海陆风环流中海盐气溶胶对大气影响的模拟
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摘要
采用WRF-CMAQ模式对2013年9月9～13日珠江口一次典型海陆风过程进行数值模拟,并进一步探讨了在此类型环流系统下,海盐气溶胶及其对大气环境的影响.结果表明:珠江口附近海风环流一般在14:00左右开始形成,17:00左右发展最旺盛,且在珠江口沿岸形成扇形风系.在海陆风环流影响下,珠江三角洲地区陆地上Na~+浓度从17:00开始增加,次日02:00左右达到最大,10:00以后开始下降.海盐气溶胶存在明显的氯亏损现象,其中白天的氯亏损情况远比晚上严重,细粒径的氯亏损情况比粗粒径严重.设置有无海盐气溶胶排放的敏感性试验进行对比研究发现:考虑海盐排放后,珠江口地区HCl,SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-的浓度均有增加,其中,HCl和NO_3~-的增加较多,SO_4~(2-)较少.HCl浓度增加的高值在Cl-高值之前;SO_4~(2-)浓度变化主要受海盐气溶胶排放中的硫酸盐组分影响;NO_3~-浓度变化则主要受氯亏损机制和NO_3~-干沉降过程共同影响.
The influence of sea salt aerosols on atmospheric environment in a typical sea-land-breeze circulation over Pearl River Estuary(PRE) during 9～13 September 2013 was investigated with the simulation based on the WRF-CMAQ modeling. The results indicated that the sea-breeze circulation was initiated at around 14:00 LST(local standard time) and subsequently reached its peak at around 17:00 LST, and formed a fan wind circulation along PRE. The mass concentration of Na+ in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)increased from 17:00 LST and reached the maximum value at around 02:00 LST the next day, then gradually decreased after 10:00 LST. The substantial chloride depletion was observed for the sea salt aerosols with more depletion being seen during daytime than nighttime, and more depletion for fine particles than coarse particles. Sensitivity experiments were respectively conducted with and without the emissions of sea salt aerosols in the model system. The results showed that the mass concentrations of HCl, SO_4~(2-), and NO_3~- all increased with the emissions and more increases were seen for HCl and NO_3~- than for SO_4~(2-). The peak concentration of HCl arrived earlier than that of Cl-. The SO_4~(2-) concentration was mainly affected by the sulfate component in the emitted sea salt aerosols,while the NO_3~- concentration was mainly affected by both the chloride depletion and its dry deposition.
The influence of sea salt aerosols on atmospheric environment in a typical sea-land-breeze circulation over Pearl River Estuary(PRE) during 9～13 September 2013 was investigated with the simulation based on the WRF-CMAQ modeling. The results indicated that the sea-breeze circulation was initiated at around 14:00 LST(local standard time) and subsequently reached its peak at around 17:00 LST, and formed a fan wind circulation along PRE. The mass concentration of Na+ in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)increased from 17:00 LST and reached the maximum value at around 02:00 LST the next day, then gradually decreased after 10:00 LST. The substantial chloride depletion was observed for the sea salt aerosols with more depletion being seen during daytime than nighttime, and more depletion for fine particles than coarse particles. Sensitivity experiments were respectively conducted with and without the emissions of sea salt aerosols in the model system. The results showed that the mass concentrations of HCl, SO_4~(2-), and NO_3~- all increased with the emissions and more increases were seen for HCl and NO_3~- than for SO_4~(2-). The peak concentration of HCl arrived earlier than that of Cl-. The SO_4~(2-) concentration was mainly affected by the sulfate component in the emitted sea salt aerosols,while the NO_3~- concentration was mainly affected by both the chloride depletion and its dry deposition.
引文
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[24]Byun D,Schere K L.Review of the governing equations,computational algorithms,and other components of the Models-3Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ)modeling system[J].Applied Mechanics Reviews,2006,59(2):51-77.
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[26]Gong S L.A parameterization of sea-salt aerosol source function for sub-and super-micron particles[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2003,17(1097).
[27]Leeuw G D,Neele F P,Hill M,et al.Production of sea spray aerosol in the surf zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere,2000,105:29397-29409.
[28]常鸣,樊少芬,王雪梅.珠三角土地覆被资料优选及在WRF模式中的初步应用[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(8):1922-1933.Chang M,Fan S F,Wang X M.Impact of refined land-cover data on WRF performance over the Pearl River Delta region,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(8):1922-1933.
[29]Li M,Zhang Q,Kurokawa J I,et al.MIX:a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17:935-963.
[30]Guenther A,Karl T,Harley P,et al.Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN(model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature)[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2006,6:3181-3210.
[31]赵文龙.广州地区海陆风条件下臭氧污染的数值模拟研究[D].广州:暨南大学,2017.Zhao W L.Numerical simulation of ozone pollution in Guangzhou Area under sea-land breeze condition[D].Guangzhou:Jinan University,2017.
[32]Pleim J E,Chang J S.A non local closure model in the convective boundary layer[J].Atmospheric Environment,1992,26A:965-981.
[33]Pleim J E.A combined local and nonlocal closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer.Part I:model description and testing[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,2007,46:1383-1395.
[34]Chang J S,Middleton P B,Stockwell W R,et al.Acidic deposition:State of science and technology.Report 4.The regional acid deposition model and engineering model.Final report[J].Journal of Materials Science Letters,1990,9(7):772-773.
[35]姚小红,黄美元,高会旺,等.海盐氯循环对输送污染物致酸的缓冲作用[J].大气科学,1998,22(6):913-918.Yao X H,Huang M Y,Gao H W,et al.The buffering effect of sea salt chlorine cycle on acid transport of pollutants[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1998,22(6):913-918.
[36]Mc Innes L M,Covert D S,Quinn P K,et al.Measurements of chloride depletion and sulfur enrichment in individual sea-salt particles colllected from the remote marine boundary layer[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(D4):8257-8268.
[2]Jeffreys H.On the dynamics of wind[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1922,48(201):29-48.
[3]Haurwitz B.Comments on the sea-breeze circulation[J].Journal of Meteorology,1947,4(1):1-8.
[4]孙贞,高荣珍,张进,等.青岛地区8月一次海风环流实例分析和WRF模拟[J].气象,2009.35(8):76-84.Sun Z,Gao R Z,Zhang J,et al.An analysis and WRF simulation of a case of sea-breeze circulation in August at Qingdao[J].Meteorological Monthly,2009,35(8):76-84.
[5]Papanastasiou D K,Melas D,Lissaridis I.Study of wind field under sea breeze conditions;an application of WRF model[J].Atmospheric Research,2010,98(1):102-117.
[6]柯史钊,黄健.华南海陆风的数值模拟[J].热带气象学报,1993,9(2):169-176.Ke S Z,Huang J.Numerical simulation of sea-land breeze in South China[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,1993,9(2):169-176.
[7]文伟俊,沈桐立,丁治英,等.城市化对广西夏季海陆风影响的数值试验[J].热带气象学报,2009,25(3):350-356.Wen W J,Shen T L,Ding Z Y,et al.Numerical experiment on the influence of urbanization on sea-land breeze in Guangxi in summer[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2009,25(3):350-356.
[8]邱晓暖,范绍佳.海陆风研究进展与我国沿海三地海陆风主要特征[J].气象,2013,39(2):186-193.Qiu X N,Fan S J.Progress of sea-land breeze study and the characteristics of sea-land breeze in three coastal areas in China[J].Meteorological Monthly,2013,39(2):186-193.
[9]张立凤,张铭,林宏源.珠江口地区海陆风系的研究[J].大气科学,1999,33(5):581-589.Zhang L F,Zhang M,Lin H Y.Study on the sea-land-breeze system in the Pearl River Estuary region[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1999,33(5):581-589.
[10]Ding A J,Wang T,Zhao M,et al.Simulation of sea-land breezes and a discussion of their implications on the transport of air pollution during a multi-day ozone episode in the Pearl River Delta of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(39):6737-6750.
[11]Lu X,Chow K C,Yao T,et al.Seasonal variation of the land-sea breeze circulation in the Pearl River Delta region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2009,114,D17112,doi:10.1029/2009JD011764.
[12]吴蒙,罗云,吴兑,等.珠三角干季海陆风特征及其对空气质量影响的观测[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(11):3263-3272.Wu M,Luo Y,Wu D,et al.Observation on the characteristics of sea-land breezes and its influence to air quality over Pearl River Delta region during dry season[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(11):3263-3272.
[13]庄延娟,王伯光,刘灿.珠江口西岸冬季海陆风背景下羰基化合物的初步研究[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(4):568-575.Zhuang Y J,Wang B G,Liu C.Preliminary research on the carbonyl compounds under of sea-land breeze at the west coast of the Pearl River Estuary[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(4):568-575.
[14]Roth B,Okada K.On the modification of sea-salt particles in the coastal atmosphere[J].Atmospheric Environment,1998,32:1555-1569.
[15]Weis D D,Ewing G E.The reaction of nitrogen dioxide with sea salt aerosol[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,1999,103:4865-4873.
[16]Jaenicke R.Tropospheric aerosols.In:Aerosol Cloud Climate Interact[M].Ed.San Diego:Academic Press,1993:1-31.
[17]Houghton J T,Ding Y,Griggs D J,et al.IPCC.Climate Change:The Scientific Basis[R].Ed.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.
[18]刘建,吴兑,范绍佳,等.台风对沿海城市细粒子中海盐气溶胶的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(9):3255-3261.Liu J,Wu D,Fan S J,et al.Impact of Typhoon heavy precipitation on sea-salt aerosol in coastal city[J].Journal of Environmental Science,2017,37(9):3255-3261.
[19]Im U.Impact of sea-salt emissions on the model performance and aerosol chemical composition and deposition in the east Mediterranean coastal regions[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,75:329-340.
[20]刘倩,王体健,李树,等.海盐气溶胶影响酸碱气体及无机盐气溶胶的敏感性试验[J].气候与环境研究,2008,13(5):598-607.Liu Q,Wang T J,Li S,et al.Sensitivity tests of the impacts of sea salt aerosol on the acid-base gases and the inorganic salts[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2008,13(5):598-607.
[21]Liu Y M,Zhang S T,Fan Q,et al.Accessing the impact of sea-salt emissions on aerosol chemical formation and deposition over Pearl River Delta,China[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2015,15:2232-2245.
[22]Skamarock W C,Klemp J B,Dudhia J,et al.A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3[Z].NCAR Technical Note:NCAR/TN-475+STR,2008.
[23]Otte T L,Pleim J E.The meteorology-chemistry interface processor(mcip)for the cmaq modeling system:Updates through mcipv3.4.1[J].Geoscientific Model Development,2010,3(1):243-256.
[24]Byun D,Schere K L.Review of the governing equations,computational algorithms,and other components of the Models-3Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ)modeling system[J].Applied Mechanics Reviews,2006,59(2):51-77.
[25]Gantt B,Kelly J T,Bash J O.Updating sea spray aerosol emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ)model version 5.0.2[J].Geoscientific Model Development,2015,8:3733-3746.
[26]Gong S L.A parameterization of sea-salt aerosol source function for sub-and super-micron particles[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2003,17(1097).
[27]Leeuw G D,Neele F P,Hill M,et al.Production of sea spray aerosol in the surf zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere,2000,105:29397-29409.
[28]常鸣,樊少芬,王雪梅.珠三角土地覆被资料优选及在WRF模式中的初步应用[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(8):1922-1933.Chang M,Fan S F,Wang X M.Impact of refined land-cover data on WRF performance over the Pearl River Delta region,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(8):1922-1933.
[29]Li M,Zhang Q,Kurokawa J I,et al.MIX:a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17:935-963.
[30]Guenther A,Karl T,Harley P,et al.Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN(model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature)[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2006,6:3181-3210.
[31]赵文龙.广州地区海陆风条件下臭氧污染的数值模拟研究[D].广州:暨南大学,2017.Zhao W L.Numerical simulation of ozone pollution in Guangzhou Area under sea-land breeze condition[D].Guangzhou:Jinan University,2017.
[32]Pleim J E,Chang J S.A non local closure model in the convective boundary layer[J].Atmospheric Environment,1992,26A:965-981.
[33]Pleim J E.A combined local and nonlocal closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer.Part I:model description and testing[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,2007,46:1383-1395.
[34]Chang J S,Middleton P B,Stockwell W R,et al.Acidic deposition:State of science and technology.Report 4.The regional acid deposition model and engineering model.Final report[J].Journal of Materials Science Letters,1990,9(7):772-773.
[35]姚小红,黄美元,高会旺,等.海盐氯循环对输送污染物致酸的缓冲作用[J].大气科学,1998,22(6):913-918.Yao X H,Huang M Y,Gao H W,et al.The buffering effect of sea salt chlorine cycle on acid transport of pollutants[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1998,22(6):913-918.
[36]Mc Innes L M,Covert D S,Quinn P K,et al.Measurements of chloride depletion and sulfur enrichment in individual sea-salt particles colllected from the remote marine boundary layer[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(D4):8257-8268.