泾河支流地表水地下水的水化学特征及其控制因素
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摘要
为研究泾河支流(黑河流域)的水化学特征及其控制因素,2014~2015年先后采集枯水期及汛期地表水和地下水的水样242个,综合运用Piper三线图、相关性分析和Gibbs图等方法,分析了黑河流域水化学特征,并探讨了黑河流域的水化学演化规律.结果表明,研究区水体均呈弱碱性,2014年枯水期地表水和地下水阳离子以Na+为主,分别约占阳离子总量的56%和58%;阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,分别约占地表水和地下水阴离子总量的33%和39%;其它3个时期主要地表水和地下水组成阴阳离子均以HCO_3~-和Na~+为主,约占阴离子和阳离子总量的44%~46%和42%~56%.枯水期地表水TDS在上中游波动较大,汛期地表水和地下水的TDS由上游到下游沿河道逐渐增加.由枯水期到汛期,地表水的水化学类型由Na-Mg-Cl-SO4型转变为Ca-Mg-HCO3型,地下水由Mg-Cl-SO_4型转变为Ca-Na-HCO_3型.水化学样品点大部分分布在Gibbs图左中上部,说明流域水化学离子形成主要受岩石风化和蒸发-浓缩作用的影响,而人类活动对水化学的影响在枯水期较汛期更显著.
To study the hydrochemical characteristics of tributaries of the Jinghe River( Heihe River Basin) and their controlling factors,from 2014 to 2015,242 samples of surface water and groundwater were collected during the dry and flood seasons from the Jinghe River. After determining the main water chemical ion content by comprehensively using correlation analysis,Piper three-line graphs,and Gibbs graph,the spatiotemporal changes in the hydrochemical characteristics of the Heihe River Basin were analyzed. The results showed that all the water samples in the study area were weakly alkaline. In the dry season of 2014,the cations in the surface water and groundwater were mostly Na+,accounting for 56% and 58% of the total cations,respectively. The anions were mainly SO_4~(2-),accounting for 33% and 39% of the total anions,respectively. In the other three periods,the main cation and anion components were HCO_3~- and Na+,accounting for 44%-46% and 42%-56% of the corresponding totals,respectively. In the dry season,the TDS of surface water and groundwater gradually increases along the river from upstream to downstream. From the dry season to the flood season,the hydrochemical types of the surface water changed from Na-Mg-Cl-SO4 to Ca-Mg-HCO_3 and of the groundwater from Mg-Cl-SO_4 to Ca-Na-HCO_3. Most of the water chemistry samples were distributed in the middle and upper parts of the Gibbs diagram,indicating that the formation of hydrated chemical ions in the basin was mainly affected by rock weathering and evaporation-enrichment. However,the effects of human activities on water chemistry were more significant in the dry season than in the flood season.
To study the hydrochemical characteristics of tributaries of the Jinghe River( Heihe River Basin) and their controlling factors,from 2014 to 2015,242 samples of surface water and groundwater were collected during the dry and flood seasons from the Jinghe River. After determining the main water chemical ion content by comprehensively using correlation analysis,Piper three-line graphs,and Gibbs graph,the spatiotemporal changes in the hydrochemical characteristics of the Heihe River Basin were analyzed. The results showed that all the water samples in the study area were weakly alkaline. In the dry season of 2014,the cations in the surface water and groundwater were mostly Na+,accounting for 56% and 58% of the total cations,respectively. The anions were mainly SO_4~(2-),accounting for 33% and 39% of the total anions,respectively. In the other three periods,the main cation and anion components were HCO_3~- and Na+,accounting for 44%-46% and 42%-56% of the corresponding totals,respectively. In the dry season,the TDS of surface water and groundwater gradually increases along the river from upstream to downstream. From the dry season to the flood season,the hydrochemical types of the surface water changed from Na-Mg-Cl-SO4 to Ca-Mg-HCO_3 and of the groundwater from Mg-Cl-SO_4 to Ca-Na-HCO_3. Most of the water chemistry samples were distributed in the middle and upper parts of the Gibbs diagram,indicating that the formation of hydrated chemical ions in the basin was mainly affected by rock weathering and evaporation-enrichment. However,the effects of human activities on water chemistry were more significant in the dry season than in the flood season.
引文
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[18]孙斌.多元统计方法在鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地都思兔河地下水系统水化学空间分布规律研究中的应用[D].长春:吉林大学,2007.
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[20]张涛,蔡五田,李颖智,等.尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4537-4545.Zhang T,Cai W T,Li Y Z,et al.Major ionic features and their possible controls in the Water of the Niyang River Basin[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4537-4545.
[21]朱秉启,杨小平.塔克拉玛干沙漠天然水体的化学特征及其成因[J].科学通报,2007,52(13):1561-1566.Zhu B Q,Yang X P.The ion chemistry of surface and ground waters in the Taklimakan Desert of Tarim Basin,western China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(15):2123-2129.
[22]文泽伟,汝旋,谢彬彬,等.龙江-柳江-西江流域的水化学特征及其成因分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(9):1853-1864.Wen Z W,Ru X,Xie B B,et al.Characteristics and sources analysis of hydrochemistry in the Longjiang-Liujiang-Xijiang watershed[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(9):1853-1864.
[23]王鹏,尚英男,沈立成,等.青藏高原淡水湖泊水化学组成特征及其演化[J].环境科学,2013,34(3):874-881.Wang P,Shang Y N,Shen L C,et al.Characteristics and evolution of hydrochemical compositions of freshwater lake in Tibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(3):874-881.
[24]Xiao J,Zhang F,Jin Z D.Spatial characteristics and controlling factors of chemical weathering of loess in the dry season in the middle loess plateau,China[J].Hydrological Processes,2016,30(25):4855-4869.
[25]Chen J S,Wang F Y,Meybeck M,et al.Spatial and temporal analysis of water chemistry records(1958-2000)in the Huanghe(Yellow River)basin[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2005,19(3):GB3016.
[26]郭巧玲,熊新芝,姜景瑞.窟野河流域地表水-地下水的水化学特征[J].环境化学,2016,35(7):1372-1380.Guo Q L,Xiong X Z,Jiang J R.Hydrochemical characteristics of surface and ground water in the Kuye river basin[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(7):1372-1380.
[27]Verma S,Mukherjee A,Choudhury R,et al.Brahmaputra river basin groundwater:solute distribution,chemical evolution and arsenic occurrences in different geomorphic settings[J].Journal of Hydrology:Regional Studies,2015,4:131-153.
[28]陈静生,王飞越,何大伟.黄河水质地球化学[J].地学前缘,2006,13(1):58-73.Chen J S,Wang F Y,He D W.Geochemistry of water quality of the Yellow River basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(1):58-73.
[29]Gibbs R J.Water chemistry of the Amazon river[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1972,36(9):1061-1066.
[30]Gordeev V V,Sidorov I S.Concentrations of major elements and their outflow into the Laptev sea by the Lena river[J].Marine Chemistry,1993,43(1-4):33-45.
[2]荆秀艳,王文科,张福存,等.银北平原浅层地下水的水化学特征及成因分析[J].人民黄河,2012,34(1):65-68,71.Jing X Y,Wang W K,Zhang F C,et al.Hydrochemical characteristics and formation analysis of unconfined groundwater of northern Yinchuan Plain[J].Yellow River,2012,34(1):65-68,71.
[3]Moussa A B,Zouari K,Marc V.Hydrochemical and isotope evidence of groundwater salinization processes on the coastal plain of hammamet-nabeul,North-eastern Tunisia[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Parts A/B/C,2011,36(5-6):167-178.
[4]沈照理,朱宛华,钟佐燊.水文地球化学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,1993.110-130.
[5]蒲焘,何元庆,朱国锋,等.丽江盆地地表-地下水的水化学特征及其控制因素[J].环境科学,2012,33(1):48-54.Pu T,He Y Q,Zhu G F,et al.Geochemistry of surface and ground water in the Lijang Basin,Northwest Yunnan[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(1):48-54.
[6]Thomas J,Joseph S,Thrivikramji K P,et al.Seasonal variation in major ion chemistry of a tropical mountain river,the southern Western Ghats,Kerala,India[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,71(5):2333-2351.
[7]刘蔚,王涛,高晓清,等.黑河流域水体化学特征及其演变规律[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(6):755-762.Liu W,Wang T,Gao X Q,et al.Distribution and evolution of water chemical characteristics in Heihe river basin[J].Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(6):755-762.
[8]Li Z,Lin X Q,Coles A E,et al.Catchment-scale surface watergroundwater connectivity on China's loess plateau[J].CATENA,2017,152:268-276.
[9]刘文杰,苏永中,杨荣,等.民勤地下水水化学特征和矿化度的时空变化[J].环境科学,2009,30(10):2911-2917.Liu W J,Su Y Z,Yang R,et al.Hydrochemical characteristics and spatial-temporal variation of mineralization for the groundwater in Minqin Oasis[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(10):2911-2917.
[10]李志,刘文兆,郑粉莉.基于CA-Markov模型的黄土塬区黑河流域土地利用变化[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(1):346-352.Li Z,Liu W Z,Zheng F L.Land use change in Heihe catchment on loess tableland based on CA-Markov model[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(1):346-352.
[11]程立平,刘文兆.黄土塬区几种典型土地利用类型的土壤水稳定同位素特征[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(3):651-658.Cheng L P,Liu W Z.Characteristics of stable isotopes in soil water under several typical land use patterns on Loess Tableland[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(3):651-658.
[12]李志,刘文兆,王秋贤.黄土塬区不同地形部位和土地利用方式对土壤物理性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(6):1303-1308.Li Z,Liu W Z,Wang Q X.Effects of land use type and slope position on soil physical properties in loess tableland area[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(6):1303-1308.
[13]哈希公司.水质分析实用手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2010.12-15.
[14]Mitamura O,Seike Y,Kondo K,et al.First investigation of ultraoligotrophic alpine lake puma yumco in the pre-himalayas,China[J].Limnology,2003,4(3):167-175.
[15]陈静生,陶澍,邓宝山,等.水环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1987.48-60.
[16]唐玺雯,吴锦奎,薛丽洋,等.锡林河流域地表水水化学主离子特征及控制因素[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):131-142.Tang X W,Wu J K,Xue L Y,et al.Major ion chemistry of surface water in the Xilin river basin and the possible controls[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(1):131-142.
[17]胡春华,童乐,万齐远,等.环鄱阳湖浅层地下水水化学特征的时空变化[J].环境化学,2013,32(6):974-979.Hu C H,Tong L,Wan Q Y,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of shallow groundwater chemical characteristics around Poyang Lake[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(6):974-979.
[18]孙斌.多元统计方法在鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地都思兔河地下水系统水化学空间分布规律研究中的应用[D].长春:吉林大学,2007.
[19]Gibbs R J.Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry[J].Science,1970,170(3962):1088-1090.
[20]张涛,蔡五田,李颖智,等.尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4537-4545.Zhang T,Cai W T,Li Y Z,et al.Major ionic features and their possible controls in the Water of the Niyang River Basin[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4537-4545.
[21]朱秉启,杨小平.塔克拉玛干沙漠天然水体的化学特征及其成因[J].科学通报,2007,52(13):1561-1566.Zhu B Q,Yang X P.The ion chemistry of surface and ground waters in the Taklimakan Desert of Tarim Basin,western China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(15):2123-2129.
[22]文泽伟,汝旋,谢彬彬,等.龙江-柳江-西江流域的水化学特征及其成因分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(9):1853-1864.Wen Z W,Ru X,Xie B B,et al.Characteristics and sources analysis of hydrochemistry in the Longjiang-Liujiang-Xijiang watershed[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(9):1853-1864.
[23]王鹏,尚英男,沈立成,等.青藏高原淡水湖泊水化学组成特征及其演化[J].环境科学,2013,34(3):874-881.Wang P,Shang Y N,Shen L C,et al.Characteristics and evolution of hydrochemical compositions of freshwater lake in Tibetan Plateau[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(3):874-881.
[24]Xiao J,Zhang F,Jin Z D.Spatial characteristics and controlling factors of chemical weathering of loess in the dry season in the middle loess plateau,China[J].Hydrological Processes,2016,30(25):4855-4869.
[25]Chen J S,Wang F Y,Meybeck M,et al.Spatial and temporal analysis of water chemistry records(1958-2000)in the Huanghe(Yellow River)basin[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2005,19(3):GB3016.
[26]郭巧玲,熊新芝,姜景瑞.窟野河流域地表水-地下水的水化学特征[J].环境化学,2016,35(7):1372-1380.Guo Q L,Xiong X Z,Jiang J R.Hydrochemical characteristics of surface and ground water in the Kuye river basin[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(7):1372-1380.
[27]Verma S,Mukherjee A,Choudhury R,et al.Brahmaputra river basin groundwater:solute distribution,chemical evolution and arsenic occurrences in different geomorphic settings[J].Journal of Hydrology:Regional Studies,2015,4:131-153.
[28]陈静生,王飞越,何大伟.黄河水质地球化学[J].地学前缘,2006,13(1):58-73.Chen J S,Wang F Y,He D W.Geochemistry of water quality of the Yellow River basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(1):58-73.
[29]Gibbs R J.Water chemistry of the Amazon river[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1972,36(9):1061-1066.
[30]Gordeev V V,Sidorov I S.Concentrations of major elements and their outflow into the Laptev sea by the Lena river[J].Marine Chemistry,1993,43(1-4):33-45.
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