西藏加查象牙泉水文地球化学特征及成因
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摘要
象牙泉地处青藏高原高寒地区,因其钙华沉积酷似"象牙"而闻名。开展象牙泉形成机理的研究,有助于钙华景观的地质环境保护,对雅鲁藏布江构造带古环境演化、新构造活动的研究具有重要意义。文章以象牙源泉及其钙华沉积为研究对象,通过钙华成分、泉水水化学组分、氢氧同位素及相关性分析,探讨了象牙泉及钙华景观的形成机制,估算了钙华形成年代,讨论了钙华景观演化趋势。结果表明:象牙泉出露高程3 208 m,温度16. 1℃,pH值6. 06～6. 64,溶解性总固体1 521. 1～1 524. 2 mg/L,为中偏弱酸性微咸水;阳离子以钠和钙为主,阴离子以碳酸氢根和氯离子为主,水化学类型为重碳酸钙型水;象牙泉具有较高的氯、钠及稍高的溶解性总固体特征,其氢氧同位素分布于全球大气降水方程线附近,说明象牙泉主要为大气降水补给,具有较长的径流途径和缓慢的循环速度,水岩作用强烈。象牙泉为溶解沉淀型,其化学组分来源于水岩相互作用过程碳酸盐岩矿物、硅酸盐岩矿物的溶解。象牙泉钙华沉积的化学成分主要为碳酸钙,占63. 07%;次要成分为二氧化硅,占10. 19%;属钙华为主、硅华次之的常温泉类钙华。钙均衡估算表明,象牙泉钙华形成于1. 38万年前,其沉积速率约为0. 27 mm/a。
Located in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the Ivory spring is famous for its travertine deposition resembling an "ivory". Research on the formation mechanism of the Ivory spring is helpful for the geological environment protection of travertine landscapes,and is of great significance to the studies of paleoenvironmental evolution and neotectonic activities in the Yarlungzangbo tectonic belt. Taking the Ivory spring and its travertine as the research object,this paper discusses the formation mechanism of the Ivory spring and its travertine landscape,estimates the age of travertine formation,and describes the evolution trend of the travertine landscape through the compositions of the travertine,the chemical compositions of the spring water and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes through correlation analyses. The results show that the elevation of the ivory spring is 3 208 m,the temperature,16. 1 ℃,the pH value,6. 06-6. 64,and the total dissolved solid,1 521. 1-1 524. 2 mg/L. The spring water is weakly acidic and brackish water. The cations are dominated by sodium and calcium,and the anions by bicarbonate and chloride,and the water is of HCO_3-Ca type. The Ivory spring has relatively high concentration of Cl and Na,and slightly higher total dissolved solids. Data points of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes fall near the global meteoric water line,indicating that the Ivory spring is mainly of meteoric origin,with long runoff route and slow circulation speed,and undergoes strong waterrock interactions. The Ivory spring is of dissolved and precipitated type,and its chemical compositions are derived from the dissolution of carbonate minerals and silicate minerals in the process of water-rock interactions. The chemical compositions of the Ivory spring 's travertine is mainly calcium carbonate,accounting for 63. 07% and the secondary component is silicon dioxide,accounting for 10. 19%. The Ivory springs is a normal-temperature spring type with the calcification and silicidation as the supplement.Estimation of calcium balance indicates that the Ivory spring's travertine was formed at 13,800 years ago and its deposition rate is about 0. 27 mm/a.
Located in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the Ivory spring is famous for its travertine deposition resembling an "ivory". Research on the formation mechanism of the Ivory spring is helpful for the geological environment protection of travertine landscapes,and is of great significance to the studies of paleoenvironmental evolution and neotectonic activities in the Yarlungzangbo tectonic belt. Taking the Ivory spring and its travertine as the research object,this paper discusses the formation mechanism of the Ivory spring and its travertine landscape,estimates the age of travertine formation,and describes the evolution trend of the travertine landscape through the compositions of the travertine,the chemical compositions of the spring water and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes through correlation analyses. The results show that the elevation of the ivory spring is 3 208 m,the temperature,16. 1 ℃,the pH value,6. 06-6. 64,and the total dissolved solid,1 521. 1-1 524. 2 mg/L. The spring water is weakly acidic and brackish water. The cations are dominated by sodium and calcium,and the anions by bicarbonate and chloride,and the water is of HCO_3-Ca type. The Ivory spring has relatively high concentration of Cl and Na,and slightly higher total dissolved solids. Data points of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes fall near the global meteoric water line,indicating that the Ivory spring is mainly of meteoric origin,with long runoff route and slow circulation speed,and undergoes strong waterrock interactions. The Ivory spring is of dissolved and precipitated type,and its chemical compositions are derived from the dissolution of carbonate minerals and silicate minerals in the process of water-rock interactions. The chemical compositions of the Ivory spring 's travertine is mainly calcium carbonate,accounting for 63. 07% and the secondary component is silicon dioxide,accounting for 10. 19%. The Ivory springs is a normal-temperature spring type with the calcification and silicidation as the supplement.Estimation of calcium balance indicates that the Ivory spring's travertine was formed at 13,800 years ago and its deposition rate is about 0. 27 mm/a.
引文
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[10]刘再华.表生和内生钙华的气候环境指代意义研究进展[J].科学通报,2014,59(23):2229-2239.[LIU Z H. Research progress in paleoclimatic interpretations of tufa and travertine[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(23):2229-2239.(in Chinese)]
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[14]周训,李晓露,王蒙蒙,等.浅循环泉简析[J].水文地质工程地质,2017,44(5):1-5.[ZHOU X,LI X L,WANG M M,et al. A preliminary analysis of the springs of shallow groundwater circulation[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2017,44(5):1-5.(in Chinese)]
[15]于彦,刘杰,康楠,等.地热流体水化学特征与地质构造关系的Q-型聚类分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2013,40(3):131-135.[YU Y,LIU J,KANG L,et al. The Q-Type cluster analysis of the relationship with geothermal fluid’s hydrochemistry characteristics and geological structure[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2013,40(3):131-135.(in Chinese)]
[16]袁建飞,邓国仕,徐芬,等.西昌市尔乌泉域泉水水文地球化学特征及成因[J].水文地质工程地质,2017,44(4):15-22.[YUAN J F,DENG D S,XU F, et al. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and genesis of springs in the catchment area of the Erwu spring of Xichang[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2017,44(4):15-22.(in Chinese)]
[17] GIBBS R J. Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry[J]. Science,1970,170:1088-1090.
[18]孙一博,王文科,段磊,等.关中盆地浅层地下水地球化学的形成演化机制[J].水文地质工程地质,2014,41(3):29-35.[SUN Y B,WANG W K,DUAN L,et al. Geochemical evolution mechanisms of shallow groundwater in Guanzhong basin,China[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2014,41(3):29-35.(in Chinese)]
[19]吴新国,孙立新,郭金城,等.雅鲁藏布江缝合带内韧性剪切带的地质特征及其意义[J].大地构造与成矿学,2005(2):198-203.[WU X G,SUN L X,GUO J C,et al. Ductile shear zone in Yaluzangbu suture zone:characteristics and significance[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2005(2):198-203.(in Chinese)]
[20]邓启军,李方红,李伟,等.蒲阳河流域地下水水化学及同位素特征[J].水文地质工程地质,2017,44(2):8-14.[DENG Q J,LI F H,LI W,et al. The chemical and isotopes characteristic of groundwater in Puyang river basin[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2017,44(2):8-14.(in Chinese)]
[21]孙东,王道永.雅鲁藏布江缝合带中段构造特征及成因模式新见解[J].地质学报,2011,85(1):56-65.[SUN D,WANG D Y. Structure features of the middle Yarlungzangbo suture zone and a new knowledge of its genetic model[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,2011,85(1):56-65.(in Chinese)]
[22]吴新国,贾建称,崔邢涛.雅鲁藏布江缝合带开合演化模式的探讨[J].现代地质,2005(4):488-494.[WU X G,JIA J C,CUI X T. Discussion on the model of evolution of open-close structure of the Yaluzangbu suture zone[J]. Geoscience,2005(4):488-494.(in Chinese)]
[23]胥良,姜泽凡.基于钙均衡估算黄龙钙华沉积速率的探讨[J].中国岩溶,2007(2):132-136.[XU L,JIANG Z F. Evaluation to the deposition rate of Huanglong travertine by calcium ion equilibrium[J].Carsologica Sinica, 2007(2):132-136.(in Chinese)]
[24]刘亚平.云南省昌宁县鸡飞温泉成因及钙华形成浅析[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2009.[LIU Y P. A preliminary analysis of the formation of the Jifei thermal spring and travertine,Yunnan,China[D]. Beijing:China University of Geoscience(Beijing),2009.(in Chinese)]
[25]肖琼,沈立成,杨雷,等.重庆北温泉地热水碳硫同位素特征研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2013,40(4):127-133.[XIAO Q,SHEN L C,YANG L,et al. Environmental significance of carbon and sulfur isotopes of the North hot spring in Chongqing[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2013,40(4):127-133.(in Chinese)]
[26]马致远,郑会菊,郑磊,等.关中盆地深层热储流体锶同位素演化及其指示意义[J].水文地质工程地质,2015,42(1):154-160.[MA Z Y,ZHENG H J,ZHENG L,et al. Evolution and instruction of the strontium isotope in the deep geothermal water in the Guanzhong basin[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2015,42(1):154-160.(in Chinese)]
[27]马致远,张雪莲,何丹,等.关中盆地深层地热水36Cl测年研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2016,43(1):157-163.[MA Z Y,ZHANG X L,HE D,et al. A Study of36Cl age for the deep geothermal water in the Guanzhong Basin[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2016,43(1):157-163.(in Chinese)]
[2]闫志为,张志卫.氯化物对方解石和白云石矿物溶解度的影响[J].水文地质工程地质,2009,36(1):113-118.[YAN Z W,ZHANG Z W. The effect of chloride on the solubility of calcite and dolomite[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2009,36(1):113-118.(in Chinese)]
[3]闫志为,刘辉利,张志卫.温度及CO2对方解石、白云石溶解度影响特征分析[J].中国岩溶,2009,28(1):7-10.[YAN Z W,LIU H L,ZHANG Z W.Influences of temperature and Pco2on the solubility of calcite and dolomite[J]. Carsologica Sinica,2009,28(1):7-10.(in Chinese)]
[4]闫志为.硫酸根离子对方解石和白云石溶解度的影响[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(1):24-31.[YAN Z W. Influences of SO24-on the solubility of calcite and dolomite[J]. Carsologica Sinica,2008,27(1):24-31.(in Chinese)]
[5]闫志为,刘辉利,陶宗涛.温度对水中碳酸平衡的影响浅析[J].中国岩溶,2011,30(2):128-131.[YAN Z W,LIU H L,TAO Z T. Temperature effect on carbonic acid balance in water[J]. Carsologica Sinica,2011,30(2):128-131.(in Chinese)]
[6]沈永平.西藏科亚古泉华的发现及其意义[J].科学通报,1986(21):1654-1657.[SHEN Y P.Discovery and significance of ancient Tufa in Keya,Tibet[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,1986(21):1654-1657.(in Chinese)]
[7]王绍令.青藏高原古泉华及其意义[J].水文地质工程地质,1992,19(4):29-31.[WANG S L.Palaeosinters and its significance on the Qing-Zang Plateau[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,1992,19(4):29-31.(in Chinese)]
[8] MESCI B L,GURSOY H,TATAT O. The evolution of travertine masses in the Sivas area(Central Turkey)and their relationships to active tectonics[J]. Turk J Earth Sci,2008,17:219-240.
[9]薛治国,许善洋,刘海艳,等.地震在新疆苏约克泉华地球化学指标中的印记[J].科学技术与工程,2017,17(5):152-156.[XUE Z G,XU S Y,LIU H Y,et al. Imprinting in Sulyok Sinter in Xinjiang from Seismic[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,2017,17(5):152-156.(in Chinese)]
[10]刘再华.表生和内生钙华的气候环境指代意义研究进展[J].科学通报,2014,59(23):2229-2239.[LIU Z H. Research progress in paleoclimatic interpretations of tufa and travertine[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(23):2229-2239.(in Chinese)]
[11] MATSUOKA J,KANO A,OBA T,et al. Seasonal variation of stable isotopic compositions recorded in a laminated tufa,SW Japan[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett,2001,192:31-44.
[12]刘再华,孙海龙,张金流.山西娘子关泉钙华记录的MIS12/11以来的气候和植被历史[J].地学前缘,2009,16(5):99-106.[LIU Z H,SUN H L,ZHANG J L. Changes in climate and vegetation in Niangziguan Spring Watershed of Shanxi Province since MIS12/11 recorded by the spring tufa[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(5):99-106.(in Chinese)]
[13]薛传东,刘星,杨浩.滇中路南石林地区钙华特征与更新世气候变迁[J].矿物岩石,2003(3):61-68.[XUE C D,LIU X,YANG H. Travertine character of lunan stone forest and paleoclimate change in middle pleistocene in central Yunnan province[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2003(3):61-68.(in Chinese)]
[14]周训,李晓露,王蒙蒙,等.浅循环泉简析[J].水文地质工程地质,2017,44(5):1-5.[ZHOU X,LI X L,WANG M M,et al. A preliminary analysis of the springs of shallow groundwater circulation[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2017,44(5):1-5.(in Chinese)]
[15]于彦,刘杰,康楠,等.地热流体水化学特征与地质构造关系的Q-型聚类分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2013,40(3):131-135.[YU Y,LIU J,KANG L,et al. The Q-Type cluster analysis of the relationship with geothermal fluid’s hydrochemistry characteristics and geological structure[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2013,40(3):131-135.(in Chinese)]
[16]袁建飞,邓国仕,徐芬,等.西昌市尔乌泉域泉水水文地球化学特征及成因[J].水文地质工程地质,2017,44(4):15-22.[YUAN J F,DENG D S,XU F, et al. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and genesis of springs in the catchment area of the Erwu spring of Xichang[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2017,44(4):15-22.(in Chinese)]
[17] GIBBS R J. Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry[J]. Science,1970,170:1088-1090.
[18]孙一博,王文科,段磊,等.关中盆地浅层地下水地球化学的形成演化机制[J].水文地质工程地质,2014,41(3):29-35.[SUN Y B,WANG W K,DUAN L,et al. Geochemical evolution mechanisms of shallow groundwater in Guanzhong basin,China[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2014,41(3):29-35.(in Chinese)]
[19]吴新国,孙立新,郭金城,等.雅鲁藏布江缝合带内韧性剪切带的地质特征及其意义[J].大地构造与成矿学,2005(2):198-203.[WU X G,SUN L X,GUO J C,et al. Ductile shear zone in Yaluzangbu suture zone:characteristics and significance[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2005(2):198-203.(in Chinese)]
[20]邓启军,李方红,李伟,等.蒲阳河流域地下水水化学及同位素特征[J].水文地质工程地质,2017,44(2):8-14.[DENG Q J,LI F H,LI W,et al. The chemical and isotopes characteristic of groundwater in Puyang river basin[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2017,44(2):8-14.(in Chinese)]
[21]孙东,王道永.雅鲁藏布江缝合带中段构造特征及成因模式新见解[J].地质学报,2011,85(1):56-65.[SUN D,WANG D Y. Structure features of the middle Yarlungzangbo suture zone and a new knowledge of its genetic model[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica,2011,85(1):56-65.(in Chinese)]
[22]吴新国,贾建称,崔邢涛.雅鲁藏布江缝合带开合演化模式的探讨[J].现代地质,2005(4):488-494.[WU X G,JIA J C,CUI X T. Discussion on the model of evolution of open-close structure of the Yaluzangbu suture zone[J]. Geoscience,2005(4):488-494.(in Chinese)]
[23]胥良,姜泽凡.基于钙均衡估算黄龙钙华沉积速率的探讨[J].中国岩溶,2007(2):132-136.[XU L,JIANG Z F. Evaluation to the deposition rate of Huanglong travertine by calcium ion equilibrium[J].Carsologica Sinica, 2007(2):132-136.(in Chinese)]
[24]刘亚平.云南省昌宁县鸡飞温泉成因及钙华形成浅析[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2009.[LIU Y P. A preliminary analysis of the formation of the Jifei thermal spring and travertine,Yunnan,China[D]. Beijing:China University of Geoscience(Beijing),2009.(in Chinese)]
[25]肖琼,沈立成,杨雷,等.重庆北温泉地热水碳硫同位素特征研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2013,40(4):127-133.[XIAO Q,SHEN L C,YANG L,et al. Environmental significance of carbon and sulfur isotopes of the North hot spring in Chongqing[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2013,40(4):127-133.(in Chinese)]
[26]马致远,郑会菊,郑磊,等.关中盆地深层热储流体锶同位素演化及其指示意义[J].水文地质工程地质,2015,42(1):154-160.[MA Z Y,ZHENG H J,ZHENG L,et al. Evolution and instruction of the strontium isotope in the deep geothermal water in the Guanzhong basin[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2015,42(1):154-160.(in Chinese)]
[27]马致远,张雪莲,何丹,等.关中盆地深层地热水36Cl测年研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2016,43(1):157-163.[MA Z Y,ZHANG X L,HE D,et al. A Study of36Cl age for the deep geothermal water in the Guanzhong Basin[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2016,43(1):157-163.(in Chinese)]