天山北坡融雪期下垫面土壤湿度变化研究
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摘要
融雪期的土壤湿度是影响融雪径流的主要因子。基于2016年天山北坡军塘湖流域融雪期林地、林间草地和草地下垫面的土壤温湿度数据,利用相关性分析方法研究融雪期不同下垫面土壤湿度变化特征,结果表明:融雪期三种下垫面气温总体呈波动上升趋势;低海拔草地下垫面土壤湿度呈"双峰"状,中高海拔林间草地土壤湿度均成"单峰",中海拔林地土壤湿度呈现"三升三降,同深度三种下垫面的土壤湿度是:林地>林间草地>草地;三种下垫面土壤温度和土壤湿度相关性均达到显著性水平(P<0.01),草地和林间草地下垫面土壤湿度不仅受到对应层土壤温度的影响,还受到下层土壤温度的制约,林地下垫面的土壤湿度除受到对应层和下层土壤温度的影响之外,还受到更深层次40 cm土壤温度的制约;从融雪期土壤湿度的垂深变化来看:草地下层土壤湿度自表层向下呈减小趋势,而林地呈增加趋势,林间草地浅层土壤湿度波动幅度大于深层。土壤湿度与土壤温度变化关系密切,且下垫面不同,其相关性也有所不同。不同下垫面土壤湿度的变化研究,对提高融雪径流模型中土壤湿度参数化、融雪洪水模拟和提高洪水预报精度有着重要意义。
The soil moisture in the snow-melting stage is the main factor that influences the runoff of melting snow.Based on the data of soil temperature and moisture on three underlying surfaces in the Juntang Lake basin on the north slope of Tianshan mountain in 2016,correlation analysis was used to study the changes in soil moisture on different underlying surfaces during the snow-melting period. The results showed that in the snow-melting stage the temperature on the three underlying surfaces showed an overall trend of fluctuating rise; the soil moisture at the lower elevations was in the shape of "double peaks"; the soil moisture on the grassland in forest at the middle-high elevations was in the shape of "single peak"; the soil moisture on the high-elevation forest land showed a trend of "three rises and three drops"; the soil moisture on the three underlying surfaceswas in the order of that on the forestland>that on the grassland in forest>that on the grassland; the correlation between soil temperature and soil moisture of the three underlying surfaces reached a significant level( P < 0.01); the soil moisture on the grassland and the grassland in forest was not only affected by the soil temperature at the corresponding lays,but also constrained by the soil temperature at the lower layers,the soil moisture on the forest underlying surface was affected by the soil temperature at the corresponding layers and the lower-layer soil temperature and constrained by the soil temperature at a deeper level of 40 cm; from the perspective of the vertical-depth changes in the soil moisture in the snow-melting stage,the soil moisture at the lower layers of the grassland showed a trend of decrease from the surface to the depth,but that on the forest land showed an increasing trend,the shallow soil moisture on the grassland in forest fluctuated in a larger range than the deep soil moisture.Soil moisture is closely related with changes in soil temperature,and the relevance is different among underlying surface.The research on the changes in the moisture on different underlying surface is of great significance to the improvement of the model of melting snow runoff,to the simulatetion of melting snow flood and its prediction accuracy.
The soil moisture in the snow-melting stage is the main factor that influences the runoff of melting snow.Based on the data of soil temperature and moisture on three underlying surfaces in the Juntang Lake basin on the north slope of Tianshan mountain in 2016,correlation analysis was used to study the changes in soil moisture on different underlying surfaces during the snow-melting period. The results showed that in the snow-melting stage the temperature on the three underlying surfaces showed an overall trend of fluctuating rise; the soil moisture at the lower elevations was in the shape of "double peaks"; the soil moisture on the grassland in forest at the middle-high elevations was in the shape of "single peak"; the soil moisture on the high-elevation forest land showed a trend of "three rises and three drops"; the soil moisture on the three underlying surfaceswas in the order of that on the forestland>that on the grassland in forest>that on the grassland; the correlation between soil temperature and soil moisture of the three underlying surfaces reached a significant level( P < 0.01); the soil moisture on the grassland and the grassland in forest was not only affected by the soil temperature at the corresponding lays,but also constrained by the soil temperature at the lower layers,the soil moisture on the forest underlying surface was affected by the soil temperature at the corresponding layers and the lower-layer soil temperature and constrained by the soil temperature at a deeper level of 40 cm; from the perspective of the vertical-depth changes in the soil moisture in the snow-melting stage,the soil moisture at the lower layers of the grassland showed a trend of decrease from the surface to the depth,but that on the forest land showed an increasing trend,the shallow soil moisture on the grassland in forest fluctuated in a larger range than the deep soil moisture.Soil moisture is closely related with changes in soil temperature,and the relevance is different among underlying surface.The research on the changes in the moisture on different underlying surface is of great significance to the improvement of the model of melting snow runoff,to the simulatetion of melting snow flood and its prediction accuracy.
引文
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[2]林朝晖,刘辉志,谢正辉,等.陆面水文过程研究进展[J].大气科学,2008,32(4):935-949.Lin Z H,Liu H Z,Xie Z H,et al.Recent progress in the land-surface and hydrological process studies[J].Atmospheric Sciences,2008,32(4):935-949.
[3]林洁,陈效民,张勇.气候变化与土壤湿度关系的研究进展[J].土壤通报,2012,43(5):1271-1276.Lin J,Chen X M,Zhang Y.Research progress on the relationship between climate change and soil moisture[J].Soils,2012,43(5):1271-1276.
[4]马柱国,魏和林,符淙斌.土壤湿度与气候变化关系的研究进展与展望[J].地球科学进展,1999(3):299-305.Ma Z G,Wei H L,Fu C B.Progress in the resercher on the relationship between soil moisture and climate change[J].Advance in Earthences,1999(3):299-305.
[5]张波,刘志辉.土壤冻结期湿度特征研究及其表层模拟[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(3):247-251.Zhang B,Liu Z H.Characteristics of soil moisture and its simulation in surface soil layer in freezing period[J].Bulletin of Soil&Water Conservation,2014,34(3):247-251.
[6]郭维栋,马柱国,姚永红.近50年中国北方土壤湿度的区域演变特征[J].地理学报,2003,58(s1):83-90.Guo W D,Ma Z G,Yao Y H.Regional characteristics of soil moisture evolution in northern china over recent 50 years[J].Journal of Geographical,2003,58(s1):83-90.
[7]王荣军,刘志辉,李诚志.融雪期季节性冻土湿度变化对融雪洪水的影响[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(4):277-281.Wang R J,Liu Z H,Li C Z,et al.Impact of change in seasonal frozensoil moisture on snowmelt flood in snowmelt season[J].Research of Soil&Water Conservation,2013,20(4):277-281.
[8]魏召才,刘志辉,杨绍富.军塘河流域上游山区融雪期土壤湿度特征分析[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(2):363-368.Wei Z C,Liu Z H,Yang S F,et al.Characteristic analysis of soil humidity of upper reaches mountain in Juntang river basin in snowmelt period[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2010,47(2):363-368.
[9]樊风,段玮,杨家康.云南土壤湿度长期变化的初步研究[J].应用气象学报,2015,26(4):409-421.Fan F,Duan W,Yang J K.Preliminary results on long-term soil moisture variation in Yunnan[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2015,26(4):409-421.
[10]左志燕,张人禾.中国东部春季土壤湿度的时空变化特征[J].中国科学,2008,38(11):1428-1437.Zuo Z Y,Zhang R H.Temporal and spatial features of the soil moisture in boreal spring in eastern China[J].Earth Science,2008,38(11):1428-1437.
[11]王磊,文军,韦志刚,等.中国西北区西部土壤湿度及其气候响应[J].高原气象,2008,27(6):1257-1266.Wang L,Wen J,Wei Z G,et al.Soil moisture over the west of northwest china and its response to climate[J].Plateau Meteorology,2008,27(6):1257-1266.
[12]杨与广,刘志辉,乔鹏.天山北坡融雪期土壤湿度特征及其影响因子[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(1):173-178.Yang Y G,Liu Z H,Qiao P.Study on soil humidity and its affecting factors on northern slope of the Tianshan mountains in snow melting season[J].Arid Zone Research,2012,29(1):173-178.
[13]沈振西,孙维,李少伟,等.藏北高原不同海拔高度高寒草甸植被指数与环境温湿度的关系[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(10):1591-1598.Shen Z X,Sun W,Li S W,et al.Relationships between vegetation indices and environmental temperature and moisture in an alpine meadow along an elevation gradient in the northern Tibet[J].Ecology&Environmental Sciences,2015,24(10):1591-1598.
[14]俞洁辉,刘新圣,罗天祥,等.青唐古拉山北麓草甸海拔分布上限土壤温湿度的季节变化[J].地理学报,2012,67(9):96-104.Yu J H,Liu X S,Luo T X,et al.Seasonal variations of soil temperature and moisture at the upper limit of alpine meadow in north-facing slope of the Nianqingtanggula Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(9):1246-1254.
[15]张娟,沙占江,徐维新.青藏高原玉树地区巴塘高寒草甸土壤温湿特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(3):635-642.Zhang J,Sha Z J,Xu W X.Variations of alpine meadow soil temperature and moisture in Batang,Yushu region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,2015,37(3):635-642.
[16]廖小荷,何清,金莉莉,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季积雪下垫面地表反照率及土壤温湿度变化特征[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(2):393-400.Liao X H,He Q,Jin L L,et al.Surface albedo of winter snow cover surface and changes of soil temperature and humidity in the Taklimakan desert hinterland[J].Journal of Desert Research,2018,38(2):393-400.
[17]宋海清,李云鹏,师春香.内蒙古地区下垫面变化对土壤湿度数值模拟的影响[J].大气科学,2016,40(6):1165-1181.Song H Q,Li Y P,Shi C X,et al.Impact of underlying surface change on the numerical simulation of soil moisture in inner Mongolia of China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2016,40(6):1165-1181.
[18]张豫芳,杨德刚,张小雷,等.天山北坡绿洲城市空间形态时空特征分析[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(6):138-147.Zhang Y F,Yang D G,Zhang X L,et al.Spatial and temporal characteristics of spatial morphological characteristics of oasis in north slope of tianshan mountain[J].Progress in Geography,2006,25(6):138-147.
[19]阿不力米提江·阿布力克木,陈春艳,玉素甫·阿不都拉,等.2001-2012年新疆融雪型洪水时空分布特征[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(1):226-232.Ablikim A,Chen C Y,Abdula Y,et al.The temporal and spatial distribution features of snowmelt flood events in Xinjiang from 2001 to 2012[J].Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,2015,37(1):226-232.
[20]Liu Z H,Fan S F,Liu L.Simulation of runoff in a mountain water shed in Xinjiang garid are abased on GIS[C]//international asia-pacific environmental remote sensing,remote sensing of the atmosphere,ocean,environment,and space.International Society for Optics and Photonics,2003:795-800.
[21]郑秀清,樊贵盛.冻融土壤水热迁移数值模型的建立及仿真分析[J].系统仿真学报,2001,13(3):308-311.Zheng X Q,Fan G S.Numerical emulation on simultaneous soil moisture and heat transfer under freezing and thawing conditions[J].Acta Simulata Systematica Sinica,2001,13(3):308-311.
[22]孟现勇,王浩,刘志辉,等.基于CLDAS强迫CLM3.5模式的新疆区域土壤温度陆面过程模拟及验证[J].生态学报,2017,37(3):979-995.Meng X Y,Wang H,Liu Z H,et al.Simulation and verification of land surface soil temperatures in the Xinjiang region by the CLM3.5 model forced by CLDAS[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(3):979-995.
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