垂直孔爆破诱发地震波的成分构成及演化规律
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摘要
明确爆破振动中波的成分构成及不同波的作用有助于更好地预测与控制爆破振动。针对一组垂直单孔爆破试验,借助地震学中极化偏振分析的方法,研究垂直孔爆破诱发地震波的成分构成及其演化规律,最后基于试验结果,提出波影响作用分区的概念,并分析各区域主导波的类型。结果表明,爆破振动中各种波的相对量值并非定值,主导波的类型会随波成分的演化发生改变,且某点的优势振动方向也与波的成分构成密切相关。对于垂直孔爆破,P波在近、远区均为重要成分,且其主要作用于水平向的振动;S波仅为近区(r<2.3h,r为到炮孔轴线的距离,h为药包的埋深)的主导波,其在远区的作用可忽略;R波逐渐成长发育,于r=5h处发育明显,且在r=(43～45)h后主导竖直向的振动。爆破振动中波成分的演化有其自身特性,地震学中的常规认识并非全适用于爆破振动。
To make clear the wave components in the blast vibration and their influences is of great significance to the control of the blast vibration. Aided by the approach of the polarization analysis in seismology,the components and evolution laws of seismic waves induced by the vertical-hole blasting were investigated based on single-hole blasting experiments. The concept of the partition of the wave influence area was put forward,and the dominant wave type at different areas was investigated. Results indicate that the proportion of different wave components is not a constant,that the dominant wave type changes with the evolution of wave components and that the dominant vibration direction closely correlates to the wave components. For the vertical-hole blasting,the P-wave is a significant component both in the near and far fields and mainly contributes to the horizontal vibration. The S-wave only dominates the vibration within r = 2.3 h(r is the distance to the blast-hole axis and h is the buried depth of the explosive),and its effect in the far field can be negligible. The R-wave grows gradually with increasing r and develops to be identifiable at r = 5 h. While r exceeds(43–45)h,the R-wave dominates the vertical vibration. The evolution of seismic waves induced by blasting has its own characteristics and the common sense in the earthquake is not always applicable to the blast vibration.
To make clear the wave components in the blast vibration and their influences is of great significance to the control of the blast vibration. Aided by the approach of the polarization analysis in seismology,the components and evolution laws of seismic waves induced by the vertical-hole blasting were investigated based on single-hole blasting experiments. The concept of the partition of the wave influence area was put forward,and the dominant wave type at different areas was investigated. Results indicate that the proportion of different wave components is not a constant,that the dominant wave type changes with the evolution of wave components and that the dominant vibration direction closely correlates to the wave components. For the vertical-hole blasting,the P-wave is a significant component both in the near and far fields and mainly contributes to the horizontal vibration. The S-wave only dominates the vibration within r = 2.3 h(r is the distance to the blast-hole axis and h is the buried depth of the explosive),and its effect in the far field can be negligible. The R-wave grows gradually with increasing r and develops to be identifiable at r = 5 h. While r exceeds(43–45)h,the R-wave dominates the vertical vibration. The evolution of seismic waves induced by blasting has its own characteristics and the common sense in the earthquake is not always applicable to the blast vibration.
引文
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[3]李海波,蒋会军,赵坚,等.动荷载作用下岩体工程安全的几个问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(11):1 887-1 891.(LIHaibo,JIANG Huijun,ZHAO Jian,et al.Some problems about safety analysis of rock engineering under dynamic load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(11):1 887-1 891.(in Chinese))
[4]冷振东,卢文波,胡浩然,等.爆生自由面对边坡微差爆破诱发振动峰值的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(9):1 815-1 822.(LENG Zhendong,LU Wenbo,HU Haoran,et al.Studies on influence of blast-created free face on ground vibration in slope blasts with millisecond-delays[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(9):1 815-1 822.(in Chinese))
[5]SINGH P K,ROY M P.Damage to surface structures due to blast vibration[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2010,47(6):949-961.
[6]MCGARR A.Estimating ground motions for small nearby earthquakes[C]//Seismic Design of Embankments and Caverns.New York:ASCE,1983:113-127.
[7]李新平,宋桂红,文建华,等.某水电站地下洞室爆破振动控制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(增1):2 506-2 509.(LIXinping,SONG Guihong,WEN Jianhua,et al.Control study of blasting vibration of underground chamber of hydropower station[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(Supp.1):2 506-2 509.(in Chinese))
[8]吕涛,石永强,黄诚,等.非线性回归法求解爆破振动速度衰减公式参数[J].岩土力学,2007,28(9):1 871-1 878.(LV Tao,SHI Yongqiang,HUANG Cheng,et al.Study on attenuation parameters of blasting vibration by nonlinear regression analysis[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(9):1 871-1 878.(in Chinese))
[9]DUVALL W I,PETKOF B.Spherical propagation of explosion generated strain pulses in rock[J].USBM Report of Investigation5483,1959:21-22.
[10]BLAIR D P.Non-linear superposition models of blast vibration[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2008,45(2):235-247.
[11]卢文波,HUSTRULID W.质点峰值振动速度衰减公式的改进[J].工程爆破,2002,8(3):1-4.(LU Wenbo,HUSTRULID W.An improvement to the equation for the attenuation of the peak particle velocity[J].Engineering Blasting,2002,8(3):1-4.(in Chinese))
[12]KHANDELWAL M,SINGH T N.Prediction of blast-induced ground vibration using artificial neural network[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2009,46(7):1 214-1 222.
[13]唐海,石永强,李海波,等.基于神经网络的爆破振动速度峰值预报[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1):3 533-3 539.(TANGHai,SHI Yongqiang,LI Haibo,et al.Prediction of peak velocity of blasting vibration based on neural network[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(Supp.1):3 533-3 539.(in Chinese))
[14]DOWDING C H.Blast vibration monitoring and control[M].Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,1985:137-149.
[15]林俊德.爆炸地震波的频率特性分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1996,15(增1):476-480.(LIN Junde.Analysis of frequency characteristics of explosive seismic wave[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1996,15(Supp.1):476-480.(in Chinese))
[16]周俊汝,卢文波,张乐,等.爆破地震波传播过程的振动频率衰减规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(11):2 171-2 178.(ZHOU Junru,LU Wenbo,ZHANG Le,et al.Attenuation of vibration frequency during propagation of blasting seismic wave[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(11):2 171-2 178.(in Chinese))
[17]杨建华,姚池,卢文波,等.深埋隧洞钻爆开挖围岩振动频率特性研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(4):1 195-1 202.(YANG Jianhua,YAO Chi,LU Wenbo,et al.Vibration frequency characteristics of surrounding rock of deep tunnel induced by borehole-blasting[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(4):1 195-1 202.(in Chinese))
[18]中国生,熊正明.基于小波包能量谱的建(构)筑物爆破地震安全评估[J].岩土力学,2010,31(5):1 522-1 528.(ZHONG Guosheng,XIONG Zhengming.Safety assessment of structure by blasting seism based on wavelet packet energy spectra[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(5):1 522-1 528.(in Chinese))
[19]DOWDING C H.Construction vibrations[M].[S.l.]:Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ,1996:19-24.
[20]卢文波,李海波,陈明,等.水电工程爆破振动安全判据及应用中的几个关键问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(8):1 513-1 520.(LU Wenbo,LI Haibo,CHEN Ming,et al.Safety criteria of blasting vibration in hydropower engineering and several key problems in their application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(8):1 513-1 520.(in Chinese))
[21]FAVREAU R F.Generation of strain waves in rock by an explosion in a spherical cavity[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1969,74(17):4 267-4 280.
[22]GRAFF K F.Wave motion in elastic solid[M].New York:Dover publications,Inc.,1975:271-281.
[23]HEELAN P A.Radiation from a Cylindrical Source of Finite Length[J].Geophysics,1953,18(3):685.
[24]BLAIR D P.Seismic radiation from an explosive column[J].Geophysics,2010,75(1):55-65.
[25]VANBRABANT F,CHACóN E P,QUI?ONES L A.P and S mach waves generated by the detonation of a cylindrical explosive charge-experiments and simulations[J].Fragblast,2002,6(1):21-35.
[26]TRIVI?O L F,MOHANTY B,MILKEREIT B.Seismic waveforms from explosive sources located in boreholes and initiated in different directions[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2012,87(12):81-93.
[27]金旭浩,卢文波,田勇,等.岩石爆破过程S波的产生机制分析[J].岩土力学,2011,32(增2):228-232.(JIN Xuhao,LU Wenbo,TIANYong,et al.Analysis of mechanisms of S wave generated in rock blasting process[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(Supp.2):228-232.(in Chinese))
[28]GAO Q D,LU W B,HU Y G,et al.An evaluation of numerical approaches for S-wave component simulation in rock blasting[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,2017,9(5):830-842.
[29]胡英国,卢文波,高启栋,等.不同爆破模拟方法下S波产生机制的比较[J].爆破,2015,32(3):10-16.(HU Yingguo,LU Wenbo,GAO Qidong,et al.Comparison of generation of S-wave with different simulation approach[J].Blasting,2015,32(3):10-16.(in Chinese))
[30]杨招伟,卢文波,高启栋,等.爆破地震波中S波识别方法及其应用[J].爆炸与冲击,2018,38(1):28-36.(YANG Zhaowei,LUWenbo,GAO Qidong,et al.A S-wave phase picking method for blasting seismic waves and its application in engineering[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2018,38(1):28-36.(in Chinese))
[31]AKI K,RICHARDS P G.Quantitative seismology[M].2nd ed Sausalito,California:University Science Books,2002:209-235.
[32]郑治真,朱传镇,胡祚春.爆破与地震的差异[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(3):208-216.(ZHENG Zhizhen,ZHU Chuanzhen,HUZuochun.Differences between explosions and earthquakes[J].Chinese journal of geophysics,1975,18(3):208-216.(in Chinese))
[33]BARTON N.Rock quality,seismic velocity,attenuation and anisotropy[M].[S.l.]:Taylor and Francis e-Library,2007:4-5.
[34]阿肯巴赫.弹性固体中波的传播[M].徐植信,洪锦如,译.上海:同济大学出版社,1992:121-190.(Achenbach J D.Wave propagation in elastic solids[M].Translated by XU Zhixin,HONG Jinru.Shanghai:Tongji University Press,1992:121-190.(in Chinese))
[35]KUZMENKO A A,VOROBEV V D,DENISYUK II,et al.Seismic effects of blasting in rock[M].[S.l.]:[s.n.],1993:16-22.
[2]卢文波,赖世骧,朱传云,等.三峡工程岩石基础开挖爆破震动控制安全标准[J].爆炸与冲击,2001,21(1):67-71.(LU Wenbo,LAI Shixiang,ZHU Chuanyun,et al.Safety standards of blast vibrations adopted in rock base excavation of the Three Gorge Project[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2001,21(1):67-71.(in Chinese))
[3]李海波,蒋会军,赵坚,等.动荷载作用下岩体工程安全的几个问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(11):1 887-1 891.(LIHaibo,JIANG Huijun,ZHAO Jian,et al.Some problems about safety analysis of rock engineering under dynamic load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(11):1 887-1 891.(in Chinese))
[4]冷振东,卢文波,胡浩然,等.爆生自由面对边坡微差爆破诱发振动峰值的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(9):1 815-1 822.(LENG Zhendong,LU Wenbo,HU Haoran,et al.Studies on influence of blast-created free face on ground vibration in slope blasts with millisecond-delays[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(9):1 815-1 822.(in Chinese))
[5]SINGH P K,ROY M P.Damage to surface structures due to blast vibration[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2010,47(6):949-961.
[6]MCGARR A.Estimating ground motions for small nearby earthquakes[C]//Seismic Design of Embankments and Caverns.New York:ASCE,1983:113-127.
[7]李新平,宋桂红,文建华,等.某水电站地下洞室爆破振动控制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(增1):2 506-2 509.(LIXinping,SONG Guihong,WEN Jianhua,et al.Control study of blasting vibration of underground chamber of hydropower station[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(Supp.1):2 506-2 509.(in Chinese))
[8]吕涛,石永强,黄诚,等.非线性回归法求解爆破振动速度衰减公式参数[J].岩土力学,2007,28(9):1 871-1 878.(LV Tao,SHI Yongqiang,HUANG Cheng,et al.Study on attenuation parameters of blasting vibration by nonlinear regression analysis[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(9):1 871-1 878.(in Chinese))
[9]DUVALL W I,PETKOF B.Spherical propagation of explosion generated strain pulses in rock[J].USBM Report of Investigation5483,1959:21-22.
[10]BLAIR D P.Non-linear superposition models of blast vibration[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2008,45(2):235-247.
[11]卢文波,HUSTRULID W.质点峰值振动速度衰减公式的改进[J].工程爆破,2002,8(3):1-4.(LU Wenbo,HUSTRULID W.An improvement to the equation for the attenuation of the peak particle velocity[J].Engineering Blasting,2002,8(3):1-4.(in Chinese))
[12]KHANDELWAL M,SINGH T N.Prediction of blast-induced ground vibration using artificial neural network[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2009,46(7):1 214-1 222.
[13]唐海,石永强,李海波,等.基于神经网络的爆破振动速度峰值预报[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(增1):3 533-3 539.(TANGHai,SHI Yongqiang,LI Haibo,et al.Prediction of peak velocity of blasting vibration based on neural network[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(Supp.1):3 533-3 539.(in Chinese))
[14]DOWDING C H.Blast vibration monitoring and control[M].Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,1985:137-149.
[15]林俊德.爆炸地震波的频率特性分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1996,15(增1):476-480.(LIN Junde.Analysis of frequency characteristics of explosive seismic wave[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1996,15(Supp.1):476-480.(in Chinese))
[16]周俊汝,卢文波,张乐,等.爆破地震波传播过程的振动频率衰减规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(11):2 171-2 178.(ZHOU Junru,LU Wenbo,ZHANG Le,et al.Attenuation of vibration frequency during propagation of blasting seismic wave[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(11):2 171-2 178.(in Chinese))
[17]杨建华,姚池,卢文波,等.深埋隧洞钻爆开挖围岩振动频率特性研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(4):1 195-1 202.(YANG Jianhua,YAO Chi,LU Wenbo,et al.Vibration frequency characteristics of surrounding rock of deep tunnel induced by borehole-blasting[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(4):1 195-1 202.(in Chinese))
[18]中国生,熊正明.基于小波包能量谱的建(构)筑物爆破地震安全评估[J].岩土力学,2010,31(5):1 522-1 528.(ZHONG Guosheng,XIONG Zhengming.Safety assessment of structure by blasting seism based on wavelet packet energy spectra[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(5):1 522-1 528.(in Chinese))
[19]DOWDING C H.Construction vibrations[M].[S.l.]:Prentice Hall,Upper Saddle River,NJ,1996:19-24.
[20]卢文波,李海波,陈明,等.水电工程爆破振动安全判据及应用中的几个关键问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(8):1 513-1 520.(LU Wenbo,LI Haibo,CHEN Ming,et al.Safety criteria of blasting vibration in hydropower engineering and several key problems in their application[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(8):1 513-1 520.(in Chinese))
[21]FAVREAU R F.Generation of strain waves in rock by an explosion in a spherical cavity[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1969,74(17):4 267-4 280.
[22]GRAFF K F.Wave motion in elastic solid[M].New York:Dover publications,Inc.,1975:271-281.
[23]HEELAN P A.Radiation from a Cylindrical Source of Finite Length[J].Geophysics,1953,18(3):685.
[24]BLAIR D P.Seismic radiation from an explosive column[J].Geophysics,2010,75(1):55-65.
[25]VANBRABANT F,CHACóN E P,QUI?ONES L A.P and S mach waves generated by the detonation of a cylindrical explosive charge-experiments and simulations[J].Fragblast,2002,6(1):21-35.
[26]TRIVI?O L F,MOHANTY B,MILKEREIT B.Seismic waveforms from explosive sources located in boreholes and initiated in different directions[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2012,87(12):81-93.
[27]金旭浩,卢文波,田勇,等.岩石爆破过程S波的产生机制分析[J].岩土力学,2011,32(增2):228-232.(JIN Xuhao,LU Wenbo,TIANYong,et al.Analysis of mechanisms of S wave generated in rock blasting process[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(Supp.2):228-232.(in Chinese))
[28]GAO Q D,LU W B,HU Y G,et al.An evaluation of numerical approaches for S-wave component simulation in rock blasting[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,2017,9(5):830-842.
[29]胡英国,卢文波,高启栋,等.不同爆破模拟方法下S波产生机制的比较[J].爆破,2015,32(3):10-16.(HU Yingguo,LU Wenbo,GAO Qidong,et al.Comparison of generation of S-wave with different simulation approach[J].Blasting,2015,32(3):10-16.(in Chinese))
[30]杨招伟,卢文波,高启栋,等.爆破地震波中S波识别方法及其应用[J].爆炸与冲击,2018,38(1):28-36.(YANG Zhaowei,LUWenbo,GAO Qidong,et al.A S-wave phase picking method for blasting seismic waves and its application in engineering[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2018,38(1):28-36.(in Chinese))
[31]AKI K,RICHARDS P G.Quantitative seismology[M].2nd ed Sausalito,California:University Science Books,2002:209-235.
[32]郑治真,朱传镇,胡祚春.爆破与地震的差异[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(3):208-216.(ZHENG Zhizhen,ZHU Chuanzhen,HUZuochun.Differences between explosions and earthquakes[J].Chinese journal of geophysics,1975,18(3):208-216.(in Chinese))
[33]BARTON N.Rock quality,seismic velocity,attenuation and anisotropy[M].[S.l.]:Taylor and Francis e-Library,2007:4-5.
[34]阿肯巴赫.弹性固体中波的传播[M].徐植信,洪锦如,译.上海:同济大学出版社,1992:121-190.(Achenbach J D.Wave propagation in elastic solids[M].Translated by XU Zhixin,HONG Jinru.Shanghai:Tongji University Press,1992:121-190.(in Chinese))
[35]KUZMENKO A A,VOROBEV V D,DENISYUK II,et al.Seismic effects of blasting in rock[M].[S.l.]:[s.n.],1993:16-22.
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