近40a阿尔金山冰川与气候变化关系研究
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摘要
以Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像和数字高程模型为数据源,在遥感和地理信息技术支持下,分析了阿尔金山地区1973、1999、2010、2015四期冰川变化特征。研究表明:(1)1973-2015年,冰川总面积共退缩了58.78 km~2,年均退缩率为0.40%·a~(-1),东段退缩速率最快,其次是西段,中段最慢,且冰川退缩速率呈现出先变快后变慢的变化趋势。(2)各个坡向都出现不同程度的退缩,偏南坡比偏北坡冰川退缩严重。(3)冰川面积退缩速率与规模等级呈现反相关关系,小规模冰川退缩速率快。(4)冰川分布随海拔变化呈正态分布,海拔越低退缩速率越快。统计分析气象数据表明,气候变暖是冰川退缩的主要原因,同时地形与冰川规模也影响冰川变化。
This paper extracted glacier borders of Altun Mountains,southeast Xinjiang,China in 1973,1999,2010,and 2015 based on Landsat images of MSS,TM,ETM+,and OLI,respectively,to analyze glacier changes.As ice showing strong reflection in the red band,and absorbing strongly in the SWIR band,adopting a ratio between the red and the SWIR bands could extract glacier data faster,most importantly,the band ratio methodology for extracting glacier showed a high precision and reliability. In addition,we applied Arc GIS 10.2 for connecting a visual interpretation and geographic information technology to modify glacier borders. Therefore,this paper focused on the discussion and analysis of the relationship between glacier retreat and climate changes based on the meteorological stations obtained around the study area. We selected four meteorological stations nearest to the study sites to simulate the climate changes based on annual average temperature;annual precipitation and summer mean temperature. Generally,the summer mean temperature and annual precipitation play a decisive role for glacier melting. Because the study area adjoined to arid regions,the research on glacier changes has important effects on the water cycling system in arid regions. The results showed as follows:(1)The total glacier area decreased from 351.11 km~2 to 292.33 km~2,with an overall loss of 58.78 km~2,and the annual rate of retreat was0.40% · a~(-1),while the retreat rate was larger in the eastern glaciers than that of the central and the western glaciers,and the slowest retreat rate observed in the central glaciers. It is obvious that different area presented various glacier retreat rate. In addition,the glacier retreat rate of the study area became larger in the former period and then it became smaller in the latter during the past 42 years.(2)All the glacial areas decreased in various aspects,and generally,the glacier area decreased more in the southern-facing slopes than that in the northern-facing slopes because the southern-facing slopes receive more solar radiation than the northern-facing slopes.(3)The smaller glaciers appeared to shrink faster than the larger glaciers have and showed a non-linear relationship between glacier retreat rate and glacier scale grades. Based on some related research,we may acknowledge that the smaller glacier expresses more dynamic than that of the larger,in addition,the volatility of smaller glacier is more violent than that of larger glacier and the smaller glacier stability index is low. Therefore,the smaller glacier melted faster than the larger glacier.(4)The glaciers show a normal distribution with the increasing of elevation,and the retreat rate of the glacier was larger at a lower elevation than that at the higher. In addition,the glacier retreat curve became gentle as the elevation increases. The temperature at lower elevation area is greater than that at higher elevation area,moreover,the terrain becomes steeper as the elevation increases,thus,the steep terrain is might be the disadvantage for glacier accumulating. A normal distribution of glacier existed because of these two factors. It is acknowledged that the global warming trend is obvious,while precipitation increased slightly. The linear fitting of climate data of the study area revealed that the temperature continued to raise over the past 42 years,however,precipitation changed slightly. Therefore,climate warming is the main cause for glacier area decreasing during the last 42 years;in addition,terrain and glacier scale also influence glacier changes.
This paper extracted glacier borders of Altun Mountains,southeast Xinjiang,China in 1973,1999,2010,and 2015 based on Landsat images of MSS,TM,ETM+,and OLI,respectively,to analyze glacier changes.As ice showing strong reflection in the red band,and absorbing strongly in the SWIR band,adopting a ratio between the red and the SWIR bands could extract glacier data faster,most importantly,the band ratio methodology for extracting glacier showed a high precision and reliability. In addition,we applied Arc GIS 10.2 for connecting a visual interpretation and geographic information technology to modify glacier borders. Therefore,this paper focused on the discussion and analysis of the relationship between glacier retreat and climate changes based on the meteorological stations obtained around the study area. We selected four meteorological stations nearest to the study sites to simulate the climate changes based on annual average temperature;annual precipitation and summer mean temperature. Generally,the summer mean temperature and annual precipitation play a decisive role for glacier melting. Because the study area adjoined to arid regions,the research on glacier changes has important effects on the water cycling system in arid regions. The results showed as follows:(1)The total glacier area decreased from 351.11 km~2 to 292.33 km~2,with an overall loss of 58.78 km~2,and the annual rate of retreat was0.40% · a~(-1),while the retreat rate was larger in the eastern glaciers than that of the central and the western glaciers,and the slowest retreat rate observed in the central glaciers. It is obvious that different area presented various glacier retreat rate. In addition,the glacier retreat rate of the study area became larger in the former period and then it became smaller in the latter during the past 42 years.(2)All the glacial areas decreased in various aspects,and generally,the glacier area decreased more in the southern-facing slopes than that in the northern-facing slopes because the southern-facing slopes receive more solar radiation than the northern-facing slopes.(3)The smaller glaciers appeared to shrink faster than the larger glaciers have and showed a non-linear relationship between glacier retreat rate and glacier scale grades. Based on some related research,we may acknowledge that the smaller glacier expresses more dynamic than that of the larger,in addition,the volatility of smaller glacier is more violent than that of larger glacier and the smaller glacier stability index is low. Therefore,the smaller glacier melted faster than the larger glacier.(4)The glaciers show a normal distribution with the increasing of elevation,and the retreat rate of the glacier was larger at a lower elevation than that at the higher. In addition,the glacier retreat curve became gentle as the elevation increases. The temperature at lower elevation area is greater than that at higher elevation area,moreover,the terrain becomes steeper as the elevation increases,thus,the steep terrain is might be the disadvantage for glacier accumulating. A normal distribution of glacier existed because of these two factors. It is acknowledged that the global warming trend is obvious,while precipitation increased slightly. The linear fitting of climate data of the study area revealed that the temperature continued to raise over the past 42 years,however,precipitation changed slightly. Therefore,climate warming is the main cause for glacier area decreasing during the last 42 years;in addition,terrain and glacier scale also influence glacier changes.
引文
[1]陈梦蝶.青藏高原地区雪线时空变化动态研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2014.[CHEN Mengdie.Spatio-temporal change dynamic of snowline on Tibetan plateau[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2014.]
[2]祝合勇.近40年来阿尔金山现代冰川变化的遥感监测研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2012.[ZHU Heyong.Monitoring glacier change based on remote sensing in the Altun Mountain in the last four decades[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2014.]
[3]曹泊.祁连山东段冷龙岭现代冰川变化研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2013.[CAO Bo.Glacier changes in the Lenglongling Mountain,eastern Qilian Shan[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2013.]
[4]段建平,王丽丽,任贾文,等.近百年来中国冰川变化及其对气候变化的敏感性研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(2):231-237.[DUAN Jianping,WANG Lili,REN Jiawen,et al.Progress in glacier variations in China and its sensitivity to climatic change during the past century[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(2):231-237.]
[5]于国斌,李忠勤,王璞玉.近50 a祁连山西段大雪山和党河南山的冰川变化[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(2):299-309.[YU Guobin,LI Zhongqin,WANG Puyu.Glacier changes at the Daxue Mountain and Danghenan Mountain of west Qilian Mountains in recent 50 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(2):299-309.]
[6]王叶堂,侯书贵,鲁安新,等.近40年来天山东段冰川变化及其对气候的响应[J].干旱区地理,2008,31(6):813-821.[WANG Yetang,HOU Shugui,LU Anxin,et al.Response of glacier variations in the eastern Tianshan Mountains to climate change during the last 40 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2008,31(6):813-821.]
[7]祝合勇,杨太保,田洪阵.1973-2010年阿尔金山冰川变化[J].地理研究,2013,32(8):1430-1438.[ZHU Heyong,YANG Taibao,TIAN Hongzhen.Glacier variation in the Altun Mountains from 1973 to 2010[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(8):1430-1438.]
[8]施雅风,刘潮海,王宗太,等.简明中国冰川编目[M].上海:上海科学普及出版社,2005.[SHI Yafeng,LIU Chaohai,WANG Zongtai,et al.Concise glacier inventory of China[M].Shanghai:Popular Science Press of Shanghai,2005.]
[9]李成秀,杨太保,田洪阵.1990-2011年西昆仑峰区冰川变化的遥感监测[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(4):548-559.[LI Cheng-xiu,YANG Taibao,TIAN Hongzhen.Variation of West Kunlun Mountains glacier during 1990-2011[J].Progress in Geography,2013,32(4):548-559.]
[10]王秀娜,杨太保,田洪振,等.近40 a来南阿尔泰山区现代冰川变化及其对气候变化的响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(2):77-82.[WANG Xiuna,YANG Taibao,TIAN Hongzhen,et al.Response of glacier variation in the southern Altai Mountains to climate change during the last 40 years[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(2):77-82.]
[11]姜珊,杨太保,王秀娜,等.1973-2010年布喀塔格峰冰川波动对气候变化的响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(3):47-52.[JIANG Shan,YANG Taibao,WANG Xiuna,et al.Response of glacier variation to climate change in the Bukatage Ice Cap from 1973 to 2010[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(3):47-52.]
[12]ANDREASSEN L M,PAUL F,K??B A,et al.Landsat-derived glacier inventory for Jotunheimen,Norway,and deduced glacier changes since the 1930s[J].Cryosphere,2008,2(3):131-145.
[13]BOLCH T,MENOUNOS B,WHEATE R.Landsat-based inventory of glaciers in western Canada,1985-2005[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(1):127-137.
[14]李霞,杨太保,田洪阵,等.贡嘎山近40年冰川对气候变化的响应[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(6):125-129.[LI Xia,YANG Taibao,TIAN Hongzhen,et al.Response of glacier in Gongga Mountain to climate change during the last 40 years[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,20(6):125-129.]
[15]田洪阵,杨太保,刘沁萍.1976-2010年祁连山中段岗格尔肖合力雪山冰川退缩和气候变化的关系研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(7):41-46.[TIAN Hongzhen,YANG Taibao,LIU Qinping.Climate change and glacier retreat in Ganggeexiaoheli,middle Qilian Mountains using remote sensing data,1976-2010[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2012,26(7):41-46.]
[16]WILLIAMS R S,HALL D K,SIGURDSSON O,et al.Comparison of satellite-derived with ground-based measurements of the fluctuations of the margins of Vatnaj?kull,Iceland,1973-1992[J].Annals of Glaciology,1997,20(3):53-71.
[17]HALL D K,BAYR K J,SCH?NER W,et al.Consideration of the errors inherent in mapping historical glacier positions in Austria from the ground and space(1893-2001)[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,86(4):566-577.
[18]YE Q,KANG S,CHEN F,et al.Monitoring glacier variations on Geladandong Mountain,central Tibetan Plateau,from 1969to 2002 using remote-sensing and GIS technologies[J].Journal of Glaciology,2006,52(179):537-545.
[19]刘宗香,苏珍,姚檀栋,等.青藏高原冰川资源及其分布特征[J].资源科学,2000,22(5):49-52.[LIU Zongxiang,SU Zhen,YAO Tandong,et al.Resources and distribution of glaciers[J].Resources Science,2000,22(5):49-52.]
[20]王园香.青藏高原气候环境对冰川发育影响的数值模拟研究[D].北京:中国气象科学研究院,2009.[WANG Yuanxiang.The simulations of the effects of climate environments on glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,2009.]
[21]何毅,杨太保,冀琴,等.中亚阿拉套地区冰川退缩与气候变化关系研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):908-915.[HE Yi,YANG Taibao,JI Qin,et al.Glacier shrinkage and its dependence on climate in the Central Asia Alatau Region[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):908-915.]
[22]许君利,张世强,上官冬辉.30 a来长江源区冰川变化遥感监测[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(5):919-926.[XU Junli,ZHANG Shiqiang,SHANGUAN Donghui.Glacier change in headwaters of the Yangtze River in recent three decades[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(5):919-926.]
[23]叶柏生,丁永建,刘潮海.不同规模山谷冰川及其径流对气候变化的响应过程[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(2):103-110.[YE Bosheng,DING Yongjian,LIU Chaohai.Response of valley glaciers in various size and their runoff to climate change[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(2):103-110.]
[24]焦克勤,井哲帆,成鹏,等.天山奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川变化监测结果分析[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(5):733-738.[JIAO Keqin,JING Zhefan,CHENG Peng,et al.Monitoring results on the Glacier NO.51 at Haxilegen in the Kuytun River Basin,Tianshan Mountains[J].Arid Land Geography,2009,32(5):733-738.]
[25]康尔泗.高亚洲冰冻圈能量平衡特征和物质平衡变化计算研究[J].冰川冻土,1996,S1:12-22.[KANG Ersi.Characteristics of energy balance and computation on the mass balance change of the High-Asia cryosphere[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1996,S1:12-22.]
[26]王璞玉,李忠勤,曹敏,等.近50 a来天山博格达峰地区四工河4号冰川表面高程变化特征[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(3):464-470.[WANG Puyu,LI Zhongqin,CAO Min,et al.Ice surface-elevation changes of glacier NO.4 of Sigong River in Bogda,Tianshan Mountains,during the last 50 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(3):464-470.]
[27]高晓清,汤懋苍,冯松.冰川变化与气候变化关系的若干探讨[J].高原气象,2000,19(1):9-16.[GAO Xiaoqing,TANG Maocang,FENG Song.Discussion on the relationship between glacial fluctuation and climate change[J].Plateau Meteorology,2000,19(1):9-16.]
[2]祝合勇.近40年来阿尔金山现代冰川变化的遥感监测研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2012.[ZHU Heyong.Monitoring glacier change based on remote sensing in the Altun Mountain in the last four decades[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2014.]
[3]曹泊.祁连山东段冷龙岭现代冰川变化研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2013.[CAO Bo.Glacier changes in the Lenglongling Mountain,eastern Qilian Shan[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2013.]
[4]段建平,王丽丽,任贾文,等.近百年来中国冰川变化及其对气候变化的敏感性研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(2):231-237.[DUAN Jianping,WANG Lili,REN Jiawen,et al.Progress in glacier variations in China and its sensitivity to climatic change during the past century[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(2):231-237.]
[5]于国斌,李忠勤,王璞玉.近50 a祁连山西段大雪山和党河南山的冰川变化[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(2):299-309.[YU Guobin,LI Zhongqin,WANG Puyu.Glacier changes at the Daxue Mountain and Danghenan Mountain of west Qilian Mountains in recent 50 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(2):299-309.]
[6]王叶堂,侯书贵,鲁安新,等.近40年来天山东段冰川变化及其对气候的响应[J].干旱区地理,2008,31(6):813-821.[WANG Yetang,HOU Shugui,LU Anxin,et al.Response of glacier variations in the eastern Tianshan Mountains to climate change during the last 40 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2008,31(6):813-821.]
[7]祝合勇,杨太保,田洪阵.1973-2010年阿尔金山冰川变化[J].地理研究,2013,32(8):1430-1438.[ZHU Heyong,YANG Taibao,TIAN Hongzhen.Glacier variation in the Altun Mountains from 1973 to 2010[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(8):1430-1438.]
[8]施雅风,刘潮海,王宗太,等.简明中国冰川编目[M].上海:上海科学普及出版社,2005.[SHI Yafeng,LIU Chaohai,WANG Zongtai,et al.Concise glacier inventory of China[M].Shanghai:Popular Science Press of Shanghai,2005.]
[9]李成秀,杨太保,田洪阵.1990-2011年西昆仑峰区冰川变化的遥感监测[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(4):548-559.[LI Cheng-xiu,YANG Taibao,TIAN Hongzhen.Variation of West Kunlun Mountains glacier during 1990-2011[J].Progress in Geography,2013,32(4):548-559.]
[10]王秀娜,杨太保,田洪振,等.近40 a来南阿尔泰山区现代冰川变化及其对气候变化的响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(2):77-82.[WANG Xiuna,YANG Taibao,TIAN Hongzhen,et al.Response of glacier variation in the southern Altai Mountains to climate change during the last 40 years[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(2):77-82.]
[11]姜珊,杨太保,王秀娜,等.1973-2010年布喀塔格峰冰川波动对气候变化的响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(3):47-52.[JIANG Shan,YANG Taibao,WANG Xiuna,et al.Response of glacier variation to climate change in the Bukatage Ice Cap from 1973 to 2010[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(3):47-52.]
[12]ANDREASSEN L M,PAUL F,K??B A,et al.Landsat-derived glacier inventory for Jotunheimen,Norway,and deduced glacier changes since the 1930s[J].Cryosphere,2008,2(3):131-145.
[13]BOLCH T,MENOUNOS B,WHEATE R.Landsat-based inventory of glaciers in western Canada,1985-2005[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(1):127-137.
[14]李霞,杨太保,田洪阵,等.贡嘎山近40年冰川对气候变化的响应[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(6):125-129.[LI Xia,YANG Taibao,TIAN Hongzhen,et al.Response of glacier in Gongga Mountain to climate change during the last 40 years[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,20(6):125-129.]
[15]田洪阵,杨太保,刘沁萍.1976-2010年祁连山中段岗格尔肖合力雪山冰川退缩和气候变化的关系研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(7):41-46.[TIAN Hongzhen,YANG Taibao,LIU Qinping.Climate change and glacier retreat in Ganggeexiaoheli,middle Qilian Mountains using remote sensing data,1976-2010[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2012,26(7):41-46.]
[16]WILLIAMS R S,HALL D K,SIGURDSSON O,et al.Comparison of satellite-derived with ground-based measurements of the fluctuations of the margins of Vatnaj?kull,Iceland,1973-1992[J].Annals of Glaciology,1997,20(3):53-71.
[17]HALL D K,BAYR K J,SCH?NER W,et al.Consideration of the errors inherent in mapping historical glacier positions in Austria from the ground and space(1893-2001)[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,86(4):566-577.
[18]YE Q,KANG S,CHEN F,et al.Monitoring glacier variations on Geladandong Mountain,central Tibetan Plateau,from 1969to 2002 using remote-sensing and GIS technologies[J].Journal of Glaciology,2006,52(179):537-545.
[19]刘宗香,苏珍,姚檀栋,等.青藏高原冰川资源及其分布特征[J].资源科学,2000,22(5):49-52.[LIU Zongxiang,SU Zhen,YAO Tandong,et al.Resources and distribution of glaciers[J].Resources Science,2000,22(5):49-52.]
[20]王园香.青藏高原气候环境对冰川发育影响的数值模拟研究[D].北京:中国气象科学研究院,2009.[WANG Yuanxiang.The simulations of the effects of climate environments on glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,2009.]
[21]何毅,杨太保,冀琴,等.中亚阿拉套地区冰川退缩与气候变化关系研究[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):908-915.[HE Yi,YANG Taibao,JI Qin,et al.Glacier shrinkage and its dependence on climate in the Central Asia Alatau Region[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):908-915.]
[22]许君利,张世强,上官冬辉.30 a来长江源区冰川变化遥感监测[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(5):919-926.[XU Junli,ZHANG Shiqiang,SHANGUAN Donghui.Glacier change in headwaters of the Yangtze River in recent three decades[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(5):919-926.]
[23]叶柏生,丁永建,刘潮海.不同规模山谷冰川及其径流对气候变化的响应过程[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(2):103-110.[YE Bosheng,DING Yongjian,LIU Chaohai.Response of valley glaciers in various size and their runoff to climate change[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(2):103-110.]
[24]焦克勤,井哲帆,成鹏,等.天山奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川变化监测结果分析[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(5):733-738.[JIAO Keqin,JING Zhefan,CHENG Peng,et al.Monitoring results on the Glacier NO.51 at Haxilegen in the Kuytun River Basin,Tianshan Mountains[J].Arid Land Geography,2009,32(5):733-738.]
[25]康尔泗.高亚洲冰冻圈能量平衡特征和物质平衡变化计算研究[J].冰川冻土,1996,S1:12-22.[KANG Ersi.Characteristics of energy balance and computation on the mass balance change of the High-Asia cryosphere[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1996,S1:12-22.]
[26]王璞玉,李忠勤,曹敏,等.近50 a来天山博格达峰地区四工河4号冰川表面高程变化特征[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(3):464-470.[WANG Puyu,LI Zhongqin,CAO Min,et al.Ice surface-elevation changes of glacier NO.4 of Sigong River in Bogda,Tianshan Mountains,during the last 50 years[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(3):464-470.]
[27]高晓清,汤懋苍,冯松.冰川变化与气候变化关系的若干探讨[J].高原气象,2000,19(1):9-16.[GAO Xiaoqing,TANG Maocang,FENG Song.Discussion on the relationship between glacial fluctuation and climate change[J].Plateau Meteorology,2000,19(1):9-16.]