流域尺度下地形属性对土壤质地类型变异的影响——以重庆市彭水县一小流域为例
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摘要
为探究流域尺度下地形属性对土壤质地类型变异的影响,以西南地区重庆市彭水县的一个流域为研究区,基于成土母质和地形因子,运用分类回归树(Classification and regression tree,CART)模型,对研究区1165个样点数据进行分析。结果表明:成土母质和地形因子均对土壤质地类型有重要影响,相对重要性较高的因子排序:成土母质(PAR)>风效应(WindEff)>地形湿度指数(SAGATWI);不同母质、不同质地之间地形因子存在显著差异,风效应(WindEff)和漫射辐射(DiffuseIns)分别是奥陶系和志留系母质条件下影响土壤质地分类的相对重要性最高的地形因子;流域尺度CART模型解释率为86.3%,说明CART模型对土壤质地分类精度高。研究表明,基于成土母质和地形因子构建的模型解释效果好,影响显著,可为该地区土壤利用区划和管理提供科学依据。
A total of 1165 samples were collected from the topsoil at a depth of 20 cm to explore the effect of soil material and topography on the variation of soil texture classification over a basin of Pengshui in Chongqing, southwest China. Classification and regression tree(CART)method was applied to class the soil texture based on parent materials and terrain indicators(elevation, slope, slope height, slope length, flow accumulation, SAGA topographical wetness index, flow path length, vector ruggedness, measure multi-resolution index of val?ley bottom flatness, multi-resolution index of the ridge top flatness, diffuse insolation, wind effect, wind exposition index). The major influ?encing factors on soil texture class variability were investigated by the CART model. The results showed that:Parent material and topo?graphic factors both had important effects on soil texture class variations, the factors with higher relative importance were parent material(PAR)>wind effect(WindEff)>SAGA topographic wetness index(SAGATWI); The relative importance of terrain attributes to soil texture class variations varied with parent materials, wind effect(WindEff)and diffuse insolation(DiffuseIns)were the most essential variables for the Ordovician and the Silurian. The CART model produced a good accuracy with 86.3%(P<0.05)for the watershed. The results could pro?vide a scientific basis for the rational planning and management of soil utilization in this area.
A total of 1165 samples were collected from the topsoil at a depth of 20 cm to explore the effect of soil material and topography on the variation of soil texture classification over a basin of Pengshui in Chongqing, southwest China. Classification and regression tree(CART)method was applied to class the soil texture based on parent materials and terrain indicators(elevation, slope, slope height, slope length, flow accumulation, SAGA topographical wetness index, flow path length, vector ruggedness, measure multi-resolution index of val?ley bottom flatness, multi-resolution index of the ridge top flatness, diffuse insolation, wind effect, wind exposition index). The major influ?encing factors on soil texture class variability were investigated by the CART model. The results showed that:Parent material and topo?graphic factors both had important effects on soil texture class variations, the factors with higher relative importance were parent material(PAR)>wind effect(WindEff)>SAGA topographic wetness index(SAGATWI); The relative importance of terrain attributes to soil texture class variations varied with parent materials, wind effect(WindEff)and diffuse insolation(DiffuseIns)were the most essential variables for the Ordovician and the Silurian. The CART model produced a good accuracy with 86.3%(P<0.05)for the watershed. The results could pro?vide a scientific basis for the rational planning and management of soil utilization in this area.
引文
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[10] Ceddia M B, Vieira S R, Villela A L O, et al. Topography and spatial variability of soil physical properties[J]. Scientia Agricola, 2009, 66(3):338-352.
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[13] Vos C, Don A, Prietz R, et al. Field-based soil-texture estimates could replace laboratory analysis[J]. Geoderma, 2016, 267:215-219.
[14] Florinsky I V, Eilers R G, Manning G R, et al. Prediction of soil prop?erties by digital terrain modelling[J]. Environmental Modelling&Soft?ware, 2002, 17(3):295-311.
[15] Guo P T, Wu W, Liu H B, et al. Effects of land use and topographical attributes on soil properties in an agricultural landscape[J]. Soil Re?search, 2011, 49(7):606-613.
[16]邓欧平,周稀,黄萍萍,等.川中紫色丘区土壤养分空间分异与地形因子相关性研究[J].资源科学, 2013, 35(12):2434-2443.DENG Ou-ping, ZHOU Xi, HUANG Ping-ping, et al. Correlations between spatial variability of soil nutrients and topographic factors in the purple hilly region of Sichuan[J]. Resources Science, 2013, 35(12):2434-2443.
[17]丁元林,孔丹莉,毛宗福.多重线性回归分析中的常用共线性诊断方法[J].数理医药学志, 2004, 17(4):299-300.DING Yuan-lin, KONG Dan-li, MAO Zong-fu. Common linear diag?nosis method in multiple linear regression analysis[J]. Journal of Mathematical Medicine, 2004, 17(4):299-300.
[18]范立新.回归分析中多重共线性诊断方法[J].环境卫生学杂志,1994(1):34-37.FAN Li-xin. Multiple collinear diagnosis in regression analysis[J].Journal of Environmental Hygiene, 1994(1):34-37.
[19] Wu W, Fan Y, Wang Z, et al. Assessing effects of digital elevation model resolution on soil-landscape correlations in a hilly area[J]. Ag?riculture Ecosystems&Environment, 2008, 126(3):209-216.
[20] B?hner J, K?the R, Conrad O, et al. Soil regionalisation by means of terrain analysis and process parameterisation[M]//Micheli E, Nachter?gaele F, Montanarella L. Soil classfication. Ispra:The European Soil Bureau, Joint Research Centre, 2002.
[21]马雄威.线性回归方程中多重共线性诊断方法及其实证分析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2008(2):78-81.MA Xiong-wei. Diagnosis and empirical analysis on multicollinearity in linear regression model[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural Uni?versity(Social Sciences Edition), 2008(2):78-81.
[22] Ferraro D O, Rivero D E, Ghersa C M. Analysis of the factors that in?fluence sugarcane yield in northern Argentina using classification and regression trees[J]. Field Crops Research, 2009, 112(2):149-157.
[23] Lobell D B, Ortizmonasterio J I, Asner G P, et al. Combining field sur?veys, remote sensing, and regression trees to understand yield varia?tions in an irrigated wheat landscape[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2005, 97(1):241-249.
[24] Tittonell P, Shepherd K D, Vanlauwe B, et al. Unravelling the effects of soil and crop management on maize productivity in smallholder ag?ricultural systems of western Kenya:An application of classification and regression tree analysis[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2008, 123(1):137-150.
[25]许安定,杜国伟,刘洪斌.基于CART模型的烤烟评吸质量影响因子研究[J].西南农业学报, 2013, 26(4):1356-1361.XU An-ding, DU Guo-wei, LIU Hong-bin. Investigation of factors controlling smoking quality of flue-cured tobacco using CART models[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 26(4):1356-1361.
[26] Campos M C C, Júnior J M, Pereira G T, et al. Soil texture spatial vari?ability of different parent material in Pereira Barreto, Sao Paulo State[J]. Ciência Agron?mica, 2007, 38(2):149-157.
[27]韩光中,张甘霖.母质对南方丘陵区水耕人为土理化性质演变的影响[J].土壤学报, 2014(4):772-780.HAN Guang-zhong, ZHANG Gan-lin. Influence of parent material on evolution of physico-chemical properties of hydragric anthrosols in hilly regions of south China[J]. Acta Pedologic Sinica, 2014(4):772-780.
[28]郭彤楼.四川盆地奥陶系储层发育特征与勘探潜力[J].石油与天然气地质, 2014(3):372-378.GUO Tong-lou. Charateristics and exploration potential of Ordovician reservoirs in Sichuan basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology, 2014(3):372-378.
[29]梁成华.地质与地貌学[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2002:98-99.LIANG Cheng-hua. Geology and Geomorphology[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2002:98-99.
[30] Moore I D, Gessler P E, Nielsen G A, et al. Soil attribute prediction using terrain analysis[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1993,57(2):443-452.
[31] St?pieńM, Samborski S, Gozdowski D, et al. Assessment of soil tex?ture class on agricultural fields using ECa, Amber NDVI, and topo?graphic properties[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2015, 178(3):523-536.
[32] Adhikari K, Kheir R B, Greve M B, et al. High-resolution 3-D map?ping of soil texture in Denmark[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2013, 77(3):860-876.
[2] Safari Y, Boroujeni I E, Kamali A, et al. Mapping of the soil texture us?ing geostatistical method(a case study of the Shahrekord Plain, central Iran)[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2013, 6(9):3331-3339.
[3]俞海,黄季焜, Scott Rozelle,等.土壤肥力变化的社会经济影响因素分析[J].资源科学, 2003, 25(2):63-72.YU Hai, HUANG Ji-kun, Scott Rozelle, et al. Impact of socio-econom?ic factors on soil fertility over time[J]. Resources Science, 2003, 25(2):63-72.
[4]潘成忠,上官周平.土壤空间变异性研究评述[J].生态环境, 2003,12(3):371-375.PAN Cheng-zhong, SHANGGUAN Zhou-ping. Review of the research on soil spatial variability[J]. Ecology and Environment, 2003, 12(3):371-375.
[5]张世文,黄元仿,苑小勇,等.县域尺度表层土壤质地空间变异与因素分析[J].中国农业科学, 2011, 44(6):1154-1164.ZHANG Shi-wen, HUANG Yuan-fang, YUAN Xiao-yong, et al. The spatial variability and factor analyses of top soil texture on a county scale[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(6):1154-1164.
[6] Li A D, Guo P T, Wu W, et al. Impacts of terrain attributes and human activities on soil texture class variations in hilly areas, south-west Chi?na[J]. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment, 2017, 189(6):281.
[7] Lie?M, Glaser B, Huwe B. Uncertainty in the spatial prediction of soil texture:Comparison of regression tree and Random Forest models[J].Geoderma, 2012, 170(3):70-79.
[8] Gessler P E, Chadwick O A, Chamran F, et al. Modeling soil–land?scape and ecosystem properties using terrain attributes[J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 2000, 64(6):2046-2056.
[9] Gobin A, Campling P, Feyen J. Soil-landscape modeling to quantify spatial variability of soil texture[J]. Physics&Chemistry of the Earth Part B Hydrology Oceans&Atmosphere, 2001, 26(1):41-45.
[10] Ceddia M B, Vieira S R, Villela A L O, et al. Topography and spatial variability of soil physical properties[J]. Scientia Agricola, 2009, 66(3):338-352.
[11] Zhang J H, Wang Y, Zhang Z H. Effect of terrace forms on water and tillage erosion on a hilly landscape in the Yangtze River basin, China[J]. Geomorphology, 2014, 216:114-124.
[12] Thien S J. A flow diagram for teaching texture-by-feel analysis[J].Journal of Agronomic Education, 1979, 8:54-55.
[13] Vos C, Don A, Prietz R, et al. Field-based soil-texture estimates could replace laboratory analysis[J]. Geoderma, 2016, 267:215-219.
[14] Florinsky I V, Eilers R G, Manning G R, et al. Prediction of soil prop?erties by digital terrain modelling[J]. Environmental Modelling&Soft?ware, 2002, 17(3):295-311.
[15] Guo P T, Wu W, Liu H B, et al. Effects of land use and topographical attributes on soil properties in an agricultural landscape[J]. Soil Re?search, 2011, 49(7):606-613.
[16]邓欧平,周稀,黄萍萍,等.川中紫色丘区土壤养分空间分异与地形因子相关性研究[J].资源科学, 2013, 35(12):2434-2443.DENG Ou-ping, ZHOU Xi, HUANG Ping-ping, et al. Correlations between spatial variability of soil nutrients and topographic factors in the purple hilly region of Sichuan[J]. Resources Science, 2013, 35(12):2434-2443.
[17]丁元林,孔丹莉,毛宗福.多重线性回归分析中的常用共线性诊断方法[J].数理医药学志, 2004, 17(4):299-300.DING Yuan-lin, KONG Dan-li, MAO Zong-fu. Common linear diag?nosis method in multiple linear regression analysis[J]. Journal of Mathematical Medicine, 2004, 17(4):299-300.
[18]范立新.回归分析中多重共线性诊断方法[J].环境卫生学杂志,1994(1):34-37.FAN Li-xin. Multiple collinear diagnosis in regression analysis[J].Journal of Environmental Hygiene, 1994(1):34-37.
[19] Wu W, Fan Y, Wang Z, et al. Assessing effects of digital elevation model resolution on soil-landscape correlations in a hilly area[J]. Ag?riculture Ecosystems&Environment, 2008, 126(3):209-216.
[20] B?hner J, K?the R, Conrad O, et al. Soil regionalisation by means of terrain analysis and process parameterisation[M]//Micheli E, Nachter?gaele F, Montanarella L. Soil classfication. Ispra:The European Soil Bureau, Joint Research Centre, 2002.
[21]马雄威.线性回归方程中多重共线性诊断方法及其实证分析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2008(2):78-81.MA Xiong-wei. Diagnosis and empirical analysis on multicollinearity in linear regression model[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural Uni?versity(Social Sciences Edition), 2008(2):78-81.
[22] Ferraro D O, Rivero D E, Ghersa C M. Analysis of the factors that in?fluence sugarcane yield in northern Argentina using classification and regression trees[J]. Field Crops Research, 2009, 112(2):149-157.
[23] Lobell D B, Ortizmonasterio J I, Asner G P, et al. Combining field sur?veys, remote sensing, and regression trees to understand yield varia?tions in an irrigated wheat landscape[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2005, 97(1):241-249.
[24] Tittonell P, Shepherd K D, Vanlauwe B, et al. Unravelling the effects of soil and crop management on maize productivity in smallholder ag?ricultural systems of western Kenya:An application of classification and regression tree analysis[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2008, 123(1):137-150.
[25]许安定,杜国伟,刘洪斌.基于CART模型的烤烟评吸质量影响因子研究[J].西南农业学报, 2013, 26(4):1356-1361.XU An-ding, DU Guo-wei, LIU Hong-bin. Investigation of factors controlling smoking quality of flue-cured tobacco using CART models[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 26(4):1356-1361.
[26] Campos M C C, Júnior J M, Pereira G T, et al. Soil texture spatial vari?ability of different parent material in Pereira Barreto, Sao Paulo State[J]. Ciência Agron?mica, 2007, 38(2):149-157.
[27]韩光中,张甘霖.母质对南方丘陵区水耕人为土理化性质演变的影响[J].土壤学报, 2014(4):772-780.HAN Guang-zhong, ZHANG Gan-lin. Influence of parent material on evolution of physico-chemical properties of hydragric anthrosols in hilly regions of south China[J]. Acta Pedologic Sinica, 2014(4):772-780.
[28]郭彤楼.四川盆地奥陶系储层发育特征与勘探潜力[J].石油与天然气地质, 2014(3):372-378.GUO Tong-lou. Charateristics and exploration potential of Ordovician reservoirs in Sichuan basin[J]. Oil&Gas Geology, 2014(3):372-378.
[29]梁成华.地质与地貌学[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2002:98-99.LIANG Cheng-hua. Geology and Geomorphology[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2002:98-99.
[30] Moore I D, Gessler P E, Nielsen G A, et al. Soil attribute prediction using terrain analysis[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1993,57(2):443-452.
[31] St?pieńM, Samborski S, Gozdowski D, et al. Assessment of soil tex?ture class on agricultural fields using ECa, Amber NDVI, and topo?graphic properties[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2015, 178(3):523-536.
[32] Adhikari K, Kheir R B, Greve M B, et al. High-resolution 3-D map?ping of soil texture in Denmark[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2013, 77(3):860-876.