经济转型下FDI溢出及其对能源效率影响的门槛特征分析
|
摘要
文章采用面板门槛回归模型及中国1995-2014年的省际数据,研究引发FDI对能源效率地区内和地区间的溢出效应在相关制度性因素下的门槛效应。研究发现,转型中的各区域FDI对能源效率的溢出效果受到产业结构合理化、市场化水平及对外开放力度等因素的影响,并具有显著的门槛特征。地方政府竞争引致下的地区间FDI空间溢出对能源效率的影响也具有非线性的门槛效应。地区间溢出相比于地区内溢出而言更倾向于阻碍本地区能源效率的提升,且地区间溢出比地区内溢出发挥积极作用所要求的相应门槛更高。文章最后提出了相应的政策建议。
Energy for modern economic growth is an indispensable factor input. With amount of energy put into use,the problems of environmental pollution and energy constraints getting worse,we need to mainly rely on energy-saving technological advancements to reduce energy consumption.Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),which is as an important channel for many countries,especially developing countries to acquire international advanced technology has been widely noticed by academia. The topic of energy efficiency affected by FDI has been one of the most valuable issues in energy economics. That what the mechanism,pathway,magnitude and direction of FDI spillover as the Externality of FDI influencing the energy efficiency are,has become an important and urgent exploratory research question.The question of howFDI affects a region's energy efficiency has generated much debate but little consensus,which means there may exist some certain threshold conditions limiting the acquisition of FDI spillovers by an area. China as a typical transition economy,has been experiencing significant internal reform and the frequent external environment changes during the 30 years since the reform and opening up,and holding some unique institutional conditions. However,there is fewliteratures about the characteristics analysis on the foreign direct investment in the background of economic transition.Against the deficiency of the existing literatures,this paper utilizes the Panel Threshold Regression mothed and a panel data set of 30 Chinese provinces,over the period 1995-2014,to explore the threshold effect of FDI intra-and inter-regional spillovers to energy efficiency with the influence of specific institutional factors.The conclusionsare shown as follows: the spillover effects of FDI exerting on energy efficiency present the remarkable spatial diversity nationwide and are interacted by the rationalization of industrial structure,marketization and degree of openness and it has significant threshold effect. These spillover effects in the east,middle and western regions show significant regional differences and threshold feature. Complexity of transition and change makes the FDI spillovers obtained by each region of China unbalanced,and the number of provinces up to standard is still few. Inter-regional FDI spatial spillover to energy efficiency induced by local government competition factor also has a non-linear threshold phenomenon and occurs non-linear changes due to the impacts of factors such as inter-regional openness. Compared to the intra-regional FDI spillovers,the inter-regional spillovers tend to hamper the region's energy efficiency improvement,and the positive inter-regional spillover needs higher threshold conditions. That means it is more difficult to absorb and digest spatial spillovers for each region in China,which still mostly obtain FDI spillover effects.In the end,this paper gives certain specific policy-making suggestions. Firstly,in order to increase the positive spillover effect of FDI on energy efficiency,the strategy to attract the FDI should be changed from scale-oriented to quality-oriented. Secondly,every region should make economic development policy according to its reality and comprehensively improve the rationalization of industrial structure,marketization and degree of openness with introducing FDI,aiming to improve the energy efficiency. Thirdly,it is necessary to improve the effective interaction among regions in order to optimize the regional spatial spillover effects.
Energy for modern economic growth is an indispensable factor input. With amount of energy put into use,the problems of environmental pollution and energy constraints getting worse,we need to mainly rely on energy-saving technological advancements to reduce energy consumption.Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),which is as an important channel for many countries,especially developing countries to acquire international advanced technology has been widely noticed by academia. The topic of energy efficiency affected by FDI has been one of the most valuable issues in energy economics. That what the mechanism,pathway,magnitude and direction of FDI spillover as the Externality of FDI influencing the energy efficiency are,has become an important and urgent exploratory research question.The question of howFDI affects a region's energy efficiency has generated much debate but little consensus,which means there may exist some certain threshold conditions limiting the acquisition of FDI spillovers by an area. China as a typical transition economy,has been experiencing significant internal reform and the frequent external environment changes during the 30 years since the reform and opening up,and holding some unique institutional conditions. However,there is fewliteratures about the characteristics analysis on the foreign direct investment in the background of economic transition.Against the deficiency of the existing literatures,this paper utilizes the Panel Threshold Regression mothed and a panel data set of 30 Chinese provinces,over the period 1995-2014,to explore the threshold effect of FDI intra-and inter-regional spillovers to energy efficiency with the influence of specific institutional factors.The conclusionsare shown as follows: the spillover effects of FDI exerting on energy efficiency present the remarkable spatial diversity nationwide and are interacted by the rationalization of industrial structure,marketization and degree of openness and it has significant threshold effect. These spillover effects in the east,middle and western regions show significant regional differences and threshold feature. Complexity of transition and change makes the FDI spillovers obtained by each region of China unbalanced,and the number of provinces up to standard is still few. Inter-regional FDI spatial spillover to energy efficiency induced by local government competition factor also has a non-linear threshold phenomenon and occurs non-linear changes due to the impacts of factors such as inter-regional openness. Compared to the intra-regional FDI spillovers,the inter-regional spillovers tend to hamper the region's energy efficiency improvement,and the positive inter-regional spillover needs higher threshold conditions. That means it is more difficult to absorb and digest spatial spillovers for each region in China,which still mostly obtain FDI spillover effects.In the end,this paper gives certain specific policy-making suggestions. Firstly,in order to increase the positive spillover effect of FDI on energy efficiency,the strategy to attract the FDI should be changed from scale-oriented to quality-oriented. Secondly,every region should make economic development policy according to its reality and comprehensively improve the rationalization of industrial structure,marketization and degree of openness with introducing FDI,aiming to improve the energy efficiency. Thirdly,it is necessary to improve the effective interaction among regions in order to optimize the regional spatial spillover effects.
引文
蔡海霞、范如国,2011,“FDI技术溢出、能源约束与区域创新产出分析”,《中国人口·资源与环境》,第11期,第50-55页。
陈诗一,2012,“中国各地区低碳经济转型进程评估”,《经济研究》,第8期,第32-44页。
陈夕红、张宗益、康继,2013,“技术空间溢出对全社会能源效率的影响分析”,《科研管理》,第2期,第62-68页。
樊纲、王小鲁、马光荣,2011,“中国市场化进程对经济增长的贡献”,《经济研究》,第9期,第4-16页。
范如国、罗明,2014,“中国能源效率演化中的异质性特征及反弹效应影响”,《经济管理》,第6期,第1-12页。
傅强、马青、Bayanjargal Sodnomdargia,2016,“地方政府竞争与环境规制:基于区域开放的异质性研究”,《中国人口、资源与环境》,第3期,第69-75页。
干春晖、郑若谷、余典范,2011,“中国产业结构变迁对经济增长和波动的影响”,《经济研究》,第5期,第4-16页。
蒋殿春、张宇,2008,“经济转型与外商直接投资技术溢出效应”,《经济研究》,第7期,第26-38页。
李科,2013,“中国产业结构对全要素能源效率的阈值效应分析”,《管理学报》,第11期,第1671-1680页。
李锴、齐绍洲,2011,“贸易开放、经济增长与中国二氧化碳排放”,《经济研究》,第11期,第60-72页。
林光平、龙志和、吴梅,2006,“中国地区经济σ-收敛的空间计量实证分析”,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第4期,第14-21页。
毛其淋、盛斌,2012,“对外经济开放,区域市场整合与全要素生产率”,《经济学(季刊)》,第4期,第181-210页。
齐绍洲、方扬、李锴,2011,“FDI知识溢出效应对中国能源强度的区域牲影响”,《世界经济研究》,第11期,第69-74页。
单豪杰,2008,“中国资本存量K的再估算:1952~2006年”,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第10期,第17-31页。
盛斌、毛其淋,2011,“贸易开放,国内市场一体化与中国省际经济增长:1985~2008年”,《世界经济》,第11期,第44-66页。
唐玲、杨正林,2009,“能源效率与工业经济转型---基于中国1998~2007年行业数据的实证分析”,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第10期,第34-48页。
汪克亮、杨力、杨宝臣、程云鹤,2013,“能源经济效率、能源环境绩效与区域经济增长”,《管理科学》,第3期,第86-99页。
吴延瑞,2008,“生产率对中国经济增长的贡献:新的估计”,《经济学(季刊)》,第3期,第827-848页。
冼国明、严兵,2006,“FDI对中国创新能力的溢出效应”,《世界经济》,第10期,第18-25页。
杨骞、刘华军,2014,“技术进步对全要素能源效率的空间溢出效应及其分解”,《经济评论》,第6期,第54-62页。张华,2014,“绿色悖论”之谜:地方政府竞争视角的解读”,《财经研究》,第12期,第114-127页。
张友国,2009,“中国贸易增长的能源环境代价”,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第1期,第16-30页。
郑磊,2008,“财政分权,政府竞争与公共支出结构---政府教育支出比重的影响因素分析”,《经济科学》,第1期,第28-40页。
Cantw ell,J.,J.H.Dunning,and S.M.Lundan,2010,“An Evolutionary Approach to Understanding International Business Activity:The Co-evolution of MNEs and the Institutional Environment”,Journal of International Business Studies,41(4):567-586.
Hansen,B.E,1999,“Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:Estimation,testing,and inference”,Journal of econometrics,93(2):345-368.
Luo,Y.and J.J.Tan,1997,“How much does industry structure impact foreign direct investment in China?”,International Business Review,6(4):337-359.
Omri,A.and B.kahouli,2014,“Causal Relationships between Energy Consumption,Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth:Fresh Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models”,Energy Policy,67(7):913-922.
Sabirianova,P.K.,J.Svejnar,and K.Terrell,2012,“Foreign Investment,Corporate Ownership,and Development:Are Firms in Emerging Markets Catching up to the World Standard?”,Review of Economics and Statistics,94(4):981-999.
Wang,C.,A.Boateng,and J.Hong,2009,“What Drives Internationalization of Chinese Firms:Three Theoretical Explanations”,Paper apresentado no The 2nd GEP Conference'The Global Financial Crisis,6(5):296-302.
Wang,H.and Y.Jin,2007,“Industrial Ow nership and Environmental Performance:Evidence from China”,Environmental and Resources Economics,36(3):255-273.
Zhou,P.,B.W.Ang,and D.Q.Zhou,2012,“Measuring Economy-wide Energy Efficiency Performance a Parametric Frontier Approach”,Applied Energy,90(1):196-200.
Zhu,Q.,J.Cordeiro,J.Sarkis,2013,“Institutional Pressures,Dynamic Capabilities and Environmental Management Systems:Investigating the ISO 9000-Environmental Management System Implementation Linkage”,Journal of Environmental Management,114(4):232-242.
(1)Hausman检验结果表明本文应将个体效应视为固定效应,因篇幅限制,不再列出检验结果。
(1)东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、辽宁、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东和海南11个省市;中部地区包括山西、吉林、黑龙江、安徽、江西、河南、湖北和湖南8个省份;西部地区包括内蒙古、广西、重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏和新疆11个省市区。
陈诗一,2012,“中国各地区低碳经济转型进程评估”,《经济研究》,第8期,第32-44页。
陈夕红、张宗益、康继,2013,“技术空间溢出对全社会能源效率的影响分析”,《科研管理》,第2期,第62-68页。
樊纲、王小鲁、马光荣,2011,“中国市场化进程对经济增长的贡献”,《经济研究》,第9期,第4-16页。
范如国、罗明,2014,“中国能源效率演化中的异质性特征及反弹效应影响”,《经济管理》,第6期,第1-12页。
傅强、马青、Bayanjargal Sodnomdargia,2016,“地方政府竞争与环境规制:基于区域开放的异质性研究”,《中国人口、资源与环境》,第3期,第69-75页。
干春晖、郑若谷、余典范,2011,“中国产业结构变迁对经济增长和波动的影响”,《经济研究》,第5期,第4-16页。
蒋殿春、张宇,2008,“经济转型与外商直接投资技术溢出效应”,《经济研究》,第7期,第26-38页。
李科,2013,“中国产业结构对全要素能源效率的阈值效应分析”,《管理学报》,第11期,第1671-1680页。
李锴、齐绍洲,2011,“贸易开放、经济增长与中国二氧化碳排放”,《经济研究》,第11期,第60-72页。
林光平、龙志和、吴梅,2006,“中国地区经济σ-收敛的空间计量实证分析”,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第4期,第14-21页。
毛其淋、盛斌,2012,“对外经济开放,区域市场整合与全要素生产率”,《经济学(季刊)》,第4期,第181-210页。
齐绍洲、方扬、李锴,2011,“FDI知识溢出效应对中国能源强度的区域牲影响”,《世界经济研究》,第11期,第69-74页。
单豪杰,2008,“中国资本存量K的再估算:1952~2006年”,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第10期,第17-31页。
盛斌、毛其淋,2011,“贸易开放,国内市场一体化与中国省际经济增长:1985~2008年”,《世界经济》,第11期,第44-66页。
唐玲、杨正林,2009,“能源效率与工业经济转型---基于中国1998~2007年行业数据的实证分析”,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第10期,第34-48页。
汪克亮、杨力、杨宝臣、程云鹤,2013,“能源经济效率、能源环境绩效与区域经济增长”,《管理科学》,第3期,第86-99页。
吴延瑞,2008,“生产率对中国经济增长的贡献:新的估计”,《经济学(季刊)》,第3期,第827-848页。
冼国明、严兵,2006,“FDI对中国创新能力的溢出效应”,《世界经济》,第10期,第18-25页。
杨骞、刘华军,2014,“技术进步对全要素能源效率的空间溢出效应及其分解”,《经济评论》,第6期,第54-62页。张华,2014,“绿色悖论”之谜:地方政府竞争视角的解读”,《财经研究》,第12期,第114-127页。
张友国,2009,“中国贸易增长的能源环境代价”,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第1期,第16-30页。
郑磊,2008,“财政分权,政府竞争与公共支出结构---政府教育支出比重的影响因素分析”,《经济科学》,第1期,第28-40页。
Cantw ell,J.,J.H.Dunning,and S.M.Lundan,2010,“An Evolutionary Approach to Understanding International Business Activity:The Co-evolution of MNEs and the Institutional Environment”,Journal of International Business Studies,41(4):567-586.
Hansen,B.E,1999,“Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:Estimation,testing,and inference”,Journal of econometrics,93(2):345-368.
Luo,Y.and J.J.Tan,1997,“How much does industry structure impact foreign direct investment in China?”,International Business Review,6(4):337-359.
Omri,A.and B.kahouli,2014,“Causal Relationships between Energy Consumption,Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth:Fresh Evidence from Dynamic Simultaneous-Equations Models”,Energy Policy,67(7):913-922.
Sabirianova,P.K.,J.Svejnar,and K.Terrell,2012,“Foreign Investment,Corporate Ownership,and Development:Are Firms in Emerging Markets Catching up to the World Standard?”,Review of Economics and Statistics,94(4):981-999.
Wang,C.,A.Boateng,and J.Hong,2009,“What Drives Internationalization of Chinese Firms:Three Theoretical Explanations”,Paper apresentado no The 2nd GEP Conference'The Global Financial Crisis,6(5):296-302.
Wang,H.and Y.Jin,2007,“Industrial Ow nership and Environmental Performance:Evidence from China”,Environmental and Resources Economics,36(3):255-273.
Zhou,P.,B.W.Ang,and D.Q.Zhou,2012,“Measuring Economy-wide Energy Efficiency Performance a Parametric Frontier Approach”,Applied Energy,90(1):196-200.
Zhu,Q.,J.Cordeiro,J.Sarkis,2013,“Institutional Pressures,Dynamic Capabilities and Environmental Management Systems:Investigating the ISO 9000-Environmental Management System Implementation Linkage”,Journal of Environmental Management,114(4):232-242.
(1)Hausman检验结果表明本文应将个体效应视为固定效应,因篇幅限制,不再列出检验结果。
(1)东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、辽宁、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东和海南11个省市;中部地区包括山西、吉林、黑龙江、安徽、江西、河南、湖北和湖南8个省份;西部地区包括内蒙古、广西、重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏和新疆11个省市区。