哺乳动物染色质三维结构单元的特征及其相互关系
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摘要
哺乳动物细胞核中,染色质通过折叠组装形成各种染色质三维结构单元,例如染色体疆域、染色质区室、拓扑关联结构域和染色质环等,它们在基因表达调控、细胞分化与疾病发生等过程中发挥着重要作用。早期研究表明,这些结构单元分别代表染色质不同层级的三维构象,在哺乳动物细胞核中层级分布。近年来,随着染色质构象捕获新技术的不断发展和研究的不断深入,发现这些结构单元在细胞核中并非是单纯的层级结构。本文归纳了近年来发展出的染色质构象捕获技术,详细介绍了不同染色质三维结构单元的特征及功能,并重点阐述了染色质三维结构单元间的相互关系。本文为后续研究提供有价值的参考。
In the nucleus of mammals, chromatins are folded into various three-dimensional structural units,such as chromosome territories, chromatin compartments, topologically associating domains, and chromatin loops, etc. These structural units play key roles in the regulation of gene expression, cell differentiation and disease development. Previous studies suggested that these structural units represented three dimensional conformations of chromatin at different levels, and distributed hierarchically in mammalian cell nuclei. In recent years, with the rapid development of new technologies of chromatin conformation capture, it has been found that these structural units may not be a simple hierarchical architecture in the nucleus. In this review, we summarize the recently developed technologies of chromatin conformation capture, detailly describe the features and functions of different three-dimensional structural units of chromatin folding. Particularly, we focused on the interrelation among different chromatin structural units. This review provides a valuable reference for subsequent studies.
In the nucleus of mammals, chromatins are folded into various three-dimensional structural units,such as chromosome territories, chromatin compartments, topologically associating domains, and chromatin loops, etc. These structural units play key roles in the regulation of gene expression, cell differentiation and disease development. Previous studies suggested that these structural units represented three dimensional conformations of chromatin at different levels, and distributed hierarchically in mammalian cell nuclei. In recent years, with the rapid development of new technologies of chromatin conformation capture, it has been found that these structural units may not be a simple hierarchical architecture in the nucleus. In this review, we summarize the recently developed technologies of chromatin conformation capture, detailly describe the features and functions of different three-dimensional structural units of chromatin folding. Particularly, we focused on the interrelation among different chromatin structural units. This review provides a valuable reference for subsequent studies.
引文
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Ganji M,Shaltiel I A,Bisht S,et al.2018.Real-time imaging of DNA loop extrusion by condensin[J].Science,360(6384):102-105.
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Hong S,Kim D.2017.Computational characterization of chromatin domain boundary-associated genomic elements[J].Nucleic Acids Research,45(18):10403-10414.
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Ke Y,Xu Y,Chen X,et al.2017.3D Chromatin structures of mature gametes and structural reprogramming during mammalian embryogenesis[J].Cell,170(2):367-381e320.
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Rao S S,Huntley M H,Durand N C,et al.2014.A 3D map of the human genome at kilobase resolution reveals principles of chromatin looping[J].Cell,159(7):1665-1680.
Rao S S P,Huang S C,Glenn St Hilaire B,et al.2017.Cohesin loss eliminates all loop domains[J].Cell,171(2):305-320 e324.
Roukos V,Misteli T.2014.The biogenesis of chromosome translocations[J].Nature Cell Biology,16(4):293-300.
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