基于语义差异量表的心理疾病外显与内隐污名的结构及关系
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摘要
采用语义差异法编制心理疾病污名语义差异量表,用于测量外显污名,并用语义差异量表的词对作为单类内隐联想测验的材料,测量内隐污名,用这两类材料研究外显污名与内隐污名的结构及关系。结果表明:外显污名的三维度模型具有良好的拟合度(χ~2/df=2.99, RMSEA=0.075, CFI=0.918, TLI=0.902);内隐污名的三维度模型也具有良好的拟合度(χ~2/df=2.272, RMSEA=0.071, CFI=0.857, TLI=0.833),且与外显污名的结构相同,都由认知评价、情感体验、行为反应三维度构成;心理疾病污名的外显认知评价与内隐认知评价存在显著相关(r=0.436),外显污名与内隐污名的其它维度之间均不存在显著相关。
The purpose of this paper is to explore the components of the explicit and implicit stigma toward mental illness, and the relationship between them. The semantic difference method was used to develop the mental illness stigma semantic difference scale,which could measure the explicit stigma. In the meanwhile, in order to measure the implicit stigma, we developed the Single Category Implicit Association Test by using the word pairs form the stigma semantic difference scale. The results indicated that: the three-dimension model of explicit stigma has a good degree of fitting(χ~2/df=2.99, RMSEA=0.075, CFI=0.918, TLI=0.902), and the three-dimension model of implicit stigma also fits well(χ~2/df=2.272, RMSEA=0.071, CFI=0.857, TLI=0.833), which has the same components of the explicit stigma consisting by cognitive evaluation, emotional experience, and behavior reaction. The cognitive evaluation of explicit stigma is correlated with the cognitive evaluation of implicit stigma(r=0.436, p<0.05). However, there is no significant correlation between the explicit stigma and other dimensions of the implicit stigma.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the components of the explicit and implicit stigma toward mental illness, and the relationship between them. The semantic difference method was used to develop the mental illness stigma semantic difference scale,which could measure the explicit stigma. In the meanwhile, in order to measure the implicit stigma, we developed the Single Category Implicit Association Test by using the word pairs form the stigma semantic difference scale. The results indicated that: the three-dimension model of explicit stigma has a good degree of fitting(χ~2/df=2.99, RMSEA=0.075, CFI=0.918, TLI=0.902), and the three-dimension model of implicit stigma also fits well(χ~2/df=2.272, RMSEA=0.071, CFI=0.857, TLI=0.833), which has the same components of the explicit stigma consisting by cognitive evaluation, emotional experience, and behavior reaction. The cognitive evaluation of explicit stigma is correlated with the cognitive evaluation of implicit stigma(r=0.436, p<0.05). However, there is no significant correlation between the explicit stigma and other dimensions of the implicit stigma.
引文
陈福侠.(2010).问题学生污名研究(博士学位论文).华东师范大学.
李强,高文珺,许丹.(2008).心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582-589.
钱杰.(2017).抑郁症的公众内隐污名与外显污名的关系研究(硕士学位论文).四川师范大学.
王晓刚.(2013).心理疾病内隐污名的评估及其预测因素(博士学位论文).西南大学.
王晓刚,杜李琴,徐畅.(2017).心理疾病内隐污名:疾病归因和负责任判断的预测作用.社区心理学研究,(2),122-131.
王晓刚,黄希庭,陈瑞君,章麟.(2014).心理疾病内隐污名:来自单类内隐联想测验的证据.心理科学,37(2),272-276.
王晓刚,尹天子,黄希庭.(2012).心理疾病内隐污名述评.心理科学进展,20(3),384-393.
王晓刚,尹天子,陶鹏.(2014).心理疾病内隐污名表征范畴的典型性比较.贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),32(4),34-37.
肖世君.(2017).大学生心理疾病污名、自我效能感和专业心理求助态度的关系研究(硕士学位论文).四川师范大学.
尹艳新.(2013).大学生心理疾病污名、复原力与专业心理求助态度的关系研究(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨工程大学.
Alem,A.,Jacobsson,L.,Araya,M.,Kebede,D.,&Kullgren,G.(1999).How are mental disorders seen and where is help sought in a rural Ethiopian community?A key informant study in Butajira,Ethiopia.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.Supplementum,100(S397),40-47.
Bessenoff,G.R.,&Sherman,J.W.(2000).Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people:Evaluation versus stereotype activation.Social Cognition,18(4),329-353.
Cohen,J.,&Struening,E.L.(1962).Opinions about mental illness in the personnel of two large mental hospitals.The Journal of Abnormal&Social Psychology,64(5),349-360.
Corrigan,P.,Markowitz,F.E.,Watson,A.,Rowan,D.,&Kubiak,M.A.(2003).An attribution model of public discrimination towards persons with mental illness.Journal of Health&Social Behavior,44(2),162-179.
Corrigan,P.W.,&Miller,F.E.(2004).Shame,blame,and contamination:A review of the impact of mental illness stigma on family members.Journal of Mental Health,13(6),537-548.
Corrigan,P.W.,&Watson,A.C.(2002).The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness.Clinical Psychology:Science&Practice,9(1),35-53.
Crisp,R.(2000).A qualitative study of the perceptions of individuals with disabilities concerning health and rehabilitation professionals.Disability&Society,15(2),355-367.
Gawronski,B.,&Bodenhausen,G.V.(2006).Associative and propositional processes in evaluation:An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.Psychological Bulletin,132(5),692-731.
Hogan,M.F.(2003).The president's new freedom commission:Recommendations to transform mental health care in America.Psychiatric Services,54(11),1467-1474.
Karpinski,A.,&Steinman,R.B.(2006).The single category implicit association test as a measure of implicit social cognition.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,91(1),16-32.
Katz,D.,&Braly,K.W.(1935).Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes.The Journal of Abnormal&Social Psychology,30(2),175-193.
Kopera,M.,Suszek,H.,Bonar,E.,Myszka,M.,Gmaj,B.,Ilgen,M.,&Wojnar,M.(2015).Evaluating explicit and implicit stigma of mental illness in mental health professionals and medical students.Community Mental Health Journal,51(5),628-634.
Lincoln,T.M.,Arens,E.,Berger,C.,&Rief,W.(2008).Can antistigma campaigns be improved?A test of the impact of biogenetic vs psychosocial causal explanations on implicit and explicit attitudes to schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin,34(5),984-994.
Link,B.G.,&Phelan,J.C.(2001).Conceptualizing stigma.Annual Review of Sociology,27(1),363-385.
Link,B.G.,Phelan,J.C.,Bresnahan,M.,Stueve,A.,&Pescosolido,B.A.(1999).Public conceptions of mental illness:Labels,causes,dangerousness,and social distance.American Journal of Public Health,89(9),1328-1333.
Nesdale,D.,&Durkin,K.(1998).Stereotypes and attitudes:Implicit and explicit processes.In K.Kirsner&G.Speelman(Eds.),Implicit and explicit mental processes(pp.219-232).Mahwah,NJ,US:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Nosek,B.A.,&Hansen,J.J.(2008).The associations in our heads belong to us:Searching for attitudes and knowledge in implicit evaluation.Cognition&Emotion,22(4),553-594.
Peris,T.S.,Teachman,B.A.,&Nosek,B.A.(2008).Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness:Links to clinical care.Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease,196(10),752-760.
Rüsch,N.,Corrigan,P.W.,Todd,A.R.,&Bodenhausen,G.V.(2011).Automatic stereotyping against people with schizophrenia,schizoaffective and affective disorders.Psychiatry Research,186(1),34-39.
Rüsch,N.,Lieb,K.,Bohus,M.,&Corrigan,P.W.(2006).Self-stigma,empowerment,and perceived legitimacy of discrimination among women with mental illness.Psychiatric Services,57(3),399-402.
Rüsch,N.,Lieb,K.,G?ttler,I.,Hermann,C.,Schramm,E.,Richter,H.,…Bohus,M.(2007).Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder.American Journal of Psychiatry,164(3),500-508.
Rüsch,N.,Todd,A.R.,Bodenhausen,G.V.,&Corrigan,P.W.(2010a).Do people with mental illness deserve what they get?Links between meritocratic worldviews and implicit versus explicit stigma.European Archives of Psychiatry&Clinical Neuroscience,260(8),617-625.
Rüsch,N.,Todd,A.R.,Bodenhausen,G.V.,&Corrigan,P.W.(2010b).Biogenetic models of psychopathology,implicit guilt,and mental illness stigma.Psychiatry Research,179(3),328-332.
Rüsch,N.,Todd,A.R.,Bodenhausen,G.V.,Olschewski,M.,&Corrigan,P.W.(2010).Automatically activated shame reactions and perceived legitimacy of discrimination:A longitudinal study among people with mental illness.Journal of Behavior Therapy&Experimental Psychiatry,41(1),60-63.
Stier,A.,&Hinshaw,S.P.(2007).Explicit and implicit stigma against individuals with mental illness.Australian Psychologist,42(2),106-117.
Stull,L.G.,McGrew,J.H.,Salyers,M.P.,&Ashburn-Nardo,L.(2013).Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness:Attitudes in an evidencebased practice.Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease,201(12),1072-1079.
Teachman,B.A.,&Woody,S.R.(2003).Automatic processing in spider phobia:Implicit fear associations over the course of treatment.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,112(1),100-109.
Teachman,B.A.,Wilson,J.G.,&Komarovskaya,I.(2006).Implicit andexplicit stigma of mental illness in diagnosed and healthy samples.Journal of Social&Clinical Psychology,25(1),75-95.
Verhaeghe,M.,&Bracke,P.(2011).Stigma and trust among mental health service users.Archives of Psychiatric Nursing,25(4),294-302.
Wang,X.G.,Huang,X.T.,Jackson,T.,&Chen,R.J.(2012).Components of implicit stigma against mental illness among Chinese students.PLoSOne,7(9),e46016.
Wilson,T.D.,Lindsey,S.,&Schooler,T.Y.(2000).A model of dual attitudes.Psychological Review,107(1),101-126.
李强,高文珺,许丹.(2008).心理疾病污名形成理论述评.心理科学进展,16(4),582-589.
钱杰.(2017).抑郁症的公众内隐污名与外显污名的关系研究(硕士学位论文).四川师范大学.
王晓刚.(2013).心理疾病内隐污名的评估及其预测因素(博士学位论文).西南大学.
王晓刚,杜李琴,徐畅.(2017).心理疾病内隐污名:疾病归因和负责任判断的预测作用.社区心理学研究,(2),122-131.
王晓刚,黄希庭,陈瑞君,章麟.(2014).心理疾病内隐污名:来自单类内隐联想测验的证据.心理科学,37(2),272-276.
王晓刚,尹天子,黄希庭.(2012).心理疾病内隐污名述评.心理科学进展,20(3),384-393.
王晓刚,尹天子,陶鹏.(2014).心理疾病内隐污名表征范畴的典型性比较.贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),32(4),34-37.
肖世君.(2017).大学生心理疾病污名、自我效能感和专业心理求助态度的关系研究(硕士学位论文).四川师范大学.
尹艳新.(2013).大学生心理疾病污名、复原力与专业心理求助态度的关系研究(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨工程大学.
Alem,A.,Jacobsson,L.,Araya,M.,Kebede,D.,&Kullgren,G.(1999).How are mental disorders seen and where is help sought in a rural Ethiopian community?A key informant study in Butajira,Ethiopia.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.Supplementum,100(S397),40-47.
Bessenoff,G.R.,&Sherman,J.W.(2000).Automatic and controlled components of prejudice toward fat people:Evaluation versus stereotype activation.Social Cognition,18(4),329-353.
Cohen,J.,&Struening,E.L.(1962).Opinions about mental illness in the personnel of two large mental hospitals.The Journal of Abnormal&Social Psychology,64(5),349-360.
Corrigan,P.,Markowitz,F.E.,Watson,A.,Rowan,D.,&Kubiak,M.A.(2003).An attribution model of public discrimination towards persons with mental illness.Journal of Health&Social Behavior,44(2),162-179.
Corrigan,P.W.,&Miller,F.E.(2004).Shame,blame,and contamination:A review of the impact of mental illness stigma on family members.Journal of Mental Health,13(6),537-548.
Corrigan,P.W.,&Watson,A.C.(2002).The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness.Clinical Psychology:Science&Practice,9(1),35-53.
Crisp,R.(2000).A qualitative study of the perceptions of individuals with disabilities concerning health and rehabilitation professionals.Disability&Society,15(2),355-367.
Gawronski,B.,&Bodenhausen,G.V.(2006).Associative and propositional processes in evaluation:An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.Psychological Bulletin,132(5),692-731.
Hogan,M.F.(2003).The president's new freedom commission:Recommendations to transform mental health care in America.Psychiatric Services,54(11),1467-1474.
Karpinski,A.,&Steinman,R.B.(2006).The single category implicit association test as a measure of implicit social cognition.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,91(1),16-32.
Katz,D.,&Braly,K.W.(1935).Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes.The Journal of Abnormal&Social Psychology,30(2),175-193.
Kopera,M.,Suszek,H.,Bonar,E.,Myszka,M.,Gmaj,B.,Ilgen,M.,&Wojnar,M.(2015).Evaluating explicit and implicit stigma of mental illness in mental health professionals and medical students.Community Mental Health Journal,51(5),628-634.
Lincoln,T.M.,Arens,E.,Berger,C.,&Rief,W.(2008).Can antistigma campaigns be improved?A test of the impact of biogenetic vs psychosocial causal explanations on implicit and explicit attitudes to schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin,34(5),984-994.
Link,B.G.,&Phelan,J.C.(2001).Conceptualizing stigma.Annual Review of Sociology,27(1),363-385.
Link,B.G.,Phelan,J.C.,Bresnahan,M.,Stueve,A.,&Pescosolido,B.A.(1999).Public conceptions of mental illness:Labels,causes,dangerousness,and social distance.American Journal of Public Health,89(9),1328-1333.
Nesdale,D.,&Durkin,K.(1998).Stereotypes and attitudes:Implicit and explicit processes.In K.Kirsner&G.Speelman(Eds.),Implicit and explicit mental processes(pp.219-232).Mahwah,NJ,US:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Nosek,B.A.,&Hansen,J.J.(2008).The associations in our heads belong to us:Searching for attitudes and knowledge in implicit evaluation.Cognition&Emotion,22(4),553-594.
Peris,T.S.,Teachman,B.A.,&Nosek,B.A.(2008).Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness:Links to clinical care.Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease,196(10),752-760.
Rüsch,N.,Corrigan,P.W.,Todd,A.R.,&Bodenhausen,G.V.(2011).Automatic stereotyping against people with schizophrenia,schizoaffective and affective disorders.Psychiatry Research,186(1),34-39.
Rüsch,N.,Lieb,K.,Bohus,M.,&Corrigan,P.W.(2006).Self-stigma,empowerment,and perceived legitimacy of discrimination among women with mental illness.Psychiatric Services,57(3),399-402.
Rüsch,N.,Lieb,K.,G?ttler,I.,Hermann,C.,Schramm,E.,Richter,H.,…Bohus,M.(2007).Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder.American Journal of Psychiatry,164(3),500-508.
Rüsch,N.,Todd,A.R.,Bodenhausen,G.V.,&Corrigan,P.W.(2010a).Do people with mental illness deserve what they get?Links between meritocratic worldviews and implicit versus explicit stigma.European Archives of Psychiatry&Clinical Neuroscience,260(8),617-625.
Rüsch,N.,Todd,A.R.,Bodenhausen,G.V.,&Corrigan,P.W.(2010b).Biogenetic models of psychopathology,implicit guilt,and mental illness stigma.Psychiatry Research,179(3),328-332.
Rüsch,N.,Todd,A.R.,Bodenhausen,G.V.,Olschewski,M.,&Corrigan,P.W.(2010).Automatically activated shame reactions and perceived legitimacy of discrimination:A longitudinal study among people with mental illness.Journal of Behavior Therapy&Experimental Psychiatry,41(1),60-63.
Stier,A.,&Hinshaw,S.P.(2007).Explicit and implicit stigma against individuals with mental illness.Australian Psychologist,42(2),106-117.
Stull,L.G.,McGrew,J.H.,Salyers,M.P.,&Ashburn-Nardo,L.(2013).Implicit and explicit stigma of mental illness:Attitudes in an evidencebased practice.Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease,201(12),1072-1079.
Teachman,B.A.,&Woody,S.R.(2003).Automatic processing in spider phobia:Implicit fear associations over the course of treatment.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,112(1),100-109.
Teachman,B.A.,Wilson,J.G.,&Komarovskaya,I.(2006).Implicit andexplicit stigma of mental illness in diagnosed and healthy samples.Journal of Social&Clinical Psychology,25(1),75-95.
Verhaeghe,M.,&Bracke,P.(2011).Stigma and trust among mental health service users.Archives of Psychiatric Nursing,25(4),294-302.
Wang,X.G.,Huang,X.T.,Jackson,T.,&Chen,R.J.(2012).Components of implicit stigma against mental illness among Chinese students.PLoSOne,7(9),e46016.
Wilson,T.D.,Lindsey,S.,&Schooler,T.Y.(2000).A model of dual attitudes.Psychological Review,107(1),101-126.