒径大气颗粒物中元素碳和有机碳的变化特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):313-319.LI X R,WANG Y F,GUO X Q,et al.Size distribution and characterization of EC and OC in aerosols during the Olympics of Beijing,China[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(2):313-319(in Chinese).
[20]PARMAR R S,SATSANGI G S,KUMARI M,et al.Study of size distribution of atmospheric aerosol at Agra[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35:693-702.
[21]SHONA Z H,KIM K H,SONG S K,et al.Relationship between water-soluble ions in PM2.5and their precursor gases in Seoul megacity[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,59:540-550.
[22]WANG H L,ZHU B,SHEN L J,et al.Water-soluble Ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in five sites in the Yangtze River Delta,China:size-fractionated,seasonal variations and sources[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,123:370-379.
[23]WANG Y,ZHUANG G S,TANG A H,et al.The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5aerosol in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39:3771-3784.
[24]黄怡民,刘子锐,陈宏,等.北京夏冬季霾天气下气溶胶水溶性离子粒径分布特征[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1236-1244.HUANG Y M,LIU Z R,CHEN H,et al.Characteristics of mass size distributions of water-soluble inorganic ions during summer and winter haze days of Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(4):1236-1244(in Chinese).
[25]罗运阔,陈尊裕,张轶男,等.中国南部四背景地区春季大气碳质气溶胶特征与来源[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(11):1543-1549.LUO Y K,CHEN Z Y,ZHANG Y N,et al.Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols in spring at four background sites in South China[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(11):1543-1549(in Chinese).
[26]CHOW J C,WATSON J G,LU Z Q,et al.Descriptive analysis of PM2.5and PM10at regionally representative locations during Sjvaqs/Auspex[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(12):2079-2112.
[27]TIAN S L,PAN Y P,LIU Z R.Size-resolved aerosol chemical analysis of extreme haze pollution events during early 2013 in urban Beijing,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,279:452-520.
[28]GU J X,DU S Y,HAN D W,et al.Major chemical compositions,possible sources,and mass closure analysis of PM2.5in Ji'nan,China[J].Air Qual Atmos Health,2014,7(3):251-262.
[29]ZHU X M,KUANG Y W,LI J,et al.Metals and possible sources of lead in aerosols at the Dinghushan Nature Reserve,Southern China[J].Wiley Online Library,2015,29:1403-1410.
[30]WANG Y S,PAN Y P,SUN Y,et al.Size-resolved aerosol trace elements at a rural mountainous site in Northern China:Importance of regional transport[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,461-462:761-771.
[31]DENG C,ZHUANG G,HUANG K,et al.Chemical characterization of aerosols at the summit of Mountain Tai in Central East China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11:7319-7332.
[32]DUAN J C,TAN J H,WANG S L,et al.Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside,urban and rural sites in Beijing[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2012,24(1):87-94.
[33]TIAN H Z,CHENG K,WANG Y,et al.Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of atmospheric emissions of Cd,Cr,and Pb from coal in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,50:157-163.
[34]THURSTON G D,SPENGLER J D.A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan Boston[J].Atmospheric Environment,1985,19(1):9-25.
[35]段凤魁,贺克斌,刘咸德,等.含碳气溶胶研究进展:有机碳和元素碳[J].环境工程学报,2007,1(8):1-8.DUAN F K,HE K B,LIU X D,et al.Review of carbonaceous aerosol studies organic carbon and elemental carbon[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2007,1(8):1-8(in Chinese).
[36]GAO Y,NELSON E D,FIELD M P,et al.Characterization of atmospheric trace elements on PM2.5particulate matter over the New YorkNew Jersey harbor estuary[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36:1077-1086.
[37]刘章现,王国贞,郭瑞,等.河南省平顶山市大气降尘的化学特征及其来源解析[J].环境化学,2011,30(4):825-831.LIU Z X,WANG G Z,GUO R,et al.Charactristics and source analysis of elements in dustfall in Pingdingshan City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,30(4):825-831(in Chinese).
[2]ZHANG X Y,WANG Y Q,NIU T,et al.Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China:Spatial/temporal variability,chemical signature,regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols[J].Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics,2012,12(14):6273-6273.
[3]LIU J W,LI J,ZHANG Y L,et al.Source apportionment using radiocarbon and organic tracers for PM2.5carbonaceous aerosols in Guangzhou,South China:Contrasting local-and regional-scale haze events[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(20):12002-12011.
[4]PONGPIACHAN S,CHOOCHUAY C,CHONCHALAR J,et al.Chemical characterisation of organic functional group compositions in PM2.5collected at nine administrative provinces in Northern Thailand during the haze episode in 2013[J].Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,2013,14(6):3653-3661.
[5]YAO X H,LAU A P S,FANG M,et al.Size distributions and formation of ionic species in atmospheric particulate pollutants in Beijing,China:2-dicarboxylic acids[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(21):3001-3007.
[6]YE B M,JI X L,YANG H Z,et al.Concentration and chemical composition of PM2.5in Shanghai for a 1-year period[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(4):499-510.
[7]高文康,唐贵谦,姚青,等.天津重污染期间大气污染物浓度垂直分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(7):731-738.GAO W K,TANG G Q,YAO Q,et al.Vertical distribution of air pollutants during serious air pollution event in Tianjin[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(7):731-738(in Chinese).
[8]史国良,陈刚,田瑛泽,等.天津大气PM2.5中碳组分特征和来源分析[J].环境污染与防治,2016,38(1):1-7.SHI G L,CHEN G,TIAN Y Z,et al.Characteristic and sources of carbon fractions in PM2.5in Tianjin urban area[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2016,38(1):1-7(in Chinese).
[9]DAVIS B L,JIXIANG G.Airborne particulate study in five cities of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(17):2703-2711.
[10]CHENG S,YANG L,ZHOU X,et al.Evaluating PM2.5ionic components and source apportionment in Ji'nan,China from 2004 to 2008using trajectory statistical methods[J].J Environ Monit,2011,13(6):1662-1671.
[11]YANG L X,WANG D C,CHENG S H,et al.Influence of meteorological conditions and particulate matter on visual range impairment in Ji'nan,China[J].Sci Total Environ,2007,383(1-3):164-173.
[12]GAO X M,YANG L X,CHENG S H,et al.Semi-continuous measurement of water-soluble ions in PM2.5in Ji'nan,China:Temporal variations and source apportionments[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(33):6048-6056.
[13]YANG L X,CHENG S H,WANG X F,et al.Source identification and health impact of PM2.5in a heavily polluted urban atmosphere in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,75:265-269.
[14]济南市环境空气细颗粒物(PM2.5)来源解析结果(2010-2013)[EB/OL].(2014-10-30)[2015-09-27].http://www.jnepb.gov.cn.The results of source of fine particles(PM2.5)at Ji'nan(2010-2013)[EB/OL].(2014-10-30)[2015-09-27].http://www.jnepb.gov.cn(in Chinese).
[15]王跃思,张军科,王莉莉,等.京津冀区域大气霾污染研究意义、现状及展望[J].地球科学进展,2014,39(3):388-396.WANG Y S,ZHANG J K,WANG L L,et al.Researching significance,status and expectation of haze in Beijing Tianjin Hebei region[J].Advances in Earth Science,2014,29(3):388-396(in Chinese).
[16]《济南市环境空气细颗粒物(PM2.5)来源解析结果(2010-2013)》[DB/OL].[2015-09-27].http://www.wunderground.com.
[17]孙颖,潘月鹏,李杏茹,等.京津冀典型城市大气颗粒物化学成分同步观测研究[J].环境科学,2011,32(9):2732-2740.SUN Y,PAN Y P,LI X R,et al.Chemical composition and mass closure of particulate matter in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei megacities,Northern China[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(9):2732-2740(in Chinese).
[18]LI X R,WANG L L,Ji D S,et al.Characterization of the size-segregated water-soluble inorganic ions in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration spatialtemporal variability,size distribution and sources[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,77:250-259.
[19]李杏茹,王英锋,郭雪清,等.2008年奥运期间北京不同粒径大气颗粒物中元素碳和有机碳的变化特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):313-319.LI X R,WANG Y F,GUO X Q,et al.Size distribution and characterization of EC and OC in aerosols during the Olympics of Beijing,China[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(2):313-319(in Chinese).
[20]PARMAR R S,SATSANGI G S,KUMARI M,et al.Study of size distribution of atmospheric aerosol at Agra[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35:693-702.
[21]SHONA Z H,KIM K H,SONG S K,et al.Relationship between water-soluble ions in PM2.5and their precursor gases in Seoul megacity[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,59:540-550.
[22]WANG H L,ZHU B,SHEN L J,et al.Water-soluble Ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in five sites in the Yangtze River Delta,China:size-fractionated,seasonal variations and sources[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,123:370-379.
[23]WANG Y,ZHUANG G S,TANG A H,et al.The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5aerosol in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39:3771-3784.
[24]黄怡民,刘子锐,陈宏,等.北京夏冬季霾天气下气溶胶水溶性离子粒径分布特征[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1236-1244.HUANG Y M,LIU Z R,CHEN H,et al.Characteristics of mass size distributions of water-soluble inorganic ions during summer and winter haze days of Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(4):1236-1244(in Chinese).
[25]罗运阔,陈尊裕,张轶男,等.中国南部四背景地区春季大气碳质气溶胶特征与来源[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(11):1543-1549.LUO Y K,CHEN Z Y,ZHANG Y N,et al.Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosols in spring at four background sites in South China[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(11):1543-1549(in Chinese).
[26]CHOW J C,WATSON J G,LU Z Q,et al.Descriptive analysis of PM2.5and PM10at regionally representative locations during Sjvaqs/Auspex[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(12):2079-2112.
[27]TIAN S L,PAN Y P,LIU Z R.Size-resolved aerosol chemical analysis of extreme haze pollution events during early 2013 in urban Beijing,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,279:452-520.
[28]GU J X,DU S Y,HAN D W,et al.Major chemical compositions,possible sources,and mass closure analysis of PM2.5in Ji'nan,China[J].Air Qual Atmos Health,2014,7(3):251-262.
[29]ZHU X M,KUANG Y W,LI J,et al.Metals and possible sources of lead in aerosols at the Dinghushan Nature Reserve,Southern China[J].Wiley Online Library,2015,29:1403-1410.
[30]WANG Y S,PAN Y P,SUN Y,et al.Size-resolved aerosol trace elements at a rural mountainous site in Northern China:Importance of regional transport[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,461-462:761-771.
[31]DENG C,ZHUANG G,HUANG K,et al.Chemical characterization of aerosols at the summit of Mountain Tai in Central East China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11:7319-7332.
[32]DUAN J C,TAN J H,WANG S L,et al.Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside,urban and rural sites in Beijing[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2012,24(1):87-94.
[33]TIAN H Z,CHENG K,WANG Y,et al.Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of atmospheric emissions of Cd,Cr,and Pb from coal in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,50:157-163.
[34]THURSTON G D,SPENGLER J D.A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan Boston[J].Atmospheric Environment,1985,19(1):9-25.
[35]段凤魁,贺克斌,刘咸德,等.含碳气溶胶研究进展:有机碳和元素碳[J].环境工程学报,2007,1(8):1-8.DUAN F K,HE K B,LIU X D,et al.Review of carbonaceous aerosol studies organic carbon and elemental carbon[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2007,1(8):1-8(in Chinese).
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