自评健康是否对工资收入存在溢价效应——基于倾向得分匹配与分位数分解
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摘要
基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2012年和2015年构成混合截面数据,运用OLS与分位数回归估计工作单位性质、性别因不同的自评健康所产生的工资收入差异,并运用倾向得分匹配以降低健康选择的内生性问题。运用工资收入差异分解估计特征效应与系数效应。研究发现:自评健康的平均溢价效应约为18.07%。其中,非公共部门与女性就业群体的自评健康溢价效应较为明显。分位数回归表明随工资收入逐步递增,自评健康的溢价效应呈逐步递减趋势。工资收入差异分解表明,我国就业市场总体存在因自评健康所导致的工资收入歧视效应,且歧视效应是随工资收入成反向变动关系。各级政府、社会及企业应着力提升低收入就业人群的健康状况,其对缩小我国就业市场的工资收入差距,提升中低收入人群的工资收入水平有着重要的政策意义。
Based on the mix cross-section data from the CGSS 2012 and 2015. By the OLS and quantile regression, the paper had estimated wage income gap form the different self-rated health in the different work unit and sex. In addition, we had reduced endogenous problems form the health choice by the PSM. The paper had estimated characteristic effect and coefficient effect by the wage income differential decomposition. The study had found the average premium effect of the self-rated health about 18.07%, which the premium effect of the self-rated health had become more obvious in the nonpublic sector and female employment groups. Quantile regression results also show that the premium effect of the self-rated health be diminished with the increasing gradually of the wage income.Wage income differential decomposition results also show that there be discrimination effect of the wage income because of the self-rated health in the labor market, and the discrimination effect had been a negative relation along with the wage income. The governments at various level and firms and society shall improve constantly health status of the low-income group, which will be important policy implication for narrowing the wage income gap and improving the wage income level of the low and middle income group.
Based on the mix cross-section data from the CGSS 2012 and 2015. By the OLS and quantile regression, the paper had estimated wage income gap form the different self-rated health in the different work unit and sex. In addition, we had reduced endogenous problems form the health choice by the PSM. The paper had estimated characteristic effect and coefficient effect by the wage income differential decomposition. The study had found the average premium effect of the self-rated health about 18.07%, which the premium effect of the self-rated health had become more obvious in the nonpublic sector and female employment groups. Quantile regression results also show that the premium effect of the self-rated health be diminished with the increasing gradually of the wage income.Wage income differential decomposition results also show that there be discrimination effect of the wage income because of the self-rated health in the labor market, and the discrimination effect had been a negative relation along with the wage income. The governments at various level and firms and society shall improve constantly health status of the low-income group, which will be important policy implication for narrowing the wage income gap and improving the wage income level of the low and middle income group.
引文
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[23]刘泉.外语能力与收入——来自中国城市劳动力市场的证据[J].南开经济研究,2014,(3):137-153.
[24] Gao,W.,&R.Smyth. Economic Returns to Speaking′Standard Mandarin′among Migrants in China′s Urban Labor Market[J]. Eco?nomics of Education Review, 2011, 30(2):342-352.
[25]董良.教育、工作经验与家庭背景对居民收入的影响——对明瑟方程和“布劳—邓肯”模型的综合[J].中国社会科学院研究生院学报,2016,(4):103-109.
[26] Blau, P.M.,&O.D.Duncan. The American Occupational Structure[M]. Hoboken, NJ, US:John Wiley&Sons Inc, 1967.
[27]阳义南,连玉君.中国社会代际流动性的动态解析——CGSS与CLDS混合横截面数据的经验证据[J].管理世界,2015,(4):79-91.
[28]杨国涛,段君,刘子訸.明瑟收入方程的若干改进和思考[J].统计研究,2014,(7):81-84.
[29]娄艳霞.教育对中国城镇居民的收入影响分析[J].行政事业资产与财务,2018,(7):91-92.
[30]张车伟,薛欣欣.国有部门与非国有部门工资差异及人力资本贡献[J].经济研究,2008,(4):15-25.
[31] Oaxaca, R. Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets[J]. International Economic Review, 1973, 4(3):693-709.
[32] Brown, R.,&M.Moon&S.Barbara. Incorporating Occupational Attainment in Studies of Male-Female Earnings Differentials[J].The Journal of Human Resources, 1980, 15(1):3-28.
[33] Cotton, J. On the Decomposition of Wage Differentials[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1988, 70(2):236-243.
[34] Neumark, D. Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination[J]. The Journal of Human Resources,1988,23(3):279-295
[35]阳建辉,杨继生.交互效应,动态面板模型的Blinder-Oaxaca分解与仿真[J].系统工程理论与实践,2017,(4):855-864.
[36]葛玉好,赵媛媛.工资差距分解方法之述评[J].世界经济文汇,2011,(3):110-120.
[2]李实.中国收入分配制度改革四十年[J].China Economist, 2018, 13(4):2-33.
[3]李实,高霞.居民收入差距的测量及其合理判断[J].统计与决策,2015,(10):11-16.
[4]马磊.我国劳动收入差异影响因素研究——基于“中国民生调查”2014—2017年数据的分析[J].重庆理工大学学报(社会科学),2018,(10):1-13.
[5]侯猛.性别工资差异与工资歧视——基于RIF回归的分解方法[J].南方人口,2016,(1):18-25.
[6]章莉,蔡文鑫.中国劳动力市场收入户籍歧视的无条件分位数分解[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2017,(1):12-18.
[7]吴彬彬,李实.中国地区之间收入差距变化:2002—2013年[J].经济与管理研究,2018,(10):31-44.
[8]齐亚强,梁童心.地区差异还是行业差异?——双重劳动力市场分割与收入不平等[J].社会学研究,2016,(1):168-190.
[9] Grossman, M. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health[J]. The Journal of Political Economy, 1972, 80(2):223-255.
[10] Gong, L.T.,&H.Y. Li.,&D.H. Wang. Health Investment, Physical Capital Accumulation, and Economic Growth[J].China Eco?nomic Review, 2012, 23(4):1104-1119.
[11]王鹏,刘国恩.健康人力资本与性别工资差异[J].南方经济,2010,(9):73-84.
[12]俞福丽,蒋乃华.健康对农民种植业收入的影响研究——基于中国健康与营养调查数据的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,2015,(4):66-71.
[13]王秀芝,易婷.健康人力资本的收入效应[J].首都经济贸易大学学报,2017,(4):20-26.
[14]邓力源,唐代盛,余驰晨.我国农村居民健康人力资本对其非农就业收入影响的实证研究[J].人口学刊,2018,(1):102-112.
[15] Ben Halima, M.A.,&E. Rococo. Wage Differences According to Health Status in France[J]. Social Science&Medicine, 2014,120(11):260-268.
[16] Thomas, D.,&J. Strauss. Health and Wages:Evidence on Men and Women in Urban Brazil[J]. Journal of Econometrics, 1997, 77(1):159-185.
[17]张玉华,赵媛媛.健康对个人收入和城乡收入差距的影响[J].财经问题研究,2015,(8):11-16.
[18] Kim, I.,&J. Bahk. Prevalence of Overweight and Income Gaps in 245 Districts of Korea:Comparison Using the National Health Screening Database and the Community Health Survey, 2009-2014[J].Journal of Korean Medical Science,2018,33(1):553-560.
[19]高凯,汪泓,刘婷婷.劳动人口健康水平影响因素及健康状况演变趋势[J].社会科学研究,2018,(1):38-47.
[20] Idler, E.L.,&Y. Benyamini. Self-Rated Health and Mortality:A Review of Twenty-Seven Community Studies[J]. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,1997,38(1):21-37.
[21]吴晓刚.中国的户籍制度与代际职业流动[J].社会学研究,2007,(6):38-65.
[22]李代.教育的同型婚姻与中国社会的家庭工资收入不平等:1996-2012[J].社会,2017,(3):103-130.
[23]刘泉.外语能力与收入——来自中国城市劳动力市场的证据[J].南开经济研究,2014,(3):137-153.
[24] Gao,W.,&R.Smyth. Economic Returns to Speaking′Standard Mandarin′among Migrants in China′s Urban Labor Market[J]. Eco?nomics of Education Review, 2011, 30(2):342-352.
[25]董良.教育、工作经验与家庭背景对居民收入的影响——对明瑟方程和“布劳—邓肯”模型的综合[J].中国社会科学院研究生院学报,2016,(4):103-109.
[26] Blau, P.M.,&O.D.Duncan. The American Occupational Structure[M]. Hoboken, NJ, US:John Wiley&Sons Inc, 1967.
[27]阳义南,连玉君.中国社会代际流动性的动态解析——CGSS与CLDS混合横截面数据的经验证据[J].管理世界,2015,(4):79-91.
[28]杨国涛,段君,刘子訸.明瑟收入方程的若干改进和思考[J].统计研究,2014,(7):81-84.
[29]娄艳霞.教育对中国城镇居民的收入影响分析[J].行政事业资产与财务,2018,(7):91-92.
[30]张车伟,薛欣欣.国有部门与非国有部门工资差异及人力资本贡献[J].经济研究,2008,(4):15-25.
[31] Oaxaca, R. Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets[J]. International Economic Review, 1973, 4(3):693-709.
[32] Brown, R.,&M.Moon&S.Barbara. Incorporating Occupational Attainment in Studies of Male-Female Earnings Differentials[J].The Journal of Human Resources, 1980, 15(1):3-28.
[33] Cotton, J. On the Decomposition of Wage Differentials[J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 1988, 70(2):236-243.
[34] Neumark, D. Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination[J]. The Journal of Human Resources,1988,23(3):279-295
[35]阳建辉,杨继生.交互效应,动态面板模型的Blinder-Oaxaca分解与仿真[J].系统工程理论与实践,2017,(4):855-864.
[36]葛玉好,赵媛媛.工资差距分解方法之述评[J].世界经济文汇,2011,(3):110-120.
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