世界最大井采铁矿床——基律纳铁矿床研究现状与新进展
|
摘要
基律纳铁矿床位于瑞典北部拉普兰地区,是迄今为止世界上产于中-基性火山岩中规模最大的磷灰石-磁铁矿建造矿床,也是欧洲目前唯一正在开采的特大型铁矿山。研究表明,基律纳铁矿床受构造-岩浆控制作用明显,多产在古元古代花岗质绿片岩体内。矿体与围岩呈整合接触,在两者的接触带上,普遍发育钠长石化和钾长石化;矿石以高度富集磁铁矿和磷灰石为特征。根据切割关系和锆石U-Pb同位素测年,其成矿年龄为1.9~1.88Ga。依据其地质背景、围岩蚀变分带性和成矿流体的组分特征,将该矿床初步认定为铁氧化物IOCG型铁矿床。
Kiruna iron deposition,which is located in Lapland of northern Sweden,is the largest apatitemagnetite ore deposit construction in the world cropped out from intermediate-mafic volcanic rocks,and is also the only one large iron mine which is being exploited in Europe.This article aims to summarize the tectonic environment,geological characteristics,mineralization and prospecting potential of the Kiruna iron deposition.This information should provide theoretical and technical support for Chinese geologists when they explore Kiruna-type deposition in smiliar geological setting.Studies have shown that the Kiruna iron deposition is prominently controlled by tectonic-magmatism,and is mostly formed in Paleoproterozoic granitic green-schist rock bodys.In the contact zone between ore body and wall rock,which was a conformable contact,albitization and potassium feldspathization are widely developed.The ores is characterized by high concentration of magnetite and apatite.According to the cross-cutting relationship and zircon U-Pb isotopic dating,the metallogenic epoch is 1.9-1.88Ga.Based on the the geological background,wall-rock alteration zonation and compositional characterization of the ore-forming fluid,the deposit is initially identified as a IOCG-type iron ore deposit.
Kiruna iron deposition,which is located in Lapland of northern Sweden,is the largest apatitemagnetite ore deposit construction in the world cropped out from intermediate-mafic volcanic rocks,and is also the only one large iron mine which is being exploited in Europe.This article aims to summarize the tectonic environment,geological characteristics,mineralization and prospecting potential of the Kiruna iron deposition.This information should provide theoretical and technical support for Chinese geologists when they explore Kiruna-type deposition in smiliar geological setting.Studies have shown that the Kiruna iron deposition is prominently controlled by tectonic-magmatism,and is mostly formed in Paleoproterozoic granitic green-schist rock bodys.In the contact zone between ore body and wall rock,which was a conformable contact,albitization and potassium feldspathization are widely developed.The ores is characterized by high concentration of magnetite and apatite.According to the cross-cutting relationship and zircon U-Pb isotopic dating,the metallogenic epoch is 1.9-1.88Ga.Based on the the geological background,wall-rock alteration zonation and compositional characterization of the ore-forming fluid,the deposit is initially identified as a IOCG-type iron ore deposit.
引文
[1]河北钢铁集团矿业有限公司.瑞典LKAB公司基律纳铁矿考察报告[R].石家庄:河北钢铁集团矿业有限公司,2010.
[2]谢理,焦玉书.今日瑞典基律纳铁矿[J].中国矿业,2003,12(4):46-47.
[3]聂凤军,石成龙,赵元艺,等.北极圈及邻区金属矿床地质特征、形成作用与找矿潜力[J].中国地质,2012,39(4):856-868.
[4]Weihed P,Eilu P,Larsen R B,et al.Metallic mineral deposits in the Nordic countries[J].Episodes,2008,31(1):125-132.
[5]Weihed P,Arndt N,BillstrK,et al.Precambrian geodynamicsand ore formation:The Fennoscandian Shield[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2005,27:273-322.
[6]Hitzman M W,Oreskes.N,Einaudi M.Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide(Cu-U-AuREE)deposits[J].Precambrian Research,1992,58:241-287.
[7]汪建.瑞典基律纳铁矿考察报告[J].矿业工程,2011,9(1):57-58.
[8]弗里奇R.芬兰、挪威和瑞典矿床综述[J].盛乃贤,译.地质地球化学,1978,73(4):17-28.
[9]Martinsson O.Paleoproterozoic greenstones at Kiruna in northern Sweden:A product of continental rifting and associated mafic-ultramafic volcanism:Paper I.Tectonic setting and metallogeny of the Kiruna greenstones[D].[S.l.]:Lulea University of Technology,1997.
[10]Witschard F.The geological and tectonic evolution of the Precambrian of northern Sweden:A case for basement reactivation[J].Precambrian Research,1984,23:273-315.
[11]Juhlin C,Elming S A,Mellqvist C,et al.Crustal reflectivity near the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary in northern Sweden and implications for the tectonic evolution of the area[J].Geophysical Journal International,2002,150:180-197.
[12]Bergman S,Kubler L,Martinsson O.Description of regional geological and geophysical maps of northern Norrbotten County(east of the Caledonian orogen)[J].Sveriges Geologiske Undersokning,Ba,2001,56:110
[13]Parák T.The origin of the Kiruna Iron Ores[J].Sveriges Geologiska Underskning,1975,C709:209.
[14]Vollmer F W,Wright S F,Hudleston P J.Early deformation in the Svecokarelian greenstone belt of the Kiruna iron district,northern Sweden[J].Geologiska Freningens Istockholm Frhandlingar,1984,106(2):109-118.
[15]Mai-Britt J,Sten-ke E.A correlation of AMS and rock quality in crystalline and sedimentary rocks in the Kirunavaara hanging wall,Sweden[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2012,86:54-69.
[16]Edfelt,Armstrong R N,Smith M,et al.Alteration paragenesis and mineral chemistry of the Tjrrojkka apatite-iron and Cu(-Au)occurrences,Kiruna area,northern Sweden[J].Mineralium Deposita,2005,40:409-434.
[17]Harlov D E,Andersson U B,Oerster F,et al.Apatite-monazite relations in the Kirunavaara magnetite-apatite ore,northern Sweden[J].Chemical Geology,2002,191:47-72.
[18]Geijer P,dman O H.The emplacement of the Kiruna iron ores and related deposits[J].Sveriges Geologiska Underskning,1974,C700:48.
[19]Rudyard F,Perdahl,Anders J.Rare earth elements in apatite and magnetite in Kiruna-type iron ores and some other iron ore types[J].Ore Geology Reviews,1995,9(6):489-510.
[20]Cliff R A,David R,Blake K.Isotope systematics of the Kiruna magnetite ores,Sweden:Part 1.Age of the ore[J].Economic Geology,1990,85:1770-1776.
[21]Sillitoe R H.Iron oxide-copper-gold deposits:An Andean view[J].Mineralium Deposita,2003,38:787-812.
[22]余金杰,毛景文.Kiruna型铁矿床基本地质特征和成矿环境[J].矿床地质,2001,21(增):83-86.
[23]毛景文,张作衡,王义天.国外主要矿床类型、特点及找矿勘查[M].北京:地质出版社,2012:126-137.
[24]宋学信,陈毓川,盛继福,等.论火山浅成矿浆铁矿床[J].地质学报,1981,1:42-52.
[25]聂凤军,江思宏,路彦明.氧化铁型铜-金(IOCG)矿床的地质特征、成因机理与找矿模型[J].中国地质,2008,26(8):1076-1087.
[26]Alessandro S,Sten-ke E.Geophysical and petrophy sical study of an iron oxide copper gold deposit in northern Sweden[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2006,29:1-18.
[2]谢理,焦玉书.今日瑞典基律纳铁矿[J].中国矿业,2003,12(4):46-47.
[3]聂凤军,石成龙,赵元艺,等.北极圈及邻区金属矿床地质特征、形成作用与找矿潜力[J].中国地质,2012,39(4):856-868.
[4]Weihed P,Eilu P,Larsen R B,et al.Metallic mineral deposits in the Nordic countries[J].Episodes,2008,31(1):125-132.
[5]Weihed P,Arndt N,BillstrK,et al.Precambrian geodynamicsand ore formation:The Fennoscandian Shield[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2005,27:273-322.
[6]Hitzman M W,Oreskes.N,Einaudi M.Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide(Cu-U-AuREE)deposits[J].Precambrian Research,1992,58:241-287.
[7]汪建.瑞典基律纳铁矿考察报告[J].矿业工程,2011,9(1):57-58.
[8]弗里奇R.芬兰、挪威和瑞典矿床综述[J].盛乃贤,译.地质地球化学,1978,73(4):17-28.
[9]Martinsson O.Paleoproterozoic greenstones at Kiruna in northern Sweden:A product of continental rifting and associated mafic-ultramafic volcanism:Paper I.Tectonic setting and metallogeny of the Kiruna greenstones[D].[S.l.]:Lulea University of Technology,1997.
[10]Witschard F.The geological and tectonic evolution of the Precambrian of northern Sweden:A case for basement reactivation[J].Precambrian Research,1984,23:273-315.
[11]Juhlin C,Elming S A,Mellqvist C,et al.Crustal reflectivity near the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary in northern Sweden and implications for the tectonic evolution of the area[J].Geophysical Journal International,2002,150:180-197.
[12]Bergman S,Kubler L,Martinsson O.Description of regional geological and geophysical maps of northern Norrbotten County(east of the Caledonian orogen)[J].Sveriges Geologiske Undersokning,Ba,2001,56:110
[13]Parák T.The origin of the Kiruna Iron Ores[J].Sveriges Geologiska Underskning,1975,C709:209.
[14]Vollmer F W,Wright S F,Hudleston P J.Early deformation in the Svecokarelian greenstone belt of the Kiruna iron district,northern Sweden[J].Geologiska Freningens Istockholm Frhandlingar,1984,106(2):109-118.
[15]Mai-Britt J,Sten-ke E.A correlation of AMS and rock quality in crystalline and sedimentary rocks in the Kirunavaara hanging wall,Sweden[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2012,86:54-69.
[16]Edfelt,Armstrong R N,Smith M,et al.Alteration paragenesis and mineral chemistry of the Tjrrojkka apatite-iron and Cu(-Au)occurrences,Kiruna area,northern Sweden[J].Mineralium Deposita,2005,40:409-434.
[17]Harlov D E,Andersson U B,Oerster F,et al.Apatite-monazite relations in the Kirunavaara magnetite-apatite ore,northern Sweden[J].Chemical Geology,2002,191:47-72.
[18]Geijer P,dman O H.The emplacement of the Kiruna iron ores and related deposits[J].Sveriges Geologiska Underskning,1974,C700:48.
[19]Rudyard F,Perdahl,Anders J.Rare earth elements in apatite and magnetite in Kiruna-type iron ores and some other iron ore types[J].Ore Geology Reviews,1995,9(6):489-510.
[20]Cliff R A,David R,Blake K.Isotope systematics of the Kiruna magnetite ores,Sweden:Part 1.Age of the ore[J].Economic Geology,1990,85:1770-1776.
[21]Sillitoe R H.Iron oxide-copper-gold deposits:An Andean view[J].Mineralium Deposita,2003,38:787-812.
[22]余金杰,毛景文.Kiruna型铁矿床基本地质特征和成矿环境[J].矿床地质,2001,21(增):83-86.
[23]毛景文,张作衡,王义天.国外主要矿床类型、特点及找矿勘查[M].北京:地质出版社,2012:126-137.
[24]宋学信,陈毓川,盛继福,等.论火山浅成矿浆铁矿床[J].地质学报,1981,1:42-52.
[25]聂凤军,江思宏,路彦明.氧化铁型铜-金(IOCG)矿床的地质特征、成因机理与找矿模型[J].中国地质,2008,26(8):1076-1087.
[26]Alessandro S,Sten-ke E.Geophysical and petrophy sical study of an iron oxide copper gold deposit in northern Sweden[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2006,29:1-18.