面向街道的步行与骑行环境评估——以天津市为例
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摘要
开展面向街道的步行与骑行环境评估对发展绿色交通具有重要意义。建立针对便捷、安全和舒适三个维度的步行与骑行环境指标体系,进而构建街道尺度的步行指数和骑行指数。以天津市为例,对中心城区1 569 km道路开展实证研究,并结合7个住宅小区的居民出行调查数据进行相关性分析。研究发现:天津市中心城区步行环境整体优于骑行环境;街道的步行指数和骑行指数均呈现随城市不同发展阶段由中心向外围递减的趋势,其中便捷性指数递减趋势最为明显,安全性指数次之。步行指数与小区居民步行出行分担率显著正相关,而骑行指数与自行车出行分担率相关性不显著。最后,对天津市步行和骑行环境改善提出政策建议。
It is necessary to evaluate street walkability and bikeablity for green transportation development.This paper proposes an evaluation system for walking and cycling environment based on the convenience,safety and comfortableness and develops the street walkability and bikeability indexes. Taking Tianjin as an example, the paper evaluates the 1,569 kilometer roadways in the urban central district and conducts correlation analysis with household travel survey data of seven residential communities. The results show that walking environment in Tianjin central district is generally better than cycling environment. Walkability index and bikeability index decrease from the central district to suburban district as the city going through different development stages. The degree of convenience declines the most followed by the safety.Walkability index has a positive and significant correlation with residents' travel mode share of walking,while bikeability index has no significant impact on travel by bike. Finally, the paper provides suggestions on how to improve walking and cycling environment in Tianjin.
It is necessary to evaluate street walkability and bikeablity for green transportation development.This paper proposes an evaluation system for walking and cycling environment based on the convenience,safety and comfortableness and develops the street walkability and bikeability indexes. Taking Tianjin as an example, the paper evaluates the 1,569 kilometer roadways in the urban central district and conducts correlation analysis with household travel survey data of seven residential communities. The results show that walking environment in Tianjin central district is generally better than cycling environment. Walkability index and bikeability index decrease from the central district to suburban district as the city going through different development stages. The degree of convenience declines the most followed by the safety.Walkability index has a positive and significant correlation with residents' travel mode share of walking,while bikeability index has no significant impact on travel by bike. Finally, the paper provides suggestions on how to improve walking and cycling environment in Tianjin.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.城市步行和自行车交通系统规划设计导则[R].北京:中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,2013.
[2]上海市规划和国土资源管理局,上海市交通委员会,上海市城市规划设计研究院.上海市街道设计导则[R].上海:上海市规划和国土资源管理局,2016.
[3]宇恒可持续交通研究中心.昆明市街道设计导则[R].昆明:昆明市规划局,2017.
[4] Osgood C, Suci G J, Tannenbaum P. The Measurement of Meaning[M]. Illinois:University of Illinois Press, 1964.
[5] Gehl J, Gemzoe L. Public Space Public Life[M]. Copenhagen:The Danish Architectural Press, 1996.
[6] Rosenberg D, Ding Ding, Sallis J F, et al.Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth(NEWS-Y):Reliability and Relationship with Physical Activity[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2009, 49(2/3):213-218.
[7] Frank L D, Schmid T L, Sallis J F, et al. Linking Objectively Measured Physical Activity with Objectively Measured Urban Form:Findings from SMARTRAQ[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2005, 28(2):117-125.
[8] Frank L D, Sallis J F, Conway T L, et al.Many Pathways from Land Use to Health:Associations Between Neighborhood Walkability and Active Transportation, Body Mass Index,and Air Quality[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2006, 72(1):75-87.
[9] Van Dyck D, Deforche B, Cardon G, et al.Neighbourhood Walkability and Its Particular Importance for Adults with a Preference for Passive Transport[J]. Health&Place, 2009, 15(2):496-504.
[10] Millington C, Thompson C W, Rowe D, et al.The Scottish Physical Activity Research Collaboration. Development of the Scottish Walkability Assessment Tool(SWAT)[J].Health&Place, 2009, 15(2):474-481.
[11] Carr L J, Dunsiger S I, Marcus B H. Walk ScoreTMas a Global Estimate of Neighborhood Walkability[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2010, 39(5):460-463.
[12]卢银桃.基于日常服务设施步行者使用特征的社区可步行性评价研究:以上海市江浦路街道为例[J].城市规划学刊,2013(5):113-118.Lu Yintao. Walkability Evaluation Based on People's Use of Facilities by Walking[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2013(5):113-118.
[13]吴健生,秦维,彭建,等.基于步行指数的城市日常生活设施配置合理性评估:以深圳市福田区为例[J].城市发展研究,2014,21(10):49-56.Wu Jiansheng, Qin Wei, Peng Jian, et al. The Evaluation of Walkability and Daily Facility Distribution Reasonability of Futian District,Shenzhen Based on Walk Score[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2014, 21(10):49-56.
[14]刘均玲,林耕,兰旭.天津市鞍山道历史街区步行环境舒适性评价[J].城市建筑,2015(14):121-122.
[15] Pikora T, Giles-Corti B, Bull F, et al. Developing a Framework for Assessment of the Environmental Determinants of Walking and Cycling[J]. Social Science&Medicine,2003, 56(8):1693-1703.
[16] Winters M, Brauer M, Setton E M, et al.Mapping Bikeability:A Spatial Tool to Support Sustainable Travel[J]. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 2013, 40(5):865-883.
[17] Gu Peiqin, Han Zhiyuan, Cao Zhejing, et al.Using Open Source Data to Measure Street Walkability and Bikeability in China:A Case of Four Cities[J/OL]. Transportation Research Record, 2018:1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758652.
[18]姜洋,辜培钦,陈宇琳,等.基于GIS的城市街道界面连续性研究:以济南市为例[J].城市交通,2016,14(4):1-7.Jiang Yang, Gu Peiqin, Chen Yulin, et al.Continuity of Street Facade Analysis with Gis:A Case Study of Jinan City[J]. Urban Transport of China, 2016, 14(4):1-7.
[19]吕婧.天津近代城市规划历史研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2005.Lyu Jing. A Study on the History of Tianjin Early-Modern City Planning[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology, 2005.
[20]天津市交通运输委员会.天津市第四次综合交通调查研究报告[R].天津:天津市交通运输委员会,2011.
[2]上海市规划和国土资源管理局,上海市交通委员会,上海市城市规划设计研究院.上海市街道设计导则[R].上海:上海市规划和国土资源管理局,2016.
[3]宇恒可持续交通研究中心.昆明市街道设计导则[R].昆明:昆明市规划局,2017.
[4] Osgood C, Suci G J, Tannenbaum P. The Measurement of Meaning[M]. Illinois:University of Illinois Press, 1964.
[5] Gehl J, Gemzoe L. Public Space Public Life[M]. Copenhagen:The Danish Architectural Press, 1996.
[6] Rosenberg D, Ding Ding, Sallis J F, et al.Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth(NEWS-Y):Reliability and Relationship with Physical Activity[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2009, 49(2/3):213-218.
[7] Frank L D, Schmid T L, Sallis J F, et al. Linking Objectively Measured Physical Activity with Objectively Measured Urban Form:Findings from SMARTRAQ[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2005, 28(2):117-125.
[8] Frank L D, Sallis J F, Conway T L, et al.Many Pathways from Land Use to Health:Associations Between Neighborhood Walkability and Active Transportation, Body Mass Index,and Air Quality[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2006, 72(1):75-87.
[9] Van Dyck D, Deforche B, Cardon G, et al.Neighbourhood Walkability and Its Particular Importance for Adults with a Preference for Passive Transport[J]. Health&Place, 2009, 15(2):496-504.
[10] Millington C, Thompson C W, Rowe D, et al.The Scottish Physical Activity Research Collaboration. Development of the Scottish Walkability Assessment Tool(SWAT)[J].Health&Place, 2009, 15(2):474-481.
[11] Carr L J, Dunsiger S I, Marcus B H. Walk ScoreTMas a Global Estimate of Neighborhood Walkability[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2010, 39(5):460-463.
[12]卢银桃.基于日常服务设施步行者使用特征的社区可步行性评价研究:以上海市江浦路街道为例[J].城市规划学刊,2013(5):113-118.Lu Yintao. Walkability Evaluation Based on People's Use of Facilities by Walking[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2013(5):113-118.
[13]吴健生,秦维,彭建,等.基于步行指数的城市日常生活设施配置合理性评估:以深圳市福田区为例[J].城市发展研究,2014,21(10):49-56.Wu Jiansheng, Qin Wei, Peng Jian, et al. The Evaluation of Walkability and Daily Facility Distribution Reasonability of Futian District,Shenzhen Based on Walk Score[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2014, 21(10):49-56.
[14]刘均玲,林耕,兰旭.天津市鞍山道历史街区步行环境舒适性评价[J].城市建筑,2015(14):121-122.
[15] Pikora T, Giles-Corti B, Bull F, et al. Developing a Framework for Assessment of the Environmental Determinants of Walking and Cycling[J]. Social Science&Medicine,2003, 56(8):1693-1703.
[16] Winters M, Brauer M, Setton E M, et al.Mapping Bikeability:A Spatial Tool to Support Sustainable Travel[J]. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 2013, 40(5):865-883.
[17] Gu Peiqin, Han Zhiyuan, Cao Zhejing, et al.Using Open Source Data to Measure Street Walkability and Bikeability in China:A Case of Four Cities[J/OL]. Transportation Research Record, 2018:1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758652.
[18]姜洋,辜培钦,陈宇琳,等.基于GIS的城市街道界面连续性研究:以济南市为例[J].城市交通,2016,14(4):1-7.Jiang Yang, Gu Peiqin, Chen Yulin, et al.Continuity of Street Facade Analysis with Gis:A Case Study of Jinan City[J]. Urban Transport of China, 2016, 14(4):1-7.
[19]吕婧.天津近代城市规划历史研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2005.Lyu Jing. A Study on the History of Tianjin Early-Modern City Planning[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan University of Technology, 2005.
[20]天津市交通运输委员会.天津市第四次综合交通调查研究报告[R].天津:天津市交通运输委员会,2011.