政治地理学中生存空间概念的演变
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摘要
生存空间是拉采尔创立现代政治地理学之初提出的核心概念,与国家有机体一起构成人类有机体空间政治的分析框架。20世纪上半叶,地缘政治学派继承并发展了国家有机体的概念,同时吸收了民族主义、社会达尔文主义等思想,将生存空间改造成为服务法西斯空间扩张的理论工具。二战结束后,地缘政治学被唾弃为恶学,而生存空间也被抨击为恶学之钥。80年代后期,新政治地理学从批判视角审视生存空间与法西斯的关系,生存空间的理论价值重新得到重视。论文通过梳理生存空间从提出、兴盛、没落到复苏的发展历程,旨在揭示这一概念在理解政治地理学研究模式、认识人地关系、探索空间治理、制定区域决策等方面的重要价值,为中国未来开展相关研究提供参考。
Lebensraum is a core concept that Friedrich Ratzel created while he first founded political geography.In 1901, based on the study of anthropogeography, Ratzel came up with two analytical frameworks of spatial politics, "lebensraum" and "national organism," and the word lebensraum has attracted much attention since then. Haushofer, Ratzel's student and a used-to-be soldier devoted to national interests, contributed to the use of lebensraum in geopolitics and military science. Along with the rising popularity of geopolitics, lebensraum was developed into a geopolitical concept to explain the evolution of country system, which served as a theoretical support for Fascism. In the first half of the 20 th century, German geographers played a leading role in lebensraum research. With the end of World War II, neither lebensraum nor geopolitics escaped from condemnation. Treating lebensraum as a weapon speaking for fascist states, Anglophone geographers tried to keep away from it, leading to its abandonment in the West. Due to the different language and a relatively independent academic community from the West, some Japanese geographers took up the study of lebensraum from a regional planning perspective since the 1960 s. With political geography back into humanism view since the late 1980 s, lebensraum liberated from the darkroom of German geopolitics, and there have been increasingly more geographers aware of the enormous theoretical value behind the concept. Through a brief review of the development process of lebensraum, this article aims to reveal the status and role of lebensraum in understanding the analytical framework of political geography, the relationship between human and land, space governance,and decision making of human agency.
Lebensraum is a core concept that Friedrich Ratzel created while he first founded political geography.In 1901, based on the study of anthropogeography, Ratzel came up with two analytical frameworks of spatial politics, "lebensraum" and "national organism," and the word lebensraum has attracted much attention since then. Haushofer, Ratzel's student and a used-to-be soldier devoted to national interests, contributed to the use of lebensraum in geopolitics and military science. Along with the rising popularity of geopolitics, lebensraum was developed into a geopolitical concept to explain the evolution of country system, which served as a theoretical support for Fascism. In the first half of the 20 th century, German geographers played a leading role in lebensraum research. With the end of World War II, neither lebensraum nor geopolitics escaped from condemnation. Treating lebensraum as a weapon speaking for fascist states, Anglophone geographers tried to keep away from it, leading to its abandonment in the West. Due to the different language and a relatively independent academic community from the West, some Japanese geographers took up the study of lebensraum from a regional planning perspective since the 1960 s. With political geography back into humanism view since the late 1980 s, lebensraum liberated from the darkroom of German geopolitics, and there have been increasingly more geographers aware of the enormous theoretical value behind the concept. Through a brief review of the development process of lebensraum, this article aims to reveal the status and role of lebensraum in understanding the analytical framework of political geography, the relationship between human and land, space governance,and decision making of human agency.
引文
安达宏昭,张敏.2016.“大东亚共荣圈”论[J].南开日本研究,(17):342-367.[Adachi H,Zhang M.2016.On Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity sphere.Nankai Japan Studies,(17):342-367.]
陈振华.2014.从生产空间到生活空间:城市职能转变与空间规划策略思考[J].城市规划,38(4):28-33.[Chen Z H.2014.From production space to living space:Change of urban functions and corresponding spatial planning strategies.City Planning Review,38(4):28-33.]
封志明.1993.人类生存空间的框架模型及拓展途径[J].战略与管理,(1):83-86.[Feng Z M.1993.Framework and expansion approach of human's living space.Strategy and Management,(1):83-86.]
弗林特,泰勒.2016.政治地理学[M].刘云刚,译.北京:商务印书馆.[Flint C,Taylor P.2016.Political geography.Translated by Liu Y G.Beijing,China:The Commercial Press.]
金日.1999.日本实行“生活空间倍增计划”[J].城市规划通讯,(4):8.[Jin R.1999."Life space multiplication project"in Japan.Urban Planning Newsreport,(4):8.]
刘云刚,侯璐璐.2016.基于生活圈的城乡管治理论研究[J].上海城市规划,(2):1-7.[Liu Y G,Hou L L.2016.Study on urban-rural governance based on a life circle approach.Shanghai Urban Planning Review,(2):1-7.]
帕克.2003.地缘政治学:过去、现在和未来[M].刘从德,译.北京:新华出版社.[Parker G.2003.Geopolitics:Past,present and future.Translated by Liu C D.Beijing,China:Xinhua Publishing House.]
申悦,塔娜,柴彦威.2017.基于生活空间与活动空间视角的郊区空间研究框架[J].人文地理,32(4):1-6.[Shen Y,Ta N,Chai Y W.2017.Research framework of suburban space based on perspective of living space and activity space.Human Geography,32(4):1-6.]
粟凤榕.2008.论田中义一的对华政策[D].哈尔滨:黑龙江省社会科学院.[Su F R.2008.On Tanaka diplomacy to China.Harbin,China:Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Social Science.]
王开泳.2011.城市生活空间研究述评[J].地理科学进展,30(6):691-698.[Wang K Y.2011.Review and prospect of the researches on urban living space.Progress in Geography,30(6):691-698.]
原华荣.1982.生存空间的相对性及人类扩大生存空间的斗争[J].生态学杂志,1(4):32-34,45.[Yuan H R.1982.Relativity of living space and man's struggle for expanding it.Chinese Journal of Ecology,1(4):32-34,45.]
约翰斯顿,等.2004.人文地理学词典[M].柴彦威,译.北京:商务印书馆.[Johnston R J,et al.2004.The dictionary of human geography.Translated by Chai Y W.Beijing,China:The Commercial Press.]
Abrahamsson C.2013.On the genealogy of lebensraum[J].Geographica Helvetica,68(1):37-44.
Barua M.2018.Ratzel's biogeography:A more-than-human encounter[J].Journal of Historical Geography,61:102-108.
Bashford A.2007.Nation,Empire,Globe:The spaces of population debate in the interwar years[J].Comparative Studies in Society and History,49(1):170-201.
Bassin M.1987.Imperialism and the nation state in Friedrich Ratzel's political geography[J].Progress in Human Geography,11(4):473-495.
Blood P W.2010.Securing Hitler's lebensraum:The Luftwaffe and Bia?owieza forest,1942-1944[J].Holocaust and Genocide Studies,24(2):247-272.
Chiantera-Stutte P.2018.Ratzel's stone guest:The art of politics in the work of Friedrich Ratzel[J].Journal of Historical Geography,61:91-96.
Dugin A G.1997.Osnovy geopolitiki[M].Moscow,Russian:Geopoliticheskoe Budushchee Rossii.
Fischer F.1961.Griff nach der Weltmacht:Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland,1914-1918[M].Düsseldorf,Germany:Droste.
Giaccaria P,Minca C.2016.Life in space,space in life:Nazi topographies,geographical imaginations,and lebensraum[J].British Journal of Holocaust Education,22(2-3):151-171.
Glacken C J.1962.Friedrich Ratzel:A biographical memoir and bibliography by Harriet G.Wanklyn[J].Geographical Review,52(3):467.
Gottmann J.1975.The evolution of the concept of territory[J].Social Science Information,14(3):29-47.
Halas M.2014.Searching for the perfect footnote:Friedrich Ratzel and the others at the roots of lebensraum[J].Geopolitics,19(1):1-18.
Haushofer K.2002.An English translation of major general Karl Ernst Haushofer's geopolitics of the pacific ocean and studies in the relationship between geography and history[M].Lewiston,Idaho:Edwin Mellen Press.
Herwig H.1999.Geopolitik:Haushofer,Hitler and lebensraum[J].Journal of Strategic Studies,22(2-3):218-241.
Heske H.1987.Karl Haushofer:His role in German geopolitics and in Nazi politics[J].Political Geography Quarterly,6(2):135-144.
Hitler A.1999.Mein Kampf[M].Translated by Manheim R.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.
Holdar S.1992.The ideal state and the power of geography the life-work of Rudolf Kjellén[J].Political Geography,11(3):307-323.
Jackson R H.1990.Quasi-states:Sovereignty,international relations,and the Third World[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.
Kjellén R.1916.Staten som lifsform[M].Stockholm,Sweden:Hugo Gebers F?rlag.
Kjellén R.1920.Grundriss zu einem system der politik[M].Leipzig,Germany:Hirzel.
Klinke I.2018.Friedrich Ratzel,Lebensraum and the death motif[J].Journal of Historical Geography,61:97-101.
Klinke I,Bassin M.2018.Introduction:Lebensraum,and its discontents[J].Journal of Historical Geography,61:53-58.
Lossau J.2009.Anthropogeography(after Ratzel)[J].International Encyclopedia of Human Geography,5(3):140-147.
Martin D G.2010.New state spaces:Urban governance and the rescaling of statehood by Neil Brenner[J].Economic Geography,82(1):113-114.
Maull O.1925.Politische geographie[M].Berlin,Germany:Safari-Verlag.
Murphy A B.2017.Hitler's geographies:The spatialities of the Third Reich,Paolo Giaccaria and Claudio Minca(Eds)[J].Journal of Historical Geography,56:145-146.
Murphy D T.2018.'Retroactive effects':Ratzel's spatial dynamics and the expansionist imperative in interwar Germany[J].Journal of Historical Geography,61:86-90.
Ratzel F.1901.Der lebensraum:Eine biogeographische studie[M].Tübingen,Germany:Verlag der Laupp'schen Buchhandlung.
Ratzel F.1903.Politische geographie[M].München und Berlin,Germany:Druck und Verlag von R.Oldenbourg.
Ratzel F.1989.The history of mankind by Friedrich Ratzel[M].Translated by Butler A J.Delhi,India:Akashdeep Publishing House.
Ratzel F.2018.Lebensraum:A biogeographical study[J].Translated by Bhambry T.Journal of Historical Geography,61:59-80.
Sack R.1983.Human territoriality:A theory[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,73(1):55-74.
Semple E C,Ratzel F.1911.Influences of geographic environment,on the basis of Ratzel's system of anthropo-geography[M].New York,NY:Russell&Russell.
Smith W D.1980.Friedrich Ratzel and the origins of lebensraum[J].German Studies Review,3(1):51-68.
Simon J.1989.Lebensraum:Paradoxically,population growth may eventually end wars[J].Journal of Conflict Resolution,33(1):164-180.
Taylor A J P.1976.The origins of the Second World War[M].London,UK:Hamish Hamiltion.
Tunander O.2001.Swedish-German geopolitics for a new century Rudolf Kjellén's'The state as a living organism'[J].Review of International Studies,27(3):451-463.
Whittlesey D.1943.The world of general Haushofer:Geopolitics in action,by Andreas Dorpalen[J].Journal of Modern History,15(2):157-158.
Haushofer K,梅沢新二.1943.日本の國家建設[M].东京:龍吟社.[Haushofer K,Umezawa S.1943.Japan builds its empire.Tokyo,Japan:Ryoginsha.]
高橋伸夫.1990.日本の生活空間[M].东京:古今書院.[Takahashi N.1990.Life space of Japan.Tokyo,Japan:Kokonshoin.]
高木彰彦.2009.雑誌『地政学』にみる日本の地政学の特徴[J].史淵,146:185-203.[Takagi A.2009.An essay on geopolitical writings in the Journal Geopolitik(Chiseigaku)during wartime.The Journal of History,146:185-203.]
荒井良雄,岡本耕平,神谷浩夫,等.1996.都市の空間と時間:生活活動の時間地理学[M].东京:古今書院.[Arai R,Okamoto K,Shinya Hi,et al.1996.Urban space and time:The time geography of life activities.Tokyo,Japan:Kokonshoin.]
上田篤.1967.生活空間の未来像[M].东京:紀伊国屋書店.[Ueda A.1967.The future image of life space.Tokyo,Japan:Kinokuniya.]
石川栄耀.1942.國土計畫:生活圈の設計[M].东京:河出書房.[Ishikawa H.1942.Land planning:The design of life circle.Tokyo,Japan:Kawadeshobo.]
松岡洋右.1940.興亞の大業[M].东京:教學叢書.[Matsuoka Y.1940.Revitalization of Asia.Tokyo,Japan:Kyougakusousyo.]
小川琢治.1928.政治學者の觀たる國家(二)[J].地球,9(6):397-405.[Ogawa T.1928.The state as a form of the life(Kjellen)(2).Earth,9(6):397-405.]
一番ケ瀬康子.1969.子どもの生活圏[M].东京:日本放送出版協会.[Ichibangase Y.1969.Life circle of children.Tokyo,Japan:NHK Books.]
伊藤喜栄.2004.図说日本の生活圏[M].东京:古今書院.[Ito Y.2004.Illustrated life circle in Japan.Tokyo,Japan:Kokonshoin.]
(1)数据来源于《主要资本主义国家经济统计集(1948—1960)》;考虑到1939年苏联国内经济的不稳定因素,图中采用的是苏联1838年的经济数据。
(2)九月计划(Septemberprogramm)由一战时期的德国总理贝特曼·霍尔维格提出,阐述了德国的战争目标及德方状况。
(3)Lebensraum and China, Asia Sentinel, 2012-09-20, http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/lebensraum-and-china/。
陈振华.2014.从生产空间到生活空间:城市职能转变与空间规划策略思考[J].城市规划,38(4):28-33.[Chen Z H.2014.From production space to living space:Change of urban functions and corresponding spatial planning strategies.City Planning Review,38(4):28-33.]
封志明.1993.人类生存空间的框架模型及拓展途径[J].战略与管理,(1):83-86.[Feng Z M.1993.Framework and expansion approach of human's living space.Strategy and Management,(1):83-86.]
弗林特,泰勒.2016.政治地理学[M].刘云刚,译.北京:商务印书馆.[Flint C,Taylor P.2016.Political geography.Translated by Liu Y G.Beijing,China:The Commercial Press.]
金日.1999.日本实行“生活空间倍增计划”[J].城市规划通讯,(4):8.[Jin R.1999."Life space multiplication project"in Japan.Urban Planning Newsreport,(4):8.]
刘云刚,侯璐璐.2016.基于生活圈的城乡管治理论研究[J].上海城市规划,(2):1-7.[Liu Y G,Hou L L.2016.Study on urban-rural governance based on a life circle approach.Shanghai Urban Planning Review,(2):1-7.]
帕克.2003.地缘政治学:过去、现在和未来[M].刘从德,译.北京:新华出版社.[Parker G.2003.Geopolitics:Past,present and future.Translated by Liu C D.Beijing,China:Xinhua Publishing House.]
申悦,塔娜,柴彦威.2017.基于生活空间与活动空间视角的郊区空间研究框架[J].人文地理,32(4):1-6.[Shen Y,Ta N,Chai Y W.2017.Research framework of suburban space based on perspective of living space and activity space.Human Geography,32(4):1-6.]
粟凤榕.2008.论田中义一的对华政策[D].哈尔滨:黑龙江省社会科学院.[Su F R.2008.On Tanaka diplomacy to China.Harbin,China:Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Social Science.]
王开泳.2011.城市生活空间研究述评[J].地理科学进展,30(6):691-698.[Wang K Y.2011.Review and prospect of the researches on urban living space.Progress in Geography,30(6):691-698.]
原华荣.1982.生存空间的相对性及人类扩大生存空间的斗争[J].生态学杂志,1(4):32-34,45.[Yuan H R.1982.Relativity of living space and man's struggle for expanding it.Chinese Journal of Ecology,1(4):32-34,45.]
约翰斯顿,等.2004.人文地理学词典[M].柴彦威,译.北京:商务印书馆.[Johnston R J,et al.2004.The dictionary of human geography.Translated by Chai Y W.Beijing,China:The Commercial Press.]
Abrahamsson C.2013.On the genealogy of lebensraum[J].Geographica Helvetica,68(1):37-44.
Barua M.2018.Ratzel's biogeography:A more-than-human encounter[J].Journal of Historical Geography,61:102-108.
Bashford A.2007.Nation,Empire,Globe:The spaces of population debate in the interwar years[J].Comparative Studies in Society and History,49(1):170-201.
Bassin M.1987.Imperialism and the nation state in Friedrich Ratzel's political geography[J].Progress in Human Geography,11(4):473-495.
Blood P W.2010.Securing Hitler's lebensraum:The Luftwaffe and Bia?owieza forest,1942-1944[J].Holocaust and Genocide Studies,24(2):247-272.
Chiantera-Stutte P.2018.Ratzel's stone guest:The art of politics in the work of Friedrich Ratzel[J].Journal of Historical Geography,61:91-96.
Dugin A G.1997.Osnovy geopolitiki[M].Moscow,Russian:Geopoliticheskoe Budushchee Rossii.
Fischer F.1961.Griff nach der Weltmacht:Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland,1914-1918[M].Düsseldorf,Germany:Droste.
Giaccaria P,Minca C.2016.Life in space,space in life:Nazi topographies,geographical imaginations,and lebensraum[J].British Journal of Holocaust Education,22(2-3):151-171.
Glacken C J.1962.Friedrich Ratzel:A biographical memoir and bibliography by Harriet G.Wanklyn[J].Geographical Review,52(3):467.
Gottmann J.1975.The evolution of the concept of territory[J].Social Science Information,14(3):29-47.
Halas M.2014.Searching for the perfect footnote:Friedrich Ratzel and the others at the roots of lebensraum[J].Geopolitics,19(1):1-18.
Haushofer K.2002.An English translation of major general Karl Ernst Haushofer's geopolitics of the pacific ocean and studies in the relationship between geography and history[M].Lewiston,Idaho:Edwin Mellen Press.
Herwig H.1999.Geopolitik:Haushofer,Hitler and lebensraum[J].Journal of Strategic Studies,22(2-3):218-241.
Heske H.1987.Karl Haushofer:His role in German geopolitics and in Nazi politics[J].Political Geography Quarterly,6(2):135-144.
Hitler A.1999.Mein Kampf[M].Translated by Manheim R.Boston:Houghton Mifflin.
Holdar S.1992.The ideal state and the power of geography the life-work of Rudolf Kjellén[J].Political Geography,11(3):307-323.
Jackson R H.1990.Quasi-states:Sovereignty,international relations,and the Third World[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press.
Kjellén R.1916.Staten som lifsform[M].Stockholm,Sweden:Hugo Gebers F?rlag.
Kjellén R.1920.Grundriss zu einem system der politik[M].Leipzig,Germany:Hirzel.
Klinke I.2018.Friedrich Ratzel,Lebensraum and the death motif[J].Journal of Historical Geography,61:97-101.
Klinke I,Bassin M.2018.Introduction:Lebensraum,and its discontents[J].Journal of Historical Geography,61:53-58.
Lossau J.2009.Anthropogeography(after Ratzel)[J].International Encyclopedia of Human Geography,5(3):140-147.
Martin D G.2010.New state spaces:Urban governance and the rescaling of statehood by Neil Brenner[J].Economic Geography,82(1):113-114.
Maull O.1925.Politische geographie[M].Berlin,Germany:Safari-Verlag.
Murphy A B.2017.Hitler's geographies:The spatialities of the Third Reich,Paolo Giaccaria and Claudio Minca(Eds)[J].Journal of Historical Geography,56:145-146.
Murphy D T.2018.'Retroactive effects':Ratzel's spatial dynamics and the expansionist imperative in interwar Germany[J].Journal of Historical Geography,61:86-90.
Ratzel F.1901.Der lebensraum:Eine biogeographische studie[M].Tübingen,Germany:Verlag der Laupp'schen Buchhandlung.
Ratzel F.1903.Politische geographie[M].München und Berlin,Germany:Druck und Verlag von R.Oldenbourg.
Ratzel F.1989.The history of mankind by Friedrich Ratzel[M].Translated by Butler A J.Delhi,India:Akashdeep Publishing House.
Ratzel F.2018.Lebensraum:A biogeographical study[J].Translated by Bhambry T.Journal of Historical Geography,61:59-80.
Sack R.1983.Human territoriality:A theory[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,73(1):55-74.
Semple E C,Ratzel F.1911.Influences of geographic environment,on the basis of Ratzel's system of anthropo-geography[M].New York,NY:Russell&Russell.
Smith W D.1980.Friedrich Ratzel and the origins of lebensraum[J].German Studies Review,3(1):51-68.
Simon J.1989.Lebensraum:Paradoxically,population growth may eventually end wars[J].Journal of Conflict Resolution,33(1):164-180.
Taylor A J P.1976.The origins of the Second World War[M].London,UK:Hamish Hamiltion.
Tunander O.2001.Swedish-German geopolitics for a new century Rudolf Kjellén's'The state as a living organism'[J].Review of International Studies,27(3):451-463.
Whittlesey D.1943.The world of general Haushofer:Geopolitics in action,by Andreas Dorpalen[J].Journal of Modern History,15(2):157-158.
Haushofer K,梅沢新二.1943.日本の國家建設[M].东京:龍吟社.[Haushofer K,Umezawa S.1943.Japan builds its empire.Tokyo,Japan:Ryoginsha.]
高橋伸夫.1990.日本の生活空間[M].东京:古今書院.[Takahashi N.1990.Life space of Japan.Tokyo,Japan:Kokonshoin.]
高木彰彦.2009.雑誌『地政学』にみる日本の地政学の特徴[J].史淵,146:185-203.[Takagi A.2009.An essay on geopolitical writings in the Journal Geopolitik(Chiseigaku)during wartime.The Journal of History,146:185-203.]
荒井良雄,岡本耕平,神谷浩夫,等.1996.都市の空間と時間:生活活動の時間地理学[M].东京:古今書院.[Arai R,Okamoto K,Shinya Hi,et al.1996.Urban space and time:The time geography of life activities.Tokyo,Japan:Kokonshoin.]
上田篤.1967.生活空間の未来像[M].东京:紀伊国屋書店.[Ueda A.1967.The future image of life space.Tokyo,Japan:Kinokuniya.]
石川栄耀.1942.國土計畫:生活圈の設計[M].东京:河出書房.[Ishikawa H.1942.Land planning:The design of life circle.Tokyo,Japan:Kawadeshobo.]
松岡洋右.1940.興亞の大業[M].东京:教學叢書.[Matsuoka Y.1940.Revitalization of Asia.Tokyo,Japan:Kyougakusousyo.]
小川琢治.1928.政治學者の觀たる國家(二)[J].地球,9(6):397-405.[Ogawa T.1928.The state as a form of the life(Kjellen)(2).Earth,9(6):397-405.]
一番ケ瀬康子.1969.子どもの生活圏[M].东京:日本放送出版協会.[Ichibangase Y.1969.Life circle of children.Tokyo,Japan:NHK Books.]
伊藤喜栄.2004.図说日本の生活圏[M].东京:古今書院.[Ito Y.2004.Illustrated life circle in Japan.Tokyo,Japan:Kokonshoin.]
(1)数据来源于《主要资本主义国家经济统计集(1948—1960)》;考虑到1939年苏联国内经济的不稳定因素,图中采用的是苏联1838年的经济数据。
(2)九月计划(Septemberprogramm)由一战时期的德国总理贝特曼·霍尔维格提出,阐述了德国的战争目标及德方状况。
(3)Lebensraum and China, Asia Sentinel, 2012-09-20, http://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/lebensraum-and-china/。
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