乌鲁木齐城市土壤与灰尘粒径空间分布特征
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摘要
结合野外调研的基础,按照四分法采集乌鲁木齐市城市土壤与城市灰尘样品共计306个,利用激光粒度仪和ArcGIS分析了城市土壤与灰尘样品的全粒径(0.02～2 000μm)组成与空间分布特征。研究结果表明:乌鲁木齐城市土壤与灰尘在小粒径范围内空间分布差异不明显,城市土壤粒径主要集中在10～50μm,城市灰尘集中于100～250μm;城市重工业对城市土壤和灰尘小粒径颗粒分布影响更大,而城市商业、居住等为主的人类其他活动行为对大粒径颗粒影响更为显著。乌鲁木齐城市土壤可能对城市灰尘PM_1、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)粒径分布的贡献比较突出,应从城市土壤、城市灰尘、颗粒物粒径空间分布、气象等因素综合考虑乌鲁木齐市大气污染的防控。
Based on previous study and field investigation, a total of 306 urban soil and dust samples composited by 3-5 subsamples according to classical cone and quarter technique were collected in valley city of Urumqi. The composition of particle size(0.02-2 000 μm) of all samples was conducted with Laser Particle Analyzer. The results showed that there was not significant difference between small particles both in urban soil and dust. It was found that the particle size of urban soil was mainly in the range of 10-50 μm, however, 100-250 μm was to urban dust. Those results displayed that the heavy industries in urban city had strongly affected on small particle distribution of urban soil and dust, while it was obvious that other human activities except for industry had more influence on the large particles. The particles of PM_1, PM_(2.5), PM_(10) from urban soil would possibly contribute to that of urban dust, therefore, the controls and preventions for air pollution due to the dust should comprehensively consider to the urban soil, urban dust, spatial distributions of particle, meteorological and other factors.
Based on previous study and field investigation, a total of 306 urban soil and dust samples composited by 3-5 subsamples according to classical cone and quarter technique were collected in valley city of Urumqi. The composition of particle size(0.02-2 000 μm) of all samples was conducted with Laser Particle Analyzer. The results showed that there was not significant difference between small particles both in urban soil and dust. It was found that the particle size of urban soil was mainly in the range of 10-50 μm, however, 100-250 μm was to urban dust. Those results displayed that the heavy industries in urban city had strongly affected on small particle distribution of urban soil and dust, while it was obvious that other human activities except for industry had more influence on the large particles. The particles of PM_1, PM_(2.5), PM_(10) from urban soil would possibly contribute to that of urban dust, therefore, the controls and preventions for air pollution due to the dust should comprehensively consider to the urban soil, urban dust, spatial distributions of particle, meteorological and other factors.
引文
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[15] 刘雪梅,黄元仿.应用激光粒度仪分析土壤机械组成的实验研究[J].土壤通报,2005,36(4):579-582.LIU Xuemei,HUANG Yuanfang.An Experiment Study on Employing Laser Grain-Size Analyzer to Analyze Soil Mechanical Composition[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2005,36(4):579-582.
[16] 刘梦潇.乌鲁木齐市近年来大气降尘变化规律及趋势[J].新疆环境保护,2008,30(2):35-37.LIU Mengxiao.Change Law and Trend of Atmosphere Dust Fall in Resent Years of Urumqi City[J].Environmental Protection of Xinjiang,2008,30(2):35-37.
[17] 肯尼斯·派伊.风扬粉尘及粉尘沉积物[M].台益和,张选阳,译.北京:海洋出版社,1991.
[18] 常静,刘敏,侯立军,等.城市地表灰尘的概念、污染特征与环境效应[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(5):1 155-1 160.CHANG Jing,LIU Min,HOU Lijun,et al.Concept Pollution Character and Environmental Effect of Urban Surface Dust[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(5):1 155-1 160.
[19] 王赞红.现代尘暴降尘与非尘暴降尘的粒度特征[J].地理学报,2003,58(4):606-610.WANG Zanhong.Particle Size Analysis of Aeolian Dust Derived from Duststorm and Non-duststorm[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(4):606-610.
[20] PYE K.Aeolian Dust and Dust Sediment[M].Beijing:Ocean Publishing House,1991:79-80.
[21] 施泽明,倪师军,张成江.成都市近地表大气尘的矿物学特征及其环境指示意义[J].矿物岩石,2006,26(2):117-120.SHI Zeming,NI Shijun,ZHANG Chengjiang.The Mineralogy Character of the Air Dust near the Ground in Chengdu and Its Environmental Indication Significance[J].Journal of Mineral Petrology,2006,26(2):117-120.
[2] CIDA (Canada International Development Agency).An Urbanized World,Statement on Sustainable Cities[R].Ottawa:Ministry of Public Works and Government Services,1998.
[3] 杜佩轩,田晖,韩永明.城市灰尘概念、研究内容与方法[J].陕西地质,2004,22(1):73-79.DU Peixuan,TIAN Hui,HAN Yongming.Concept,Research Content and Method of Urban Dust[J].Geology of Shaanxi,2004,22(1):73-79.
[4] 许文强,罗格平,陈曦,等.干旱区绿洲不同土地利用方式和强度对土壤粒度分布的影响[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(6):800-804.XU Wenqiang,LUO Geping,CHEN Xi,et al.Effects of Land use Patterns and Intensity on the Distribution of Soil Granularity in the Oases in Arid Areas[J].Arid Land Geography,2005,28(6):800-804.
[5] VIKLANDER M.Particle Size Distribution and Metal Content in Streets Sediments[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1998,124(8):761-766.
[6] DELETIC A B,ORR D W.Pollution Buildup on Road Surfaces[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2005,131(1):49-59.
[7] 常静,刘敏,李先华,等.上海城市地表灰尘重金属污染粒级效应与生物有效性[J].环境科学,2008,29(12):3 489-3 495.CHANG Jing,LIU Min,LI Xianhua,et al.Fractionation and Bioavailability of Heavy Metal Contamination of Urban Surface Dusts in Shanghai City[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(12):3 489-3 495.
[8] 方凤满,蒋炳言,王海东,等.芜湖市区地表灰尘中重金属粒径效应及其健康风险评价[J].地理研究,2010,29(7):1 193-1 202.FANG Fengman,JIANG Bingyan,WANG Haidong,et al.Particle Size Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Dust of Wuhu Urban Area[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(7):1 193-1 202.
[9] 李小平,刘献宇,刘洁,等.典型河谷城市儿童土壤与灰尘铅暴露风险[J].生态毒理学报,2015,10(2):418-427.LI Xiaoping,LIU Xianyu,LIU Jie,et al.Assessing Exposure Risk of Lead in Urban Soil and Dust to Children in the Valley-City[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2015,10(2):418-427.
[10] FOLK R L,Ward W C.Brazos River Bar:A Study in the Signification of Grain Size Parameters[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1957,27:3-27.
[11] 杜佩轩,田晖,韩永明,等.城市灰尘粒径组成及环境效应——以西安市为例[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2002,21(1):93-98.DU Peixuan,TIAN Hui,HAN Yongming,et al.Urban Dust Composition of Grain Diameters and Its Environmental Effect[J].Acta Petrologica Et Mineralogica,2002,21(1):93-98.
[12] 王佳,张瑛,徐鸣.乌鲁木齐市降尘的浓度水平和空间分布及与城市PM10的相关性分析[J].干旱环境监测,2010,24(4):222-225.WANG Jia,ZHANG Ying,XU Ming.Analyzed on the Level of Dust Concentration and Spatial Distribution and Correlation of Urban PM10 in Urumqi[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,2010,24(4):222-225.
[13] CAO Z,YANG Y,LU J,et al.Atmospheric Particle Characterization,Distribution,and Deposition in Xi’an,Shaanxi Province,Central China[J].Environ Pollut,2011,159:577-584.
[14] LI Xiaoping,FENG Linna,HUANG Chunchang,et al.Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric Fallout in the South of Xi’an During the Dust Episodes of 2001-2012 (NW China)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,83:109-118.
[15] 刘雪梅,黄元仿.应用激光粒度仪分析土壤机械组成的实验研究[J].土壤通报,2005,36(4):579-582.LIU Xuemei,HUANG Yuanfang.An Experiment Study on Employing Laser Grain-Size Analyzer to Analyze Soil Mechanical Composition[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2005,36(4):579-582.
[16] 刘梦潇.乌鲁木齐市近年来大气降尘变化规律及趋势[J].新疆环境保护,2008,30(2):35-37.LIU Mengxiao.Change Law and Trend of Atmosphere Dust Fall in Resent Years of Urumqi City[J].Environmental Protection of Xinjiang,2008,30(2):35-37.
[17] 肯尼斯·派伊.风扬粉尘及粉尘沉积物[M].台益和,张选阳,译.北京:海洋出版社,1991.
[18] 常静,刘敏,侯立军,等.城市地表灰尘的概念、污染特征与环境效应[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(5):1 155-1 160.CHANG Jing,LIU Min,HOU Lijun,et al.Concept Pollution Character and Environmental Effect of Urban Surface Dust[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(5):1 155-1 160.
[19] 王赞红.现代尘暴降尘与非尘暴降尘的粒度特征[J].地理学报,2003,58(4):606-610.WANG Zanhong.Particle Size Analysis of Aeolian Dust Derived from Duststorm and Non-duststorm[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(4):606-610.
[20] PYE K.Aeolian Dust and Dust Sediment[M].Beijing:Ocean Publishing House,1991:79-80.
[21] 施泽明,倪师军,张成江.成都市近地表大气尘的矿物学特征及其环境指示意义[J].矿物岩石,2006,26(2):117-120.SHI Zeming,NI Shijun,ZHANG Chengjiang.The Mineralogy Character of the Air Dust near the Ground in Chengdu and Its Environmental Indication Significance[J].Journal of Mineral Petrology,2006,26(2):117-120.