保护性耕作下蚕豆田土壤呼吸及碳平衡特性
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摘要
土壤呼吸是碳循环的重要环节,为探讨垄作和覆盖对旱三熟蚕豆田土壤呼吸的影响,测定了平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+半量覆盖(TS1)、垄作+半量覆盖(RS1)、平作+全量覆盖(TS2)、垄作+全量覆盖(RS2)6种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区蚕豆/玉米/甘薯旱三熟体系中蚕豆生长季节的土壤呼吸变化,分析了蚕豆田碳平衡特性。结果表明,蚕豆生长季节农田土壤呼吸随作物生长一致,呈先增加后减弱的变化趋势,变化范围为0.885~10.213μmol/(m~2·s)。全生育期平均土壤呼吸速率差异显著,表现为TS2>RS2>RS1>TS1>T>R;分别为4.096,3.780,3.441,3.104,2.850,2.439μmol/(m~2·s),较平作不覆盖处理增加了43.7%,32.6%,20.7%,8.9%,-14.4%。垄作显著降低了蚕豆农田土壤呼吸速率,而秸秆覆盖显著提高土壤呼吸速率,且随着覆盖量的增加而增加。不同生育阶段土壤呼吸总量存在差异,表现为成熟期<苗期<鼓粒期<分枝现蕾期<开花结荚期,其中开花结荚期约占50%;利用根排除法测得蚕豆田根系呼吸占土壤呼吸比例变幅为19.49%~54.23%,利用回归分析法测得结果为37.02%~60.64%,二者均值分别为38.62%和49.12%。不同耕作和覆盖处理下蚕豆田整个生长季均表现为碳汇,净碳汇为857.26~2236.25kg/hm~2。与平作不覆盖相比,RS2、TS2、RS1、TS1、R分别较平作不覆盖处理T高出160.86%,101.44%,30.78%,47.63%,110.41%,差异达显著水平。试验结果表明垄作和秸秆覆盖有利于蚕豆田生态系统的碳汇,以垄作+全量覆盖的效果最好。
Soil respiration is an important process in carbon cycling.This study investigated effects of two tillage practices(ridge tillage and traditional tillage)and straw mulching at 0,3750,or 7500 kg straw dry matter/ha on soil respiration of fava bean farmland.Six treatments applied were:traditional tillage without straw mulching(T),ridge tillage without straw mulching(R),traditional tillage+straw mulching at 3750kg/ha(TS1),ridge tillage+straw mulching at 3750kg/ha(RS1),traditional tillage+straw mulching at 7500kg/ha(TS2),and ridge tillage+straw mulching at 7500kg/ha(RS2).Soil respiration properties and carbon balance in dry-cropped farmland with a triple intercropping system of fava bean,maize,and sweet tomato were evalua-ted during the crop growth period,in a region of southwest China known as the purple hilly region.This study identified seasonal changes in soil respiration rate reflecting crop growth,with a peak in the middle of the fava bean growth cycle,and with a range from 0.885-10.213μmol/(m~2·s)in cropped soils,respectively.The soil respiration rates of the different treatments ranked TS2>RS2>RS1>TS1>T>R [4.096,3.780,3.441,3.104,2.850,2.439μmol/(m~2·s),respectively].Ridge tillage reduced soil respiration in fava bean farmland,whereas straw mulching treatment resulted in increased respiration corresponding to straw mulching levels.In soil planted with fava bean,the respiration rate at different crop growth stages ranked ripening
Soil respiration is an important process in carbon cycling.This study investigated effects of two tillage practices(ridge tillage and traditional tillage)and straw mulching at 0,3750,or 7500 kg straw dry matter/ha on soil respiration of fava bean farmland.Six treatments applied were:traditional tillage without straw mulching(T),ridge tillage without straw mulching(R),traditional tillage+straw mulching at 3750kg/ha(TS1),ridge tillage+straw mulching at 3750kg/ha(RS1),traditional tillage+straw mulching at 7500kg/ha(TS2),and ridge tillage+straw mulching at 7500kg/ha(RS2).Soil respiration properties and carbon balance in dry-cropped farmland with a triple intercropping system of fava bean,maize,and sweet tomato were evalua-ted during the crop growth period,in a region of southwest China known as the purple hilly region.This study identified seasonal changes in soil respiration rate reflecting crop growth,with a peak in the middle of the fava bean growth cycle,and with a range from 0.885-10.213μmol/(m~2·s)in cropped soils,respectively.The soil respiration rates of the different treatments ranked TS2>RS2>RS1>TS1>T>R [4.096,3.780,3.441,3.104,2.850,2.439μmol/(m~2·s),respectively].Ridge tillage reduced soil respiration in fava bean farmland,whereas straw mulching treatment resulted in increased respiration corresponding to straw mulching levels.In soil planted with fava bean,the respiration rate at different crop growth stages ranked ripening
引文
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[8]Guan Q,Wang J,Song S Y,et al.Effects of different mulching measures on winter wheat field soil respiration in Loess Plateau dry land region.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(6):1471-1476.官情,王俊,宋淑亚,等.黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响.应用生态学报,2011,22(6):1471-1476.
[9]Yan J J,Yang L F,Pang J.Effects of soybean and cotton growth on soil respiration.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(9):1559-1567.闫静静,杨兰芳,庞静.大豆和棉花生长对土壤呼吸的影响.作物学报,2010,36(9):1559-1567.
[10]Qiao Y F,Miao S J,Han X Z,et al.Root and microbial contributions to soil respiration during a soybean growing season.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2009,40:1658-1673.
[11]Zhang Y L,Wang L C,Zou C M,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield of wheat-maize-sweet potato triple cropping system in dryland of hot and summer drought areas.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(1):16-21.张云兰,王龙昌,邹聪明,等.高温伏旱区麦/玉/薯三熟制保护性耕作旱地土壤水分动态及产量效应.土壤通报,2011,42(1):16-21.
[12]Zou C M,Hu X D,Zhang Y L,et al.Dynamic variety of soil nutrient content under conservation tillage.Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,33(2):97-101.邹聪明,胡小东,张云兰,等.保护性耕作农田耕层土壤养分含量动态变化研究.农机化研究,2011,33(2):97-101.
[13]Wang L C,Zou C M,Zhang Y L,et al.Influences of conservation tillage practices on farmland soil ecological factors and productive benefits in dryland region with triple cropping system in southwest China.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(10):1880-1890.王龙昌,邹聪明,张云兰,等.西南“旱三熟”地区不同保护性耕作措施对农田土壤生态效应及生产效益的影响.作物学报,2013,39(10):1880-1890.
[14]Luo Y Q,Zhou X H,Jiang L F,et al.Soil Respiration and the Environment[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007.骆亦其,周旭辉,姜丽芬,等.土壤呼吸与环境[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[15]Woodwell G M,Whittaker R H,Reiners W A,et al.The biota and the world carbon budget.Science,1978,199:141-146.
[16]Kuzyakov Y V,Larionova A A.Root and rhizomicrobial respiration:A review of approaches to estimate respiration by autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms in soil.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2005,168:503-520.
[17]Chen S T,Gu M,Jia L M,et al.Soil autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in a soil-winter wheat system during turning green-elongation periods.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiate,2008,28(5):937-944.陈书涛,古敏,贾刘敏,等.冬小麦返青-拔节期土壤的自养和异养呼吸研究.环境科学学报,2008,28(5):937-944.
[18]Zhang Y,Zhang H L,Chen J K,et al.Tillage effects on soil respiration and contributions of its components in winter wheat field.Scientia Agricultural Sinica,2009,42(9):3354-3360.张宇,张海林,陈继康,等.耕作方式对冬小麦田土壤呼吸及各组分贡献的影响.中国农业科学,2009,42(9):3354-3360.
[19]Yang L F,Cai Z C.Soil respiration during maize growth period affected by N application rates.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(1):9-15.杨兰芳,蔡祖聪.玉米生长中的土壤呼吸及其受氮肥使用的影响.土壤学报,2005,42(1):9-15.
[20]Skopp J,Jawson M D,Doran D W.Steady state aerobic microbial activity as function of soil-water content.Soil Science Society of American Journal,1990,54:1619-1625.
[21]Zhang S,Zhang X Y,Wang L C,et al.Analysis of soil respiration and influence factors in wheat farmland under conservation tillage in southwest hilly region.Environmental Science,2013,34(7):2815-2820.张赛,张晓雨,王龙昌,等.西南丘陵区保护性耕作下小麦农田土壤呼吸及影响因素分析.环境科学,2013,34(7):2815-2820.
[22]Dijkstra F A,Cheng W X.Moisture modulates rhizosphere effects on C decomposition in two different soil types.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:2264-2274.
[23]Fu S L,Cheng W X,Susfalk R.Rhizosphere respiration varies with plant species and phenology:agreenhouse pot experiment.Plant Soil,2002,239:133-140
[24]Hgberg P,Nordgren A,A°gren G I.Carbon allocation between tree root growth and root respiration in boreal pine forest.Oecologia,2002,132:579-581.
[25]Tang J W,Baldocchi D D.Spatial-temporal variation in soil respiration in an oak-grass savanna ecosystem in California and its partitioning into autotrophic and heterotrophic components.Biogeochemistry,2005,73:183-207.
[26]Bono A,Alvarez R,Buschiazzo D E,et al.Tillage effects on soil carbon balance in a semiarid agroecosystem.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2008,72(4):1140-1149.
[27]Ma J,Xu H,Cai Z C,et al.Influence of wheat straw burning on CH4and N2O emissions from rice fields.China Environmental Science,2008,28(2):107-110.马静,徐华,蔡祖聪,等.焚烧麦杆对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响.中国环境科学,2008,28(2):107-110.
[28]Yu A Z,Huang G B,Chai Q.Effect of different tillage treatments on soil respiration of winter-wheat farmland in oasis irrigated area Northwest China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2012,21(1):273-278.于爱忠,黄高宝,柴强.不同耕作措施对西北绿洲灌区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响.草业学报,2012,21(1):273-278.
[29]Zhang Q Z,Wu W L,Wang M X,et al.The effects of crop residue amendment and N rate on soil respiration.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(11):2883-2887.张庆忠,吴文良,王明新,等.秸秆还田和施氮对农田土壤呼吸的影响.生态学报,2005,25(11):2883-2887.
[30]Zhang Z S,Cao C G,Guo L J,et al.Emissions of CH4and CO2from paddy fields as affected by tillage practices and crop residues in central China.Paddy Water Environment,2015,14(1):1-8.
[31]Zhang S,Luo H X,Wang L C,et al.Analysis of soil respiration and the influencing factors in soybean fields under conservation tillage.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(8):913-920.张赛,罗海秀,王龙昌,等.保护性耕作下大豆农田土壤呼吸及影响因素分析.中国生态农业学报,2013,21(8):913-920.
[32]Zhang S,Wang L C,Zhang X Y,et al.Respiration of upland soil under conservation tillage in purple hilly regions and its influencing factors.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(3):520-530.张赛,王龙昌,张晓雨,等.紫色土丘陵区保护性耕作下旱地土壤呼吸及影响因素.土壤学报,2014,51(3):520-530.
[2]Wang Y Q,Cui F J,Guo X G.Farmland ecosystem soil respiration literature review.Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and Technology,2010,(3):65-67.王永强,崔凤娟,郭小刚.农田生态系统土壤呼吸文献综述.内蒙古农业科技,2010,(3):65-67.
[3]Sapronov D V,Kuzyakov Y V.Separation of root and microbial respiration:comparison of three methods.Eurasian Soil Science,2007,40(7):775-784.
[4]Hanson P J,Edwards N T,Garten C T,et al.Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration:a review of methods and observations.Biogeochemistry,2000,48:115-146.
[5]Raich J W,Tufekcioglu A.Vegetation and soil respiration:correlations and controls.Biogeochemistry,2000,48:71-90.
[6]Zheng J F,Zhang X H,Pan G X,et al.Diurnal variation of soil basal respiration and CO2emission from a typical paddy soil after rice harvest under long-term different fertilizations.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(4):485-494.郑聚锋,张旭辉,潘根兴,等.水稻土基底呼吸与CO2排放强度的日动态及长期不同施肥下的变化.植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(4):485-494.
[7]Han G X,Zhou G S,Xu Z Z,et al.Spatial heterogenity of soil respiration and contribution of root respiration in a maize(Zea mays L.)agricultural field.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(12):5254-5261.韩广轩,周广胜,许振柱,等.玉米农田土壤呼吸作用的空间异质性及其根系呼吸作用的贡献.生态学报,2007,27(12):5254-5261.
[8]Guan Q,Wang J,Song S Y,et al.Effects of different mulching measures on winter wheat field soil respiration in Loess Plateau dry land region.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(6):1471-1476.官情,王俊,宋淑亚,等.黄土旱塬区不同覆盖措施对冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响.应用生态学报,2011,22(6):1471-1476.
[9]Yan J J,Yang L F,Pang J.Effects of soybean and cotton growth on soil respiration.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(9):1559-1567.闫静静,杨兰芳,庞静.大豆和棉花生长对土壤呼吸的影响.作物学报,2010,36(9):1559-1567.
[10]Qiao Y F,Miao S J,Han X Z,et al.Root and microbial contributions to soil respiration during a soybean growing season.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2009,40:1658-1673.
[11]Zhang Y L,Wang L C,Zou C M,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield of wheat-maize-sweet potato triple cropping system in dryland of hot and summer drought areas.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(1):16-21.张云兰,王龙昌,邹聪明,等.高温伏旱区麦/玉/薯三熟制保护性耕作旱地土壤水分动态及产量效应.土壤通报,2011,42(1):16-21.
[12]Zou C M,Hu X D,Zhang Y L,et al.Dynamic variety of soil nutrient content under conservation tillage.Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2011,33(2):97-101.邹聪明,胡小东,张云兰,等.保护性耕作农田耕层土壤养分含量动态变化研究.农机化研究,2011,33(2):97-101.
[13]Wang L C,Zou C M,Zhang Y L,et al.Influences of conservation tillage practices on farmland soil ecological factors and productive benefits in dryland region with triple cropping system in southwest China.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(10):1880-1890.王龙昌,邹聪明,张云兰,等.西南“旱三熟”地区不同保护性耕作措施对农田土壤生态效应及生产效益的影响.作物学报,2013,39(10):1880-1890.
[14]Luo Y Q,Zhou X H,Jiang L F,et al.Soil Respiration and the Environment[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007.骆亦其,周旭辉,姜丽芬,等.土壤呼吸与环境[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[15]Woodwell G M,Whittaker R H,Reiners W A,et al.The biota and the world carbon budget.Science,1978,199:141-146.
[16]Kuzyakov Y V,Larionova A A.Root and rhizomicrobial respiration:A review of approaches to estimate respiration by autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms in soil.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2005,168:503-520.
[17]Chen S T,Gu M,Jia L M,et al.Soil autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in a soil-winter wheat system during turning green-elongation periods.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiate,2008,28(5):937-944.陈书涛,古敏,贾刘敏,等.冬小麦返青-拔节期土壤的自养和异养呼吸研究.环境科学学报,2008,28(5):937-944.
[18]Zhang Y,Zhang H L,Chen J K,et al.Tillage effects on soil respiration and contributions of its components in winter wheat field.Scientia Agricultural Sinica,2009,42(9):3354-3360.张宇,张海林,陈继康,等.耕作方式对冬小麦田土壤呼吸及各组分贡献的影响.中国农业科学,2009,42(9):3354-3360.
[19]Yang L F,Cai Z C.Soil respiration during maize growth period affected by N application rates.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(1):9-15.杨兰芳,蔡祖聪.玉米生长中的土壤呼吸及其受氮肥使用的影响.土壤学报,2005,42(1):9-15.
[20]Skopp J,Jawson M D,Doran D W.Steady state aerobic microbial activity as function of soil-water content.Soil Science Society of American Journal,1990,54:1619-1625.
[21]Zhang S,Zhang X Y,Wang L C,et al.Analysis of soil respiration and influence factors in wheat farmland under conservation tillage in southwest hilly region.Environmental Science,2013,34(7):2815-2820.张赛,张晓雨,王龙昌,等.西南丘陵区保护性耕作下小麦农田土壤呼吸及影响因素分析.环境科学,2013,34(7):2815-2820.
[22]Dijkstra F A,Cheng W X.Moisture modulates rhizosphere effects on C decomposition in two different soil types.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:2264-2274.
[23]Fu S L,Cheng W X,Susfalk R.Rhizosphere respiration varies with plant species and phenology:agreenhouse pot experiment.Plant Soil,2002,239:133-140
[24]Hgberg P,Nordgren A,A°gren G I.Carbon allocation between tree root growth and root respiration in boreal pine forest.Oecologia,2002,132:579-581.
[25]Tang J W,Baldocchi D D.Spatial-temporal variation in soil respiration in an oak-grass savanna ecosystem in California and its partitioning into autotrophic and heterotrophic components.Biogeochemistry,2005,73:183-207.
[26]Bono A,Alvarez R,Buschiazzo D E,et al.Tillage effects on soil carbon balance in a semiarid agroecosystem.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2008,72(4):1140-1149.
[27]Ma J,Xu H,Cai Z C,et al.Influence of wheat straw burning on CH4and N2O emissions from rice fields.China Environmental Science,2008,28(2):107-110.马静,徐华,蔡祖聪,等.焚烧麦杆对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响.中国环境科学,2008,28(2):107-110.
[28]Yu A Z,Huang G B,Chai Q.Effect of different tillage treatments on soil respiration of winter-wheat farmland in oasis irrigated area Northwest China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2012,21(1):273-278.于爱忠,黄高宝,柴强.不同耕作措施对西北绿洲灌区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响.草业学报,2012,21(1):273-278.
[29]Zhang Q Z,Wu W L,Wang M X,et al.The effects of crop residue amendment and N rate on soil respiration.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(11):2883-2887.张庆忠,吴文良,王明新,等.秸秆还田和施氮对农田土壤呼吸的影响.生态学报,2005,25(11):2883-2887.
[30]Zhang Z S,Cao C G,Guo L J,et al.Emissions of CH4and CO2from paddy fields as affected by tillage practices and crop residues in central China.Paddy Water Environment,2015,14(1):1-8.
[31]Zhang S,Luo H X,Wang L C,et al.Analysis of soil respiration and the influencing factors in soybean fields under conservation tillage.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(8):913-920.张赛,罗海秀,王龙昌,等.保护性耕作下大豆农田土壤呼吸及影响因素分析.中国生态农业学报,2013,21(8):913-920.
[32]Zhang S,Wang L C,Zhang X Y,et al.Respiration of upland soil under conservation tillage in purple hilly regions and its influencing factors.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(3):520-530.张赛,王龙昌,张晓雨,等.紫色土丘陵区保护性耕作下旱地土壤呼吸及影响因素.土壤学报,2014,51(3):520-530.
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