圈养林麝泌香期的行为多样性及与麝香分泌的关系
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摘要
行为多样性可综合量化动物行为特征。根据林麝Moschus berezovskii摄食量和生理反应,泌香期划分为不同时期。为阐明圈养林麝泌香期行为多样性与泌香量的关系, 2016年5月1日至7月31日,综合采用焦点取样和所有事件记录法,对四川马尔康林麝繁育中心的57头雄性林麝进行了行为取样和记录,计算了行为多样性指数,并根据年龄将林麝分为亚成体、成体和老年麝,结合个体的摄食量计测,利用单因素方差分析和相关系数法,分析了林麝各泌香时期的行为多样性及与年龄和麝香分泌量的关系。结果表明:马尔康圈养林麝亚成体雄麝麝香分泌前的行为多样性指数(n=38)显著高于老年麝(n=14, P<0.05),后者与成体麝行为多样性指数(n=7)间无显著差异(P>0.05);泌香后期老年麝行为多样性指数(n=49)显著低于亚成体(n=84, P<0.05),并极显著地低于成体林麝(n=73, P<0.01)。麝香分泌不同阶段的行为多样性与其泌香量间的相关不显著(r=-0.016, n=57, P>0.05)。老年林麝的行为多样性指数在麝香分泌前期(n=14)及后期(n=49)均显著低于同期的亚成体行为多样性(n=38, n=84,P<0.05), 2个时期行为多样性居中个体的麝香分泌(n=4, n=28)相对更多;麝在泌香中期的行为多样性(n=71)随年龄增加呈攀升趋势,而且行为多样性低的个体泌香量(n=3)更高。圈养林麝泌香期的行为多样性可作为其泌香量的预测指标,可应用于麝类动物驯养及麝香生产实践。
Behavioral diversity can comprehensively quantify the behavior characteristics of animals,according to the food intake and physiological responses of forest musk deer(Moschus berezovskii),periods of musk secretion were divided.In order to elucidate relationship between behavior diversity and musk secretion of forest musk deer,from May 1 st to July 31 st 2016,behavior of 57 male forest musk deer in the Sichuan Maerkang Musk Deer Breeding Center were observed and recorded by focal sampling and the all-occurrence recording method.According to the age,the musk deer can be divided into subadults,adults and the elderly.Then,the characteristics of musk secretion in each period and the relationship between age and musk secretion were analyzed by calculating the behavior diversity index(BDI) combined with food-intake monitoring by single factor analysis of variance and correlation coefficient method.Results indicated that BDI of subadults(n=38) before musk secretion was significantly higher than that of the elderly(n=14,P<0.05),but no significant difference was found between the elderly and adults(n=7) in BDI(P>0.05).After musk secretion,BDI of the elderly(n=49) was significantly lower than that of subadults(n=84,P<0.05) and highly significant and lower than that of adults(n =73,P <0.01).BDI and musk secretion for each period were not significantly correlated(r=-0.016,n=57,P>0.05).In the early period of musk secretion,BDI of the elderly(n=14) and subadults(n=38) as well as BDI in the later period of musk secretion for the elderly(n=49) and subadults(n=84) were significantly lower(P<0.05),of which those with medium BDI produced more musk(n=4,n=28) in the 2 periods.In the mid-secretive period,BDI(n=71) of musk deer increased with the age,and individuals with low BDI produced more musk(n=3).Thus,BDI of captive forest musk deer for the entire musk secretion period could be used as a prediction index of musk production,which,in turn,could be utilized in musk deer farming and musk production practices.
Behavioral diversity can comprehensively quantify the behavior characteristics of animals,according to the food intake and physiological responses of forest musk deer(Moschus berezovskii),periods of musk secretion were divided.In order to elucidate relationship between behavior diversity and musk secretion of forest musk deer,from May 1 st to July 31 st 2016,behavior of 57 male forest musk deer in the Sichuan Maerkang Musk Deer Breeding Center were observed and recorded by focal sampling and the all-occurrence recording method.According to the age,the musk deer can be divided into subadults,adults and the elderly.Then,the characteristics of musk secretion in each period and the relationship between age and musk secretion were analyzed by calculating the behavior diversity index(BDI) combined with food-intake monitoring by single factor analysis of variance and correlation coefficient method.Results indicated that BDI of subadults(n=38) before musk secretion was significantly higher than that of the elderly(n=14,P<0.05),but no significant difference was found between the elderly and adults(n=7) in BDI(P>0.05).After musk secretion,BDI of the elderly(n=49) was significantly lower than that of subadults(n=84,P<0.05) and highly significant and lower than that of adults(n =73,P <0.01).BDI and musk secretion for each period were not significantly correlated(r=-0.016,n=57,P>0.05).In the early period of musk secretion,BDI of the elderly(n=14) and subadults(n=38) as well as BDI in the later period of musk secretion for the elderly(n=49) and subadults(n=84) were significantly lower(P<0.05),of which those with medium BDI produced more musk(n=4,n=28) in the 2 periods.In the mid-secretive period,BDI(n=71) of musk deer increased with the age,and individuals with low BDI produced more musk(n=3).Thus,BDI of captive forest musk deer for the entire musk secretion period could be used as a prediction index of musk production,which,in turn,could be utilized in musk deer farming and musk production practices.
引文
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[5]孟秀祥,贡保草,薛达元,等.圈养马麝刻板行为表达频次及影响因素[J].生态学报,2011,31(22):6896-6901.MENG Xiuxiang,GONG Baocao,XUE Dayuan,et al.Stereotypic behavior frequency and the influencing factors in captive alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2011,31(22):6896-6901.
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[7]杜卫国,盛和林.林麝哺乳期的时间分配和行为研究[J].兽类学报,1998,18(1):21-26.DU Weiguo,SHENG Helin.Time budget and behavior of forest musk deer during lactation[J].Acta Theriol Sin1998,18(1):21-26.
[8]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.圈养马麝发情交配后期的日活动格局[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(6):35-42.MENG Xiuxiang,YANG Qisen,FENG Zuojian,et al.Activity patterns of captive musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)during postrut[J].Chin J Zool,2002,37(6):35-42.
[9]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义[J].四川动物,2007,26(1):46-50.MENG Xiuxiang,FENG Jinchao,ZHOU Yijun,et al.Descriptive studies on ethogram and behavior patterns of musk deer[J].Sichuan J Zool,2007,26(1):46-50.
[10]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.兴隆山圈养马麝的行为多样性[J].动物学报,2006,52(6):1026-1033.MENG Xiuxiang,YANG Qisen,FENG Zuojian,et al.Behavioral diversity of captive musk deer in Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm[J].Acta Zool Sin,2006,52(6):1026-1033.
[11]张保良.麝的圈养[M].北京:农业出版社,1979.
[12]李红亮,黎勇,周密,等.驯养马麝麝香产量及其影响因素[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(3):522-528.LI Hongliang,LI Yong,ZHOU Mi,et al.Variables determining average the annual musk production in captive alpine musk deer[J].Sci Agric Sin,2012,45(3):522-528.
[13]黄步军,盛和林,徐宏发.饲料营养对林麝麝香产量和品质的影响[J].动物学研究,1998,19(4):296-300.HUANG Bujun,SHENG Helin,XU Hongfa.Nutrition influence on musk secretion of breeding musk deer[J].Zool Res,1998,19(4):296-300.
[14]程建国,罗燕,乔美萍,等.影响林麝泌香量的因素[J].特产研究,2002,24(3):15-18.CHENG Jianguo,LUO Yan,QIAO Meiping,et al.The factors affecting musk secretion quantity in Moschus berezovskii[J].Spec Wild Econ Anim Plant Res,2002,24(3):15-18.
[15]戴卫国,尹淑媛.疾病对雄麝泌香量的影响[J].成都科技大学学报,1990(6):41-44,64.DAI Weiguo,YIN Shuyuan.Effects of disease on the musk yield of male musk-deer[J].J Chengdu Univ Sci Technol,1990(6):41-44,64.
[16]白康,任战军,王永奇,等.林麝泌香期性激素变化及其与泌香量的关系[J].中国兽医学报,2013,33(6):956-962.BAI Kang,REN Zhanjun,WANG Yongqi,et al.An association with gonadal hormone level and musk yield in Moschus berezovskii during musk-secreting period[J].Chin J Vet Sci,2013,33(6):956-962.
[17]盛和林,刘志霄.中国麝科动物[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2007.
[18]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.圈养马麝夏秋冬活动格局的比较[J].兽类学报,2002,22(2):87-97.MENG Xiuxiang,YANG Qisen,FENG Zuojian,et al.Preliminary studies on active patterns during summer,autumn and winter seasons in captive alpine musk deer[J].Acta Theriol Sin,2002,22(2):87-97.
[19]STOLBA A,BAKER N,WOOD-GUSH D G M.The characterization of stereotyped behaviour in stalled sows by informational redundancy[J].Behaviour,1983,87(3):157-182.
[20]WEMELSFELDER F,HASKELL M,MENDL M T,et al.Diversity of behaviour during novel object tests is reduced in pigs housed in substrate-impoverished conditions[J].Anim Behav,2000,60(3):385-394.
[21]SCHOENECKER B,HELLER K E,FREIMANIS T.Development of stereotypies and polydipsia in wild caught bank voles(Clethrionomys glareolus)and their laboratory-bred offspring:is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus[J]Appl Anim Behav Sci,2000,68(4):349-357.
[22]毕书增,张治国,贾林征,等.麝泌香盛期后麝香腺囊的显微与超微结构和麝香分泌研究[J].兽类学报,1987,7(2):96-99.BI Shuzeng,ZHANG Zhiguo,JIA Linzheng,et al.Studies on microscopic structure and ultrastructure of musk glandular sac of Moschus and on musk secretion after vigorous period[J].Acta Theriol Sin,1987,7(2):96-99.
[2]SOMMER C.The Role of Musk and Musk Compounds in the Fragrance Industry[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,20041-16.
[3]HE Lan,LI Linhai,WANG Wenxia,et al.Welfare of farmed musk deer:changes in the biological characteristics of musk deer in farming environments[J].Appl Anim Behav Sci,2014,156(7):1-5.
[4]蒋志刚.动物行为原理与物种保护办法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[5]孟秀祥,贡保草,薛达元,等.圈养马麝刻板行为表达频次及影响因素[J].生态学报,2011,31(22):6896-6901.MENG Xiuxiang,GONG Baocao,XUE Dayuan,et al.Stereotypic behavior frequency and the influencing factors in captive alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2011,31(22):6896-6901.
[6]潘世秀.兴隆山马麝栖息地选择研究[D].北京:中央民族大学,2007.PAN Shixiu.Study on Habitat Selection of Alpine Musk Deer in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve[D].Beijing Minzu University of China,2007.
[7]杜卫国,盛和林.林麝哺乳期的时间分配和行为研究[J].兽类学报,1998,18(1):21-26.DU Weiguo,SHENG Helin.Time budget and behavior of forest musk deer during lactation[J].Acta Theriol Sin1998,18(1):21-26.
[8]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.圈养马麝发情交配后期的日活动格局[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(6):35-42.MENG Xiuxiang,YANG Qisen,FENG Zuojian,et al.Activity patterns of captive musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)during postrut[J].Chin J Zool,2002,37(6):35-42.
[9]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义[J].四川动物,2007,26(1):46-50.MENG Xiuxiang,FENG Jinchao,ZHOU Yijun,et al.Descriptive studies on ethogram and behavior patterns of musk deer[J].Sichuan J Zool,2007,26(1):46-50.
[10]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.兴隆山圈养马麝的行为多样性[J].动物学报,2006,52(6):1026-1033.MENG Xiuxiang,YANG Qisen,FENG Zuojian,et al.Behavioral diversity of captive musk deer in Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm[J].Acta Zool Sin,2006,52(6):1026-1033.
[11]张保良.麝的圈养[M].北京:农业出版社,1979.
[12]李红亮,黎勇,周密,等.驯养马麝麝香产量及其影响因素[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(3):522-528.LI Hongliang,LI Yong,ZHOU Mi,et al.Variables determining average the annual musk production in captive alpine musk deer[J].Sci Agric Sin,2012,45(3):522-528.
[13]黄步军,盛和林,徐宏发.饲料营养对林麝麝香产量和品质的影响[J].动物学研究,1998,19(4):296-300.HUANG Bujun,SHENG Helin,XU Hongfa.Nutrition influence on musk secretion of breeding musk deer[J].Zool Res,1998,19(4):296-300.
[14]程建国,罗燕,乔美萍,等.影响林麝泌香量的因素[J].特产研究,2002,24(3):15-18.CHENG Jianguo,LUO Yan,QIAO Meiping,et al.The factors affecting musk secretion quantity in Moschus berezovskii[J].Spec Wild Econ Anim Plant Res,2002,24(3):15-18.
[15]戴卫国,尹淑媛.疾病对雄麝泌香量的影响[J].成都科技大学学报,1990(6):41-44,64.DAI Weiguo,YIN Shuyuan.Effects of disease on the musk yield of male musk-deer[J].J Chengdu Univ Sci Technol,1990(6):41-44,64.
[16]白康,任战军,王永奇,等.林麝泌香期性激素变化及其与泌香量的关系[J].中国兽医学报,2013,33(6):956-962.BAI Kang,REN Zhanjun,WANG Yongqi,et al.An association with gonadal hormone level and musk yield in Moschus berezovskii during musk-secreting period[J].Chin J Vet Sci,2013,33(6):956-962.
[17]盛和林,刘志霄.中国麝科动物[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2007.
[18]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.圈养马麝夏秋冬活动格局的比较[J].兽类学报,2002,22(2):87-97.MENG Xiuxiang,YANG Qisen,FENG Zuojian,et al.Preliminary studies on active patterns during summer,autumn and winter seasons in captive alpine musk deer[J].Acta Theriol Sin,2002,22(2):87-97.
[19]STOLBA A,BAKER N,WOOD-GUSH D G M.The characterization of stereotyped behaviour in stalled sows by informational redundancy[J].Behaviour,1983,87(3):157-182.
[20]WEMELSFELDER F,HASKELL M,MENDL M T,et al.Diversity of behaviour during novel object tests is reduced in pigs housed in substrate-impoverished conditions[J].Anim Behav,2000,60(3):385-394.
[21]SCHOENECKER B,HELLER K E,FREIMANIS T.Development of stereotypies and polydipsia in wild caught bank voles(Clethrionomys glareolus)and their laboratory-bred offspring:is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus[J]Appl Anim Behav Sci,2000,68(4):349-357.
[22]毕书增,张治国,贾林征,等.麝泌香盛期后麝香腺囊的显微与超微结构和麝香分泌研究[J].兽类学报,1987,7(2):96-99.BI Shuzeng,ZHANG Zhiguo,JIA Linzheng,et al.Studies on microscopic structure and ultrastructure of musk glandular sac of Moschus and on musk secretion after vigorous period[J].Acta Theriol Sin,1987,7(2):96-99.