基于农学效应的露地蔬菜氮磷钾推荐施肥量研究
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摘要
针对蔬菜施肥中氮磷肥用量普遍偏高和比例不合理问题,探讨主要露地蔬菜氮磷钾推荐施肥量。根据近年来在芥菜、大白菜、结球甘蓝菜、莴苣、花椰菜、毛豆、槟榔芋、多子芋和胡萝卜上完成的290个氮磷钾田间肥效试验结果,应用系统聚类分析及其类别间差异显著性检验的方法,制定菜田土壤肥力等级的最佳类别数;然后采用三元非结构肥效模型构建各肥力等级的肥效方程及其推荐施肥量。结果表明,蔬菜空白区产量和平衡施肥产量的变异系数分别达到26.0%～60.2%和13.2%～50.3%,不同蔬菜种类及其土壤施肥效应具有明显的差异。在确保类别间的空白区产量和平衡施肥产量两个指标达到显著差异水平的条件下,结球甘蓝菜划分为4个土壤肥力等级,其他8种蔬菜则划分为3个土壤肥力等级。根据不同蔬菜的不同土壤肥力等级对应的氮磷钾田间肥效试验结果,构建的28个三元肥效模型均属于典型式,由此提出基于农学效应的9种供试蔬菜氮磷钾推荐施肥量。14个大田验证试验表明,与习惯性的氮磷钾施用量和比例相比,本研究推荐施肥量下的槟榔芋、结球甘蓝菜、毛豆和多子芋等4种供试蔬菜平均增产6.8%～10.6%,净增收达692～3 834元·hm~(-2)。研究结果为露地蔬菜减肥增效技术的推广应用提供了最佳养分投入量依据。
To promote proper fertilization for vegetable farming in open fields,the application rates of NPK fertilizers were studied according to their agronomic benefits on the plants.The 290 field experiments conducted in recent years on leaf mustard(Brassica juncea),Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa),headed cabbage(Brassica oleracea),lettuce,broccoli,green soy bean,areca taro(Colocasia esculenta),boilen taro(Colocasia esculenta L.Schott.),and carrots allowed a classification on soil fertility using the systematic cluster analysis and significance differentiation test,as well as a proposed recommendation on the fertilization using the ternary non-structural fertilizer efficiency model.The coefficients of variation on vegetable yields were 26.0%-60.2% for the reference and 13.2%-50.3%for a balanced fertilization indicating significant differences on the effect of soil fertility among the various vegetables.For the further experimentation,4 levels of fertility for the headed cabbages and 3 levels for the remaining 8 vegetables were applied to ensure a significance on the fertilization effect.It was found that all 28 ternary fertilizer efficiency models obtained were typical,and therefore,9 formulas for the fertilization based on agronomic effect were established.In the following field tests,14 of them confirmed that the recommended NPK fertilization resulted in an average increase on yield of boilen taros,headed cabbages,green soy beans,and areca taros ranged from 6.8%to 10.6%with a net increasing on revenue of 692 Yuan to 3 834 Yuan per hm2 over the conventional fertilization.
To promote proper fertilization for vegetable farming in open fields,the application rates of NPK fertilizers were studied according to their agronomic benefits on the plants.The 290 field experiments conducted in recent years on leaf mustard(Brassica juncea),Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa),headed cabbage(Brassica oleracea),lettuce,broccoli,green soy bean,areca taro(Colocasia esculenta),boilen taro(Colocasia esculenta L.Schott.),and carrots allowed a classification on soil fertility using the systematic cluster analysis and significance differentiation test,as well as a proposed recommendation on the fertilization using the ternary non-structural fertilizer efficiency model.The coefficients of variation on vegetable yields were 26.0%-60.2% for the reference and 13.2%-50.3%for a balanced fertilization indicating significant differences on the effect of soil fertility among the various vegetables.For the further experimentation,4 levels of fertility for the headed cabbages and 3 levels for the remaining 8 vegetables were applied to ensure a significance on the fertilization effect.It was found that all 28 ternary fertilizer efficiency models obtained were typical,and therefore,9 formulas for the fertilization based on agronomic effect were established.In the following field tests,14 of them confirmed that the recommended NPK fertilization resulted in an average increase on yield of boilen taros,headed cabbages,green soy beans,and areca taros ranged from 6.8%to 10.6%with a net increasing on revenue of 692 Yuan to 3 834 Yuan per hm2 over the conventional fertilization.
引文
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[14]马昌凤,柯艺芬,谢亚君.优化计算方法及其MATLAB程序实现[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2015:31-45.
[15]薛毅,陈立萍.实用数据分析与MATLAB软件[M].北京:北京工业大学出版社,2015:189-274,377-394.
[16]徐志平,姚宝全,章明清,等.福建主要粮油作物测土配方施肥指标体系研究Ⅰ.土壤基础肥力对作物产量的贡献率及其施肥效应[J].福建农业学报,2008,23(4):396-402.
[2]孔庆波,姚宝全,章明清,等.福建主要蔬菜氮磷钾营养特性及其施肥指标体系研究Ⅲ.氮磷钾最佳用量和比例[J].福建农业学报,2011,26(4):620-626.
[3]章明清,李娟,孔庆波,等.福建结球甘蓝菜氮磷钾施肥指标研究[J].热带作物学报,2011,32(9):1624-1629.
[4]金耀青,张中原.配方施肥方法及其应用[M].沈阳:辽宁科学技术出版社,1993:1-64.
[5]杨守春,陈伦寿,刘光崧,等.黄淮海平原主要作物优化施肥和土壤培肥研究总论.黄淮海平原主要作物优化施肥和土壤培肥技术[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,1991:1-26.
[6]李仁岗.肥料效应函数[M].北京:农业出版社,1987:1-42.
[7]章明清,李娟,孔庆波,等.作物肥料效应函数模型研究进展与展望[J].土壤学报,2016,53(6):1143-1156.
[8]MONTGOMERY D C,PECK E A,VINING G G.线性回归分析导论[M].王辰勇,译.第5版.北京:机械工业出版社,2016:91-268.
[9]王兴仁,陈新平,张福锁,等.施肥模型在我国推荐施肥中的应用[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(1):67-74.
[10]陈新平,周金池,王兴仁,等.小麦-玉米轮作制中氮肥效应模型的选择——经济和环境效益分析[J].土壤学报,2000,37(3):346-354.
[11]袁志发,宋世德.多元统计分析(第二版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:278-293.
[12]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2000:146-196.
[13]李娟,章明清,孔庆波,等.构建县域早稻氮磷钾施肥的系统聚类方法研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):531–538.
[14]马昌凤,柯艺芬,谢亚君.优化计算方法及其MATLAB程序实现[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2015:31-45.
[15]薛毅,陈立萍.实用数据分析与MATLAB软件[M].北京:北京工业大学出版社,2015:189-274,377-394.
[16]徐志平,姚宝全,章明清,等.福建主要粮油作物测土配方施肥指标体系研究Ⅰ.土壤基础肥力对作物产量的贡献率及其施肥效应[J].福建农业学报,2008,23(4):396-402.