中国东-南部裂陷盆地断裂系统复杂性的表现形式及成因机制——以南堡凹陷和涠西南凹陷为例
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摘要
中国东-南部裂陷系列盆地油气资源十分丰富,而断层的分布演化十分复杂,是油气进一步勘探开发需要解决的关键问题。本文应用广义断层模式,在大量三维地震资料构造解析的基础上,以渤海湾盆地的南堡凹陷和北部湾盆地的涠西南凹陷为例,对中国东-南部盆地复杂的断裂系统进行了解剖和归纳,并提出了伸展变形区预测断层性质的伸展应变椭圆。结果表明,中国东-南部裂陷盆地断裂系统的复杂性存在9种表现方式,从成因上进一步归纳为3个方面:(1)断层的走向和性质多样;(2)断层在平、剖面上存在复杂多变的组合形式;(3)断层形成和演化存在复杂的时-空关系。造成复杂性的根本原因是先存断裂分布的复杂性和不同方向(北西-南东向和近南北向)伸展变形的叠加。不同盆地、同一盆地不同区域应力场演化具有很大的相似性:40Ma以前,北西-南东向伸展;38Ma以来,近南北向伸展。断层分布和演化差异主要是由先存构造分布差异造成的。
Rift basins in eastern and southern China host abundant oil and gas resources.But the complicated evolution and distribution of the faults are the key issues to be solved in future oil and gas exploration and development.Based on the structure interpretation of a large number of 3D seismic data and the generalized faulting model,this study selected the Nanpu Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin and the Weixinan Sag in the Beibuwan Basin as study examples so as to analyze and summarize the complicated fault system of basins in eastern and southern China.An extension strain ellipse was proposed to predict fault nature in extensional deformation zone.The results show that there are nine ways by which fault system complexity of rift basins in the east-south China are presented.They can be further summarized into three aspects,(1)variety of the fault strike and nature,(2)variable assemblages in the plane and profile,(3)complicated spatiotemporal relation of fault distribution and evolution.The fundamental reasons for complexity of the fault system are the distribution complexity of the pre-existing faults and the superposition of extensional deformation in different directions(NW-SE and near N-S).The evolution of tectonic stress field in different basins and even in different parts of a basin shows great similarities,NW-SE extension before 40Ma and north-south extension since 38Ma.Therefore,the distribution and evolution of faults are mainly affected by the differences in the distribution of pre-existing faults.
Rift basins in eastern and southern China host abundant oil and gas resources.But the complicated evolution and distribution of the faults are the key issues to be solved in future oil and gas exploration and development.Based on the structure interpretation of a large number of 3D seismic data and the generalized faulting model,this study selected the Nanpu Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin and the Weixinan Sag in the Beibuwan Basin as study examples so as to analyze and summarize the complicated fault system of basins in eastern and southern China.An extension strain ellipse was proposed to predict fault nature in extensional deformation zone.The results show that there are nine ways by which fault system complexity of rift basins in the east-south China are presented.They can be further summarized into three aspects,(1)variety of the fault strike and nature,(2)variable assemblages in the plane and profile,(3)complicated spatiotemporal relation of fault distribution and evolution.The fundamental reasons for complexity of the fault system are the distribution complexity of the pre-existing faults and the superposition of extensional deformation in different directions(NW-SE and near N-S).The evolution of tectonic stress field in different basins and even in different parts of a basin shows great similarities,NW-SE extension before 40Ma and north-south extension since 38Ma.Therefore,the distribution and evolution of faults are mainly affected by the differences in the distribution of pre-existing faults.
引文
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Chen W-P,Na’belek J.1988.Seismogenic strike-slip faulting and the development of the North China basin.Tectonics,7:975~989.
Fan Bojiang,Liu Chenglin,Pang Xiongqi,Zhang Jian,Li Xiaohui,Ma Junbao.2011.Control of fault system on hydrocarbon accumulation in Nanpu sag,the Bohai Bay basin.Oil&Gas Geology,32(2):192~199.
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He Bing.2001.On dynamics of the Bohaihai Bay complex faulted basin.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,23(1):27~31.
Hou Guiting,Qian Xianglin,Cai Dongsheng.2000.The tectonic evolution of Bohai basin in Mesozoic and Cenozoic time.Universitatis Pekinensis(Acta Scientiarum Naturalium),37(6):845~851.
Jiang Hua,Wang Hua,Lin Zhengliang,Fang Xinxin,Zhao Shue,Ren Guiyuan.2009.Periodic rifting activity and its controlling on sedimentary filling of Paleogene Period in Nanpu sag.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,27(5):977~983.
Jin Qiang,McCabe P J.1998.Genetic features of petroleum systems in rift basins of eastern China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,15(2):343~358.
Li S,Zhao G,Dai L,et al.2012.Cenozoic faulting of the Bohai Bay basin and its bearing on the destruction of the eastern North China Craton.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,47:80~93.
Liang Jie,Yu Fusheng,Liu Guoxi,Wang Tongkui,Li Dinghua,Ma Kui.2014.Deformation superimposition characteristics resulting from stretching direction changes in Nanpu sag:insight from physical modeling.Geoscience,28(1):139~148(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Zhaolu,Xia Bin.2007.Relationship between Cenozoic tectonic evolution and plays in Jiyang depression.Natural Gas Geoscience,18(2):209~215.
Lu Kezheng,Qi Jiafu,Yang Qiao,Tong Hengmao.1997.Tectonic Model of Bohai Bay Cenozoic Petroliferous in China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,72~86(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ma Qian,Zhang Junyong,Li Jianlin,Li Wenhua,Liu Guoyong,Fen Zhaorong.2011.Characteristics of the shear structures in Nanpu sag and their controls on hydrocarbon accumulation.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,35(2):183~189(in Chinese with English abstract).
Ma Xinyuan,Liu Hefu,Wang Weixiang,Wang Yipeng.1983.Meso-Cenozoic taphrogeny and extensional tectonics in eastern China.Acta Geologica Sinica,57(1):22~32(in Chinese with English abstract).
Maniatis G,Hampel A.2008.Along-strike variations of the slip direction on normal faults:Insights from three-dimensional finite-element models.Journal of Structural Geology,30:21~28.
Mann P,Hempton M R,Bradley D C,Burke K.1983.Development of pull-apart basins.Journal of Geology,91:529~554.
Martin P J,John J W.2006.Localization of normal faults in multilayer sequences.Journal of Structural Geology,28:816~833.
McClay K R.1990.Extensional fault system in sedimentary basins:a review of analogue model studies.Marine and Petroleum Geology,7:206~233.
McKenzie D.1978.Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins.Earth Planet Science Letter,40(1):25~32.
Morley CK.2007.Variations in Late Cenozoic-Recent strike-slip and oblique-extensional geometries,within Indochina:The influence of pre-existing fabrics.Journal of Structural Geology,29(1):36~58.
Qi J,Yang Q.2010.Cenozoic structural deformation and dynamic processes of the Bohai Bay basin province,China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,27:757~771.
Ren J,Tamaki K,Li S,Zhang J.2002.Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in eastern China and adjacent area.Tectonophysics,344:175~205.
Suo Yanhui,Li Sanzhong,Liu Xin,Dai Liming,Xu Liqing,Wang Pengcheng,Zhao Shujuan,Zhang Bingkun.2013.Structural characteristics of NWW-trending active fault zones in East China:A case study of the Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault zone.Acta Petrologica Sinica,29(3):953~966(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tian Z,Han P,Xu K.1992.The Mesozoic-Cenozoic East China rift system.Tectonophysics,208:341~363.
Tong H.2010.A new model for the origin and evolution of the rift basin fault-systems in the east and south China:a case sduty from Beibuwan basin.Abstract of Tectonic Crossroads:Evolving Orogens of Eurasia-Africa-Arabia Conference being held in Ankara,Turkey,on 4~8October 2010.
Tong H.2012.Sandbox modeling of fault formation and evolution in the Weixinan sag,Beibuwan basin,China.Petroleum Science,9:121~128.
Tong H,Yin An.2011.Reactivation tendency analysis:A theory for predicting the temporal evolution of preexisting weakness under uniform stress state.Tectonophysics,503:195~200.
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