国外公路交通气象研究进展
|
摘要
开展公路交通气象监测预报预警服务工作是实现公路交通安全和畅通的有效保障。文中重点回顾了国外在道路天气信息系统(Road weather information system,RWIS)选址布设、路面温度与状况预报以及交通气象影响和评估技术领域的研究工作进展,比较了以上研究工作的优缺点的同时,展望了未来发展趋势。通过研究得出:国外公路交通气象研究考虑信息丰富,方法多样。RWIS选址和优化技术由经验性和定性研究逐步向定量化的方向发展。路面温度与状况预报技术侧重于基于地表能量辐射平衡理论的数值模式预报方法改进和概率预报技术研究。交通气象影响评估技术趋向于风险预报技术和应用研究。对开展国内公路交通气象技术研究工作具有参考价值。
The safety of road transportation can be assured with weather monitoring,forecasting and early warning.This paper largely reviews the development of international research on siting of the Road weather information system(RWIS), road temperature & condition prediction,and impact assessment of transport meteorology.In the meanw hile,the advantage and disadvantage for above-mentioned researches are compared.Then,their future development trends are discussed.Finally,it comes to the conclusion that the abundant data and diverse methods are used on international research for road traffic meteorology.To be specific,the research on RWIS siting develops from the empirical and qualitative approaches to quantitative approaches.The research on road temperature and condition prediction mainly focuses on the improvements of numerical models based on surface radiation balance theory and application of probab ilistic forecast.The impact assessment of traffic meteorology tends to develop the risk prediction technique and its application.This paper aims at providing some useful information for the development of technologies for highway traffic meteorology in China.
The safety of road transportation can be assured with weather monitoring,forecasting and early warning.This paper largely reviews the development of international research on siting of the Road weather information system(RWIS), road temperature & condition prediction,and impact assessment of transport meteorology.In the meanw hile,the advantage and disadvantage for above-mentioned researches are compared.Then,their future development trends are discussed.Finally,it comes to the conclusion that the abundant data and diverse methods are used on international research for road traffic meteorology.To be specific,the research on RWIS siting develops from the empirical and qualitative approaches to quantitative approaches.The research on road temperature and condition prediction mainly focuses on the improvements of numerical models based on surface radiation balance theory and application of probab ilistic forecast.The impact assessment of traffic meteorology tends to develop the risk prediction technique and its application.This paper aims at providing some useful information for the development of technologies for highway traffic meteorology in China.
引文
[1]黄政,袁成松,包云轩,等.基于不同参数化方案的高速公路大雾过程的数值模拟试验[J].气象,2016,42(8):944-953.
[2]沈阳,沈安云,苏航,等.2016年冬季江苏省一次大范围强浓雾天气过程成因分析[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(4):11-20.
[3]田华,王志,戴至修,等.公路积水阻断与降雨关系的探讨[J].气象,2018,44(5):684-691.
[4]林毅,李倩,张凯,等.气象条件对辽宁省高速公路交通安全的影响研究[J].气象与环境学报,2018,34(3):106-111.
[5]田华,吴昊,赵琳娜,等.沪宁高速公路路面温度变化特征及统计模型[J].应用气象学报,2009,20(6):737-744.
[6]孙翠平,马俊峰,孙启亮,等.镇江市道路结冰影响指数分级预报方法[J].气象与环境学报,2013,29(4):84-88.
[7]吕晶晶,牛生杰,周悦,等.冬季高速公路路桥温度变化规律及能量平衡分析[J].大气科学学报,2013,36(5):546-553.
[8]王志,田华,狄靖月,等.降水引发的中国公路损毁灾害时空变化特征[J].气象与环境学报,2018,34(4):98-104.
[9]狄靖月,王志,田华,等.降水引发的西南地区公路损毁风险预报方法[J].应用气象学报,2015,26(3):268-279.
[10]武永峰,张勇,陈鲜艳,等.湖南省公路交通暴雨风险评价研究[J].自然灾害学报,2011,20(5):148-154.
[11]Manfredi J,Walters T,Wilke G,et al.Road weather information system environmental sensor station siting guidelines,version 2.0[R].Washington,D.C.:Federal Highw ay Administration,2008.
[12]World Weather Watch.Climatological assessment for the purposes of siting road sensors[R].World Weather Watch,2009.
[13]Mackinnon D,Lo A.Alberta transportation road weather information system(RWIS)expansion study[R].Edmonton:Alberta Transportation,2009.
[14]Kwon T J,Fu L P.Evaluation of alternative criteria for determining the optimal location of RWIS stations[J].Journal of M odern Transportation,2013,21(1):17-27.
[15]Jin P J,Walker A,Cebelak M,et al.Determining strategic locations for environmental sensor stations w ith w eather-related crash data[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2014,2440(1):34-42.
[16]Zhao L H,Chien S I,Liu X B,et al.Planning a road w eather information system w ith GIS[J].Journal of M odern Transportation,2015,23(3):176-188.
[17]Al-Kaisy A,Ewan L.Prioritization scheme for proposed road w eather information system sites:montana case study[J].Frontiers in Built Environment,2017,3:45.
[18]Barber E S.Calculation of maximum pavement temperatures from w eather reports[J].Highw ay Research Board Bulletin,1957,168:1-8.
[19]Williamson R H.Effects of environment on pavement temperatures[C]//Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements.London:The National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and M edicine,1972:144-158.
[20]Christison J T,Anderson K O.The response of asphalt pavements to low temperature climatic environments[C]//Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements.London:The National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and M edicine,1972:41-52.
[21]Hermansson.Simulation model for calculating pavement temperatures including maximum temperature[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2000,1699(1):134-141.
[22]Huber G A.Weather database for the SUPERPAVETMmix design system[R].Washington D.C.:National Research Council,1993.
[23]Lukanen E O,Stubstad R,Briggs R C.Temperature predictions and adjustment factors for asphalt pavement(Report No.FHWA-RD-98-085)[R].Mc Lean:Federal Highw ay Administration,2000.
[24]Diefenderfer B K,Al-Qadi I L,Diefenderfer S D.Model to predict pavement temperature profile:development and validation[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2006,132(2):162-167.
[25]Kr2manc R,Slak A S,Dem2ar J.Statistical approach for forecasting road surface temperature[J].M eteorological Applications,2013,20(4):439-446.
[26]Crevier L P,Delage Y.METRo:a new model for roadcondition forecasting in Canada[J].Journal of Applied M eteorology,2001,40(11):2026-2037.
[27]Kangas M,Hippi M,Ruotsalainen J,et al.The FMI road w eather model[C]//Proceedings of First Joint HIRLAM All Staff meeting and ALADIN Workshop.2006:117-123.
[28]Bouilloud L,Coudert O.Road weather forecasting in Météo-France:15th EM S annual meeting&12th European conference on applications of meteorology[EB/OL].Sofia,Bulgaria,2015.https://presentations.copernicus.org/EM S2015-168_presentation.pdf.
[29]Bouilloud L,Martin E,Habets F,et al.Road surface condition forecasting in France[J].Journal of Applied M eteorology and Climatology,2009,48(12):2513-2527.
[30]Karsisto V,Tijm S,Nurmi P.Comparing the performance of tw o road w eather models in the Netherlands[J].Weather and Forecasting,2017,32(3):991-1006.
[31]Habrovsky R,Tarjáni V.Kalman filter preprocessing w ithin M ETRoSTAT project and application of the new method in the roadcast system[C]//Proceedings of the17th International Road Weather Conference(SIR-WEC).Andorra:SIRWEC,2014:33.
[32]Kr2manc R,Tarjáni V,Habrovsky R,et al.Upgraded M ETRo model w ithin the M ETRoSTAT project[C]//Proceedings of the 17th International Road Weather Conference.Andorra:SIRWEC,2014:26.
[33]Iivanainen T,Pettersson M.Quality management for road w eather data[C]//Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Snow Removal and Ice Control Technology.Spokane,Washington:Transportation Research Board,2004:127-135.
[34]Bogren J,Gustavsson T,Karlsson M,et al.The impact of screening on road surface temperature[J].M eteorological Applications,2000,7(2):97-104.
[35]Walker C L,Anderson M R.Cloud impacts on pavement temperature and shortw ave radiation[J].Journal of Applied M eteorology and Climatology,2016,55(11):2329-2347.
[36]Hu Y M,Almkvist E,Lindberg F,et al.The use of screening effects in modelling route-based daytime road surface temperature[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2016,125(1/2):303-319.
[37]Berrocal V J,Raftery A E,Gneiting T,et al.Probabilistic w eather forecasting for w inter road maintenance[J].Journal of the American Statistical Association,2010,105(490):522-537.
[38]Sokol Z,Bli6ňák V,Sedlák P,et al.Ensemble forecasts of road surface temperatures[J].Atmospheric Research,2017,187:33-41.
[39]Schl9sser L H M.Traffic accidents and road surface skidding resistance[J].Transportation Research Record,1976,623:11-20.
[40]Burchett J L,Rizenbergs R L.Frictional performance of pavements and estimates of accident probability[M]//Hayden C.Pavement Surface Characteristics and M aterials.West Conshohocken:ASTM Special Technical Publications,1982:73-97.
[41]Sherretz L A,Farhar B C.An analysis of the relationship betw een rainfall and the occurrence of traffic accidents[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1978,17(5):711-715.
[42]Edwards J B.Weather-related road accidents in England and Wales:a spatial analysis[J].Journal of Transport Geography,1996,4(3):201-212.
[43]Eisenberg D.The mixed effects of precipitation on traffic crashes[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2004,36(4):637-647.
[44]Suggett J.The effect of precipitation on traffic safety in the city of Regina[D].Saskatoon:University of Regina,1999.
[45]Jaroszweski D,Mc Namara T.The influence of rainfall on road accidents in urban areas:a w eather radar approach[J].Travel Behaviour and Society,2014,1(1):15-21.
[46]Tamerius J D,Zhou X,Mantilla R,et al.Precipitation effects on motor vehicle crashes vary by space,time,and environmental conditions[J].Weather,Climate,and Society,2016,8(4):399-407.
[47]Jones E R,Goolsby M E,Brewer K A.The environmental influence of rain on freew ay capacity[J].Highw ay Research Record,1970,321:74-82.
[48]Prevedouros P D,Chang K.Potential effects of wet conditions on signalized intersection LOS[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2005,131(12):898-903.
[49]Ries G L.Impact of weather on freeway capacity[R].M inneapolis,M N:Office of Traffic Engineering,M innesota Department of Transportation,1981.
[50]Knapp K K,Smithson L D.Winter storm event volume impact analysis using multiple-source archived monitoring data[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2000,1700(1):10-16.
[51]Datla S,Sharma S.Impact of cold and snow on temporal and spatial variations of highw ay traffic volumes[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2008,16(5):358-372.
[52]Call D A.The effect of snow on traffic counts in western New York State[J].Weather,Climate,and Society,2011,3(2):71-75.
[53]Keay K,Simmonds I.The association of rainfall and other w eather variables w ith road traffic volume in M elbourne,Australia[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2005,37(1):109-124.
[54]Maze T H,Agarwal M,Burchett G.Whether weather matters to traffic demand,traffic safety,and traffic operations and flow[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2006,1948(1):170-176.
[55]Hassan Y A,Barker D J.The impact of unseasonable or extreme w eather on traffic activity w ithin Lothian region,Scotland[J].Journal of Transport Geography,1999,7(3):209-213.
[56]Ibrahim A T,Hall F L.Effect of adverse weather conditions on speed-flow-occupancy relationships[J].Transportation Research Record,1994,1457(1):184-191.
[57]Kyte M,Khatib Z,Shannon P,et al.Effect of weather on free-Flow speed[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2001,1776(1):60-68.
[58]Steenberghen T,Dufays T,Thomas I,et al.Intra-urban location and clustering of road accidents using GIS:a Belgian example[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2004,18(2):169-181.
[59]Erdogan S,Yilmaz I,Baybura T,et al.Geographical information systems aided traffic accident analysis system case study:city of Afyonkarahisar[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2008,40(1):174-181.
[60]Effati M,Rajabi M A,Samadzadegan F,et al.Developing a novel method for road hazardous segment identification based on fuzzy reasoning and GIS[J].Journal of Transportation Technologies,2012,2(1):32-40.
[61]Agarwal P K,Patil P K,Mehar R.A methodology for ranking road safety hazardous locations using analytical hierarchy process[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2013,104:1030-1037.
[62]Michaelides S,Levikangas P,Doll C,et al.Foreward:EU-funded projects on extreme and high-impact w eather challenging European transport systems[J].Natural Hazards,2014,72(1):5-22.
[63]Hemingway R,Robbins J,Mooney J.A probabilistic vehicle overturning module:Assessing the risk of disruption due to vehicles overturning on the UK road netw ork during high w ind events[EB/OL].Atlanta,GA,USA:94th American M eteorological Society Annual M eeting,2014.https://ams.confex.com/ams/94Annual/w ebprogram/M anuscript/Paper231002/AM S_Full_Extended_Abstract.pdf.
[64]Usman T,Fu L P,Miranda-Moreno L.Accident prediction models for w inter road safety:does temporal aggregation of data matter?[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2012,2237(1):144-151.
[65]Snbj9rnsson J T,Baker C J,Sigbj9rnsson R.Probabilistic assessment of road vehicle safety in w indy environments[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2007,95(9/11):1445-1462.
[66]Cheng W,Gill G S,Sakrani T,et al.Predicting motorcycle crash injury severity using w eather data and alternative Bayesian multivariate crash frequency models[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2017,108:172-180.
[67]Yuan J H,Abdel-Aty M,Wang L,et al.Real-Time crash risk analysis of urban arterials incorporating bluetooth,w eather,and adaptive signal control data[C]//Proceedings of Transportation Research Board 97th Annual M eeting.Washington D.C.:University of Central Florida,2018.
[68]Xu C C,Wang C,Liu P.Evaluating the combined effects of w eather and real-time traffic conditions on freew ay crash risks[J].Weather,Climate,and Society,2018,10(4):837-850.
[2]沈阳,沈安云,苏航,等.2016年冬季江苏省一次大范围强浓雾天气过程成因分析[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(4):11-20.
[3]田华,王志,戴至修,等.公路积水阻断与降雨关系的探讨[J].气象,2018,44(5):684-691.
[4]林毅,李倩,张凯,等.气象条件对辽宁省高速公路交通安全的影响研究[J].气象与环境学报,2018,34(3):106-111.
[5]田华,吴昊,赵琳娜,等.沪宁高速公路路面温度变化特征及统计模型[J].应用气象学报,2009,20(6):737-744.
[6]孙翠平,马俊峰,孙启亮,等.镇江市道路结冰影响指数分级预报方法[J].气象与环境学报,2013,29(4):84-88.
[7]吕晶晶,牛生杰,周悦,等.冬季高速公路路桥温度变化规律及能量平衡分析[J].大气科学学报,2013,36(5):546-553.
[8]王志,田华,狄靖月,等.降水引发的中国公路损毁灾害时空变化特征[J].气象与环境学报,2018,34(4):98-104.
[9]狄靖月,王志,田华,等.降水引发的西南地区公路损毁风险预报方法[J].应用气象学报,2015,26(3):268-279.
[10]武永峰,张勇,陈鲜艳,等.湖南省公路交通暴雨风险评价研究[J].自然灾害学报,2011,20(5):148-154.
[11]Manfredi J,Walters T,Wilke G,et al.Road weather information system environmental sensor station siting guidelines,version 2.0[R].Washington,D.C.:Federal Highw ay Administration,2008.
[12]World Weather Watch.Climatological assessment for the purposes of siting road sensors[R].World Weather Watch,2009.
[13]Mackinnon D,Lo A.Alberta transportation road weather information system(RWIS)expansion study[R].Edmonton:Alberta Transportation,2009.
[14]Kwon T J,Fu L P.Evaluation of alternative criteria for determining the optimal location of RWIS stations[J].Journal of M odern Transportation,2013,21(1):17-27.
[15]Jin P J,Walker A,Cebelak M,et al.Determining strategic locations for environmental sensor stations w ith w eather-related crash data[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2014,2440(1):34-42.
[16]Zhao L H,Chien S I,Liu X B,et al.Planning a road w eather information system w ith GIS[J].Journal of M odern Transportation,2015,23(3):176-188.
[17]Al-Kaisy A,Ewan L.Prioritization scheme for proposed road w eather information system sites:montana case study[J].Frontiers in Built Environment,2017,3:45.
[18]Barber E S.Calculation of maximum pavement temperatures from w eather reports[J].Highw ay Research Board Bulletin,1957,168:1-8.
[19]Williamson R H.Effects of environment on pavement temperatures[C]//Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements.London:The National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and M edicine,1972:144-158.
[20]Christison J T,Anderson K O.The response of asphalt pavements to low temperature climatic environments[C]//Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on the Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements.London:The National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and M edicine,1972:41-52.
[21]Hermansson.Simulation model for calculating pavement temperatures including maximum temperature[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2000,1699(1):134-141.
[22]Huber G A.Weather database for the SUPERPAVETMmix design system[R].Washington D.C.:National Research Council,1993.
[23]Lukanen E O,Stubstad R,Briggs R C.Temperature predictions and adjustment factors for asphalt pavement(Report No.FHWA-RD-98-085)[R].Mc Lean:Federal Highw ay Administration,2000.
[24]Diefenderfer B K,Al-Qadi I L,Diefenderfer S D.Model to predict pavement temperature profile:development and validation[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2006,132(2):162-167.
[25]Kr2manc R,Slak A S,Dem2ar J.Statistical approach for forecasting road surface temperature[J].M eteorological Applications,2013,20(4):439-446.
[26]Crevier L P,Delage Y.METRo:a new model for roadcondition forecasting in Canada[J].Journal of Applied M eteorology,2001,40(11):2026-2037.
[27]Kangas M,Hippi M,Ruotsalainen J,et al.The FMI road w eather model[C]//Proceedings of First Joint HIRLAM All Staff meeting and ALADIN Workshop.2006:117-123.
[28]Bouilloud L,Coudert O.Road weather forecasting in Météo-France:15th EM S annual meeting&12th European conference on applications of meteorology[EB/OL].Sofia,Bulgaria,2015.https://presentations.copernicus.org/EM S2015-168_presentation.pdf.
[29]Bouilloud L,Martin E,Habets F,et al.Road surface condition forecasting in France[J].Journal of Applied M eteorology and Climatology,2009,48(12):2513-2527.
[30]Karsisto V,Tijm S,Nurmi P.Comparing the performance of tw o road w eather models in the Netherlands[J].Weather and Forecasting,2017,32(3):991-1006.
[31]Habrovsky R,Tarjáni V.Kalman filter preprocessing w ithin M ETRoSTAT project and application of the new method in the roadcast system[C]//Proceedings of the17th International Road Weather Conference(SIR-WEC).Andorra:SIRWEC,2014:33.
[32]Kr2manc R,Tarjáni V,Habrovsky R,et al.Upgraded M ETRo model w ithin the M ETRoSTAT project[C]//Proceedings of the 17th International Road Weather Conference.Andorra:SIRWEC,2014:26.
[33]Iivanainen T,Pettersson M.Quality management for road w eather data[C]//Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Snow Removal and Ice Control Technology.Spokane,Washington:Transportation Research Board,2004:127-135.
[34]Bogren J,Gustavsson T,Karlsson M,et al.The impact of screening on road surface temperature[J].M eteorological Applications,2000,7(2):97-104.
[35]Walker C L,Anderson M R.Cloud impacts on pavement temperature and shortw ave radiation[J].Journal of Applied M eteorology and Climatology,2016,55(11):2329-2347.
[36]Hu Y M,Almkvist E,Lindberg F,et al.The use of screening effects in modelling route-based daytime road surface temperature[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2016,125(1/2):303-319.
[37]Berrocal V J,Raftery A E,Gneiting T,et al.Probabilistic w eather forecasting for w inter road maintenance[J].Journal of the American Statistical Association,2010,105(490):522-537.
[38]Sokol Z,Bli6ňák V,Sedlák P,et al.Ensemble forecasts of road surface temperatures[J].Atmospheric Research,2017,187:33-41.
[39]Schl9sser L H M.Traffic accidents and road surface skidding resistance[J].Transportation Research Record,1976,623:11-20.
[40]Burchett J L,Rizenbergs R L.Frictional performance of pavements and estimates of accident probability[M]//Hayden C.Pavement Surface Characteristics and M aterials.West Conshohocken:ASTM Special Technical Publications,1982:73-97.
[41]Sherretz L A,Farhar B C.An analysis of the relationship betw een rainfall and the occurrence of traffic accidents[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1978,17(5):711-715.
[42]Edwards J B.Weather-related road accidents in England and Wales:a spatial analysis[J].Journal of Transport Geography,1996,4(3):201-212.
[43]Eisenberg D.The mixed effects of precipitation on traffic crashes[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2004,36(4):637-647.
[44]Suggett J.The effect of precipitation on traffic safety in the city of Regina[D].Saskatoon:University of Regina,1999.
[45]Jaroszweski D,Mc Namara T.The influence of rainfall on road accidents in urban areas:a w eather radar approach[J].Travel Behaviour and Society,2014,1(1):15-21.
[46]Tamerius J D,Zhou X,Mantilla R,et al.Precipitation effects on motor vehicle crashes vary by space,time,and environmental conditions[J].Weather,Climate,and Society,2016,8(4):399-407.
[47]Jones E R,Goolsby M E,Brewer K A.The environmental influence of rain on freew ay capacity[J].Highw ay Research Record,1970,321:74-82.
[48]Prevedouros P D,Chang K.Potential effects of wet conditions on signalized intersection LOS[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2005,131(12):898-903.
[49]Ries G L.Impact of weather on freeway capacity[R].M inneapolis,M N:Office of Traffic Engineering,M innesota Department of Transportation,1981.
[50]Knapp K K,Smithson L D.Winter storm event volume impact analysis using multiple-source archived monitoring data[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2000,1700(1):10-16.
[51]Datla S,Sharma S.Impact of cold and snow on temporal and spatial variations of highw ay traffic volumes[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2008,16(5):358-372.
[52]Call D A.The effect of snow on traffic counts in western New York State[J].Weather,Climate,and Society,2011,3(2):71-75.
[53]Keay K,Simmonds I.The association of rainfall and other w eather variables w ith road traffic volume in M elbourne,Australia[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2005,37(1):109-124.
[54]Maze T H,Agarwal M,Burchett G.Whether weather matters to traffic demand,traffic safety,and traffic operations and flow[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2006,1948(1):170-176.
[55]Hassan Y A,Barker D J.The impact of unseasonable or extreme w eather on traffic activity w ithin Lothian region,Scotland[J].Journal of Transport Geography,1999,7(3):209-213.
[56]Ibrahim A T,Hall F L.Effect of adverse weather conditions on speed-flow-occupancy relationships[J].Transportation Research Record,1994,1457(1):184-191.
[57]Kyte M,Khatib Z,Shannon P,et al.Effect of weather on free-Flow speed[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2001,1776(1):60-68.
[58]Steenberghen T,Dufays T,Thomas I,et al.Intra-urban location and clustering of road accidents using GIS:a Belgian example[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2004,18(2):169-181.
[59]Erdogan S,Yilmaz I,Baybura T,et al.Geographical information systems aided traffic accident analysis system case study:city of Afyonkarahisar[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2008,40(1):174-181.
[60]Effati M,Rajabi M A,Samadzadegan F,et al.Developing a novel method for road hazardous segment identification based on fuzzy reasoning and GIS[J].Journal of Transportation Technologies,2012,2(1):32-40.
[61]Agarwal P K,Patil P K,Mehar R.A methodology for ranking road safety hazardous locations using analytical hierarchy process[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2013,104:1030-1037.
[62]Michaelides S,Levikangas P,Doll C,et al.Foreward:EU-funded projects on extreme and high-impact w eather challenging European transport systems[J].Natural Hazards,2014,72(1):5-22.
[63]Hemingway R,Robbins J,Mooney J.A probabilistic vehicle overturning module:Assessing the risk of disruption due to vehicles overturning on the UK road netw ork during high w ind events[EB/OL].Atlanta,GA,USA:94th American M eteorological Society Annual M eeting,2014.https://ams.confex.com/ams/94Annual/w ebprogram/M anuscript/Paper231002/AM S_Full_Extended_Abstract.pdf.
[64]Usman T,Fu L P,Miranda-Moreno L.Accident prediction models for w inter road safety:does temporal aggregation of data matter?[J].Transportation Research Record:Journal of the Transportation Research Board,2012,2237(1):144-151.
[65]Snbj9rnsson J T,Baker C J,Sigbj9rnsson R.Probabilistic assessment of road vehicle safety in w indy environments[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2007,95(9/11):1445-1462.
[66]Cheng W,Gill G S,Sakrani T,et al.Predicting motorcycle crash injury severity using w eather data and alternative Bayesian multivariate crash frequency models[J].Accident Analysis&Prevention,2017,108:172-180.
[67]Yuan J H,Abdel-Aty M,Wang L,et al.Real-Time crash risk analysis of urban arterials incorporating bluetooth,w eather,and adaptive signal control data[C]//Proceedings of Transportation Research Board 97th Annual M eeting.Washington D.C.:University of Central Florida,2018.
[68]Xu C C,Wang C,Liu P.Evaluating the combined effects of w eather and real-time traffic conditions on freew ay crash risks[J].Weather,Climate,and Society,2018,10(4):837-850.