冷凉区旱地玉米微垄覆膜土壤水热及产量效应研究
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摘要
针对冷凉区旱地玉米生产中存在的干旱缺水和低温冷凉两大主要限制因子,于2016年采用单因素随机区组设计,在山西省旱作节水农业试验示范基地阳曲县河村,采用地膜半覆盖模式,设置5种不同覆膜起垄高度处理,进行了冷凉区旱地玉米微垄覆膜土壤水热及产量效应研究。结果表明,覆膜垄高每增加5cm,玉米苗期垄侧播种行8cm日平均地温降低0.3℃;当覆膜垄高从0cm增加到5和10cm时,膜侧播种行0～20cm土壤含水量分别极显著(P<0.01)增加3.6和5.3个百分点;覆膜垄高每增加10cm,玉米拔节期推迟1d,抽雄吐丝期相应推迟1d;覆膜垄高5cm处理的经济产量极显著(P<0.01)高于垄高15cm、垄高20cm和地膜平铺处理,与垄高10cm处理之间没有显著差异;覆膜垄高5和10cm处理的水分利用效率最高,极显著(P<0.01)高于地膜平铺和垄高20cm处理,平均较地膜平铺和垄高20cm处理分别提高2.1和2.2kg/(hm~2·mm),增幅分别为6.8%和7.2%。研究认为,微垄覆膜(垄高5～10cm)可以协调垄高增加引起的增温和微集水之间的矛盾,同时兼顾地膜覆盖增温、保墒和微集水效应,增产增效,是冷凉区旱地玉米适宜的地膜覆盖方式。
Aiming at the two main limiting factors of drought or water shortage and low-temperature in dryland maize production in cold areas, an experiment of single factor random block design was conducted in the demonstration base of water-saving agriculture of Yangqu County, Shanxi Province. Five half-mulching treatments with different ridge heights were set up to study the effects of micro-ridge film mulching on soil water and temperature and yield of dryland maize in cold areas. The results showed that the average soil temperature of film side sowing line 8 cm decreased by0.3 for every 5 cm mulching-ridge increase by 5 cm; when the ridge height increased from 0 cm to 5 cm and 10 cm,the soil water content of 0-20 cm was significantly increased by 3.6 and 5.3 percentage points(P<0.01); For every10 cm of mulching ridge height increase, the jointing stage of maize was delayed by 1 d, and the stage of sprouting and silking was delayed by 1 d. The economic yield(P<0.01) of the ridge height 5 cm treatment was significantly higher than that of the ridge height of 15, 20 and 0 cm treatments, and there was no significant difference with the treatment of 10 cm ridge height. The water use efficiencies(WUE) of the treatments of 5 cm and 10 cm ridge heights, which was significantly higher than that of the 0 and 20 cm ridge height, and the average increase was 2.1 and 2.2 kg/(hm~2·mm),which were increased by 6.8% and 7.2%, respectively. The results showed that micro-ridge mulching(ridge height5-10 cm) could coordinate the contradiction between the two of increasing soil temperature and micro-collecting water by increasing the ridge height. And at the same time, it can take into account the effects of mulching of increasing soil temperature, preserving soil moisture and micro-collecting water, and increase yield and WUE. It is an appropriate mulching method for dryland maize in cold areas.
Aiming at the two main limiting factors of drought or water shortage and low-temperature in dryland maize production in cold areas, an experiment of single factor random block design was conducted in the demonstration base of water-saving agriculture of Yangqu County, Shanxi Province. Five half-mulching treatments with different ridge heights were set up to study the effects of micro-ridge film mulching on soil water and temperature and yield of dryland maize in cold areas. The results showed that the average soil temperature of film side sowing line 8 cm decreased by0.3 for every 5 cm mulching-ridge increase by 5 cm; when the ridge height increased from 0 cm to 5 cm and 10 cm,the soil water content of 0-20 cm was significantly increased by 3.6 and 5.3 percentage points(P<0.01); For every10 cm of mulching ridge height increase, the jointing stage of maize was delayed by 1 d, and the stage of sprouting and silking was delayed by 1 d. The economic yield(P<0.01) of the ridge height 5 cm treatment was significantly higher than that of the ridge height of 15, 20 and 0 cm treatments, and there was no significant difference with the treatment of 10 cm ridge height. The water use efficiencies(WUE) of the treatments of 5 cm and 10 cm ridge heights, which was significantly higher than that of the 0 and 20 cm ridge height, and the average increase was 2.1 and 2.2 kg/(hm~2·mm),which were increased by 6.8% and 7.2%, respectively. The results showed that micro-ridge mulching(ridge height5-10 cm) could coordinate the contradiction between the two of increasing soil temperature and micro-collecting water by increasing the ridge height. And at the same time, it can take into account the effects of mulching of increasing soil temperature, preserving soil moisture and micro-collecting water, and increase yield and WUE. It is an appropriate mulching method for dryland maize in cold areas.
引文
[1]张冬梅,张伟,刘恩科,等.早熟区不同播期旱地玉米产量对施肥水平和种植密度的响应.中国生态农业学报,2013,21(12):1449-1458.
[2]张冬梅,姜春霞,黄学芳,等.早熟区不同熟期玉米品种产量对播期和施肥方式的响应.中国农学通报,2015,31(24):59-66.
[3]崔石新,樊明寿,贾立国,等.沟垄集雨技术研究进展及其在旱作马铃薯生产中的应用潜力.作物杂志,2016(5):8-12.
[4]张维国.不同类型地膜覆盖对马铃薯产量及品质的影响.作物杂志,2013(1):87-90.
[5]郭满平,刘生瑞,白宏鹏.不同覆膜栽培对玉米土壤水分温度及产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(2):50-55.
[6]李尚中,樊廷录,王磊,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(6):22-27.
[7]李小燕,张雷,牛芬菊,等.旱地组合型微垄全膜不同覆盖时期对土壤水分及胡麻生长的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(2):16-21.
[8]杨祁峰,岳云,熊春蓉,等.不同覆膜方式对陇东旱塬玉米田土壤温度的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2008(6):29-33.
[9]张德奇,廖允成,贾志宽,等.宁南旱区谷子地膜覆盖的土壤水温效应.中国农业科学,2005,38(10):2069-2075.
[10]白秀梅,卫正新,郭汉清.旱地起垄覆膜微集水种植玉米技术研究.山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(1):13-17.
[11]张平良,郭天文,曾骏,等.一种北方旱区密植作物微垄覆膜穴播集雨栽培方法:中国,106171386A. 2016-12-07.
[12]秦永林,贾立国,崔亚超,等.旱作马铃薯微垄覆膜侧播农艺方法:中国,103460967A. 2013-12-25.
[13]张冬梅,王娟玲,黄学芳,等.一种冷凉区旱地玉米微垄覆膜播种方法:中国,103843557A. 2014-06-11.
[14]刘恩科,姜春霞,黄学芳,等.覆膜方式对土壤环境及玉米产量的影响.中国农学通报,2015,31(27):46-52.
[15]Qin R J,Stamp P,Richner W. Impact of tillage on maize rooting in a Cambisol and Luvisol in Switzerland.Soil and Tillage Research,2006,85(1/2):50-61.
[16]Barlow E W R,Boersma L,Young J L. Photosymthesis,transpiration,and leaf elongation in corn seedlings at suboptimal soil temperatures.Agronomy Journal,1977,69(1):95-100.
[17]李尚中,王勇,樊廷录,等.旱地玉米不同覆膜方式的水温及增产效应.中国农业科学,2010,43(5):922-931.
[18]谢孟林,查丽,郭萍,等.垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(2):31-38.
[19]韩清芳,李向拓,王俊鹏,等.微集水种植技术的农田水分调控效果模拟研究.农业工程学报,2004,20(2):78-82.
[20]张友昌,张教海,王孝纲,等.垄作的生理生态效应研究进展.棉花科学,2012,34(6):3-8.
[21]Ramakrishna A,Tam H M,Wania S P,et al. Effect of mulch on soil temperature,moisture,weed infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam. Field Crops Research,2006,95(2/3):115-125.
[22]谢军红,柴强,李玲玲,等.黄土高原半干旱区不同覆膜连作玉米产量的水分承载时限研究.中国农业科学,2015,48(8):1558-1568.
[2]张冬梅,姜春霞,黄学芳,等.早熟区不同熟期玉米品种产量对播期和施肥方式的响应.中国农学通报,2015,31(24):59-66.
[3]崔石新,樊明寿,贾立国,等.沟垄集雨技术研究进展及其在旱作马铃薯生产中的应用潜力.作物杂志,2016(5):8-12.
[4]张维国.不同类型地膜覆盖对马铃薯产量及品质的影响.作物杂志,2013(1):87-90.
[5]郭满平,刘生瑞,白宏鹏.不同覆膜栽培对玉米土壤水分温度及产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(2):50-55.
[6]李尚中,樊廷录,王磊,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(6):22-27.
[7]李小燕,张雷,牛芬菊,等.旱地组合型微垄全膜不同覆盖时期对土壤水分及胡麻生长的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(2):16-21.
[8]杨祁峰,岳云,熊春蓉,等.不同覆膜方式对陇东旱塬玉米田土壤温度的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2008(6):29-33.
[9]张德奇,廖允成,贾志宽,等.宁南旱区谷子地膜覆盖的土壤水温效应.中国农业科学,2005,38(10):2069-2075.
[10]白秀梅,卫正新,郭汉清.旱地起垄覆膜微集水种植玉米技术研究.山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,31(1):13-17.
[11]张平良,郭天文,曾骏,等.一种北方旱区密植作物微垄覆膜穴播集雨栽培方法:中国,106171386A. 2016-12-07.
[12]秦永林,贾立国,崔亚超,等.旱作马铃薯微垄覆膜侧播农艺方法:中国,103460967A. 2013-12-25.
[13]张冬梅,王娟玲,黄学芳,等.一种冷凉区旱地玉米微垄覆膜播种方法:中国,103843557A. 2014-06-11.
[14]刘恩科,姜春霞,黄学芳,等.覆膜方式对土壤环境及玉米产量的影响.中国农学通报,2015,31(27):46-52.
[15]Qin R J,Stamp P,Richner W. Impact of tillage on maize rooting in a Cambisol and Luvisol in Switzerland.Soil and Tillage Research,2006,85(1/2):50-61.
[16]Barlow E W R,Boersma L,Young J L. Photosymthesis,transpiration,and leaf elongation in corn seedlings at suboptimal soil temperatures.Agronomy Journal,1977,69(1):95-100.
[17]李尚中,王勇,樊廷录,等.旱地玉米不同覆膜方式的水温及增产效应.中国农业科学,2010,43(5):922-931.
[18]谢孟林,查丽,郭萍,等.垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(2):31-38.
[19]韩清芳,李向拓,王俊鹏,等.微集水种植技术的农田水分调控效果模拟研究.农业工程学报,2004,20(2):78-82.
[20]张友昌,张教海,王孝纲,等.垄作的生理生态效应研究进展.棉花科学,2012,34(6):3-8.
[21]Ramakrishna A,Tam H M,Wania S P,et al. Effect of mulch on soil temperature,moisture,weed infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam. Field Crops Research,2006,95(2/3):115-125.
[22]谢军红,柴强,李玲玲,等.黄土高原半干旱区不同覆膜连作玉米产量的水分承载时限研究.中国农业科学,2015,48(8):1558-1568.