鱼类调控后毛里湖的浮游生物群落多样性与排序
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摘要
采用年初投放不同鱼类组成的方法修复和维护常德毛里湖生态环境,通过监测两年夏季的湖泊浮游生物和环境因子特征,运用群落多样性和排序方法分析了鱼类调控后的实施效果,探讨了该技术对湖泊生态修复和维护的可行性。结果表明:当鱼类投放组成从2016年的鲢∶鳙∶青鱼∶鲫的重量占比15∶60∶15∶10调整为2017年的鲢∶鳙∶青鱼∶鲫∶鲌∶黄颡鱼∶鳜的重量占比为25∶50∶10∶5∶5∶3∶2后,两年夏季全湖地表水环境质量均达Ⅲ类标准要求;透明度、p H、溶氧、叶绿素、总氮、总磷两年间夏季全湖平均值没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但化学需氧量(COD)从2016年的4.12 mg·L~(-1)降为2017年的3.47 mg·L~(-1)(P<0.05),降低了16%; 2016年、2017年夏季浮游植物平均密度为518×104ind·L~(-1)、493×104ind·L~(-1),下降了4.8%;浮游动物的平均密度为3283 ind·L~(-1)、3597ind·L~(-1),增加了9.6%;种类组成上,两年夏季均有绿藻门种类为优势种、浮游动物小型化和大型浮游动物丰度低的特点; 2017年浮游植物、浮游动物和浮游生物的丰富度指数比2016年分别增长了6.2%、15.5%、13.6%,浮游动物群落多样性指数提高了8.3%;两年中,决定夏季浮游生物群落结构特征的环境因子主要为水深、叶绿素、总氮,COD对群落排序的效应从2016年的变量得分0.68降低为2017年的0.20,成为最小影响因子;与2016年相比,2017年站点间群落相似性和浮游生物种群间相关性、群落多样性与环境因子的相关性均下降。提高功能组和营养级多样性的鱼类种群调控措施能保持湖泊水质在地表水质量标准Ⅲ类,使群落多样性达到更好的状态,浮游生物群落结构与环境因子相关性下降,种类分布趋向均匀分散。
The replenishment of fish with different species compositions at the beginning of the year was used to remediate and maintain the ecological environment of Maoli Lake,Changde. We monitored the characteristics of lake plankton and environmental factors in the summer of two years. The effects of fish control measure were analyzed from the aspect of community diversity and ordination. We further discussed the practicability of implementing this technology in lake ecological remediation and maintenance. The mass ratio of silver carp( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),bighead carp( Aristichthys nobilis),block carp( Mylopharyngodon pieces),crucian carp( Carassius auratus) was 15 ∶ 60 ∶ 15 ∶ 10( by weight) in 2016. The mass proportion of silver carp,bighead carp,block carp,crucian carp,culter fish( Culter aburnus),yellow-head catfish( Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) and mandarin fish( Siniperca chuats) was 25 ∶ 50 ∶ 10 ∶ 5 ∶ 5 ∶ 3 ∶ 2in 2017. The results showed that water quality of the whole lake was enhanced to the level of Class Ⅲ following environmental quality standards within the two years. The mean chemical oxygen demand( COD) was decreased by 16% from 4. 12 mg · L-1in 2016 to 3. 47 mg · L-1in2017. The mean levels of transparency,pH,dissolved oxygen,chlorophyll,total nitrogen and total phosphorus of the lake were not significantly changed( P >0.05). The mean density of the phytoplankton was decreased by 4.8% from 518 ×104ind·L~(-1)in 2016 to 493×104ind·L~(-1)in2017,while that of the zooplankton was increased by 9.6% from 3283 ind·L~(-1)in 2016 to 3597 ind · L-1in 2017. The green algae were dominant,the miniaturization of the zooplankton appeared,and the abundance of the large zooplankton was low. The Margalef indices of phytoplankton,zooplankton and plankton were increased by 6.2%,15.5%,and 13.6% respectively,while the Shannon index of the zooplankton was increased by 8. 3%. Water depth,chlorophyll level and total nitrogen concentration were the key factors controlling the plankton community structure across the two years. The factor weight of COD effect on the community ordination decreased from 0. 68 in 2016 to 0. 20 in 2017. The COD became the minimum factor affecting community ordination in 2017. The community similarity,plankton population correlation,and the relation of community diversity to environmental factors among nine sites in 2017 were declined compared with those in 2016. In all,the fish population manipulation for raising functional group diversity and trophic levels of fish in the lake ecosystem could maintain the lake water quality to the Class Ⅲ under the national groundwater environmental standards,improve the community diversity,and drive a uniform distribution of plankton species in the lake.
The replenishment of fish with different species compositions at the beginning of the year was used to remediate and maintain the ecological environment of Maoli Lake,Changde. We monitored the characteristics of lake plankton and environmental factors in the summer of two years. The effects of fish control measure were analyzed from the aspect of community diversity and ordination. We further discussed the practicability of implementing this technology in lake ecological remediation and maintenance. The mass ratio of silver carp( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),bighead carp( Aristichthys nobilis),block carp( Mylopharyngodon pieces),crucian carp( Carassius auratus) was 15 ∶ 60 ∶ 15 ∶ 10( by weight) in 2016. The mass proportion of silver carp,bighead carp,block carp,crucian carp,culter fish( Culter aburnus),yellow-head catfish( Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) and mandarin fish( Siniperca chuats) was 25 ∶ 50 ∶ 10 ∶ 5 ∶ 5 ∶ 3 ∶ 2in 2017. The results showed that water quality of the whole lake was enhanced to the level of Class Ⅲ following environmental quality standards within the two years. The mean chemical oxygen demand( COD) was decreased by 16% from 4. 12 mg · L-1in 2016 to 3. 47 mg · L-1in2017. The mean levels of transparency,pH,dissolved oxygen,chlorophyll,total nitrogen and total phosphorus of the lake were not significantly changed( P >0.05). The mean density of the phytoplankton was decreased by 4.8% from 518 ×104ind·L~(-1)in 2016 to 493×104ind·L~(-1)in2017,while that of the zooplankton was increased by 9.6% from 3283 ind·L~(-1)in 2016 to 3597 ind · L-1in 2017. The green algae were dominant,the miniaturization of the zooplankton appeared,and the abundance of the large zooplankton was low. The Margalef indices of phytoplankton,zooplankton and plankton were increased by 6.2%,15.5%,and 13.6% respectively,while the Shannon index of the zooplankton was increased by 8. 3%. Water depth,chlorophyll level and total nitrogen concentration were the key factors controlling the plankton community structure across the two years. The factor weight of COD effect on the community ordination decreased from 0. 68 in 2016 to 0. 20 in 2017. The COD became the minimum factor affecting community ordination in 2017. The community similarity,plankton population correlation,and the relation of community diversity to environmental factors among nine sites in 2017 were declined compared with those in 2016. In all,the fish population manipulation for raising functional group diversity and trophic levels of fish in the lake ecosystem could maintain the lake water quality to the Class Ⅲ under the national groundwater environmental standards,improve the community diversity,and drive a uniform distribution of plankton species in the lake.
引文
郭水良,于晶,陈国奇.2017.生态学数据分析:方法、程序与软件.北京:科学出版社:123-156.
贾佩峤,胡忠军,武震,等.2013.基于Ecopath模型对滆湖生态系统结构与功能的定量分析.长江流域资源与环境,22(2):190-197.
姜加虎,黄群,孙占东.2006.长江流域湖泊湿地生态环境状况分析.生态环境,15(2):424-429.
雷志宏.2012.毛里湖湿地公园建设的思考.林业与生态,(7):37-39.
李德亮,张婷,肖调义,等.2012.大通湖浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子关系.应用生态学报,23(8):2107-2113.
李云凯,刘恩生,王辉,等.2014.基于Ecopath模型的太湖生态系统结构与功能分析.应用生态学报,25(7):2033-2040.
刘保元,邱东茹,吴振斌.1997.富营养浅湖水生植被重建对底栖动物的影响.应用与环境生物学报,3(4):323-327.
刘建康,谢平.1999.揭开武汉东湖蓝藻水华消失之迷.长江流域资源与环境,8(3):312-319.
谢平.2003.鲢、鳙与藻类水华控制.北京:科学出版社:19-69.
徐黎明,覃忠元,张小立.2016.西湖渔获物组成及主体经济鱼类生长规律研究.当代水产,(7):86-88.
杨桂山,马荣华,张路,等.2010.中国湖泊现状及面临的重大问题与保护策略.湖泊科学,22(6):799-810.
张国华,曹文宣,陈宜瑜.1997.湖泊放养渔业对我国湖泊生态系统的影响.水生生物学报,21(3):271-280.
章宗涉,黄祥飞.1991.淡水浮游生物研究方法.北京:科学出版社:232-252.
赵文.2011.养殖水域生态学.北京:中国农业出版社:89-90.
钟诗群,陈荣坤,周杰,等.2014.大通湖浮游植物群落结构与富营养化动态研究.生态科学,33(3):586-593.
Cole JJ,Pace ML.2000.Persistence of net heterotrophy in lakes during nutrient addition and food web manipulations.Limnology&Oceanography,45:1718-1730.
Donald DB,Vniebrooke RD,Andreson RS,et al.2001.Recovery of zooplankton assemblages in mountain lakes from the effects of introduced sport fish.Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,58:1822-1830.
Hansson L,Annadotter H,Bergman E.1998.Biomanipulation as an application of food chain theory constraints,synthesis,and recommendations for temperate lakes.Ecosystems,1:558-574.
Jacques JMS,Douglas MSV,Price N,et al.2005.The effect of fish introductions on the diatom and cladoceran communities of Lake Opeongo,Ontario,Canada.Hydrobiologia,549:99-113.
Jeppesen E,Jensen JP,Sndergaard M,et al.1997.Top-down control in freshwater lakes:The role of nutrient state,submerged macrophytes,and water depth.Hydrobiologia,343:151-164.
Jeppesen E,Sndergaard M,Lauridsen TL,et al.2012.Biomanipulation as a restoration tool to combat eutrophication:recent advances and future challenges//Guy Woodward,ed.Advances in Ecological Research.New York:Elseviser Academic Press Inc,47:411-488.
Lammens EHR.1999.The central role of fish in lake restoration and management.Hydrobiologia,395:191-198.
Lauridsen TL,Jensen JP,Jeppesen E,et al.2003.Response of submerged macrophytes in Danish lakes to nutrient loading reductions and biomanipulation.Hydrobiologia,506:641-649.
Lazzaro X.1987.A review of planktivorous fishes:Their evolution,feeding behaviours,selectivities,and mpacts.Hydrobiologia,146:197-167.
Liu G,Liu Z,Smoak JM,et al.2015.The dynamics of cladoceran assemblages in response to eutrophication and planktivorous fish introduction in Lake Chenghai,a plateau saline lake.Quaternary International,355:188-193.
Lodge DM,Stein RA,Brown KM,et al.1998.Predicting impact of freshwater exotic species on native biodiversity:Challenges in spatial scaling.Austral Ecology,23:55-67
Pan G,Yang B,Wang D,et al.2011.In-lake algal bloom removal and submerged vegetation restoration using modified local soils.Ecological Engineering,37:302-308.
Shapiro J,Lamarra V,Lynch M.1975.Biomanipulation:An ecosystem approach to lake restoration.Proceedings of the Symposium on Water,21:85-96.
Scheffer M,Portielje R,Zambrano L.2003.Fish facilitate wave resuspension of sediment.Limnology and Oceanography,48:1920-1926.
Schindler DW.2006.Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication.Limnology and Oceanography,51:356-363.
Sndergaard M,Liboriussen L,Asger R.2008.Lake restoration by fish removal:Short-and long-term effects in 36 Danish lakes.Ecosystems,11:1291-1305.
Terbraak CJF,Verdonschot PFM.1995.Canonical correspondence analysis and related multivariate methods in aquatic ecology.Aquatic Sciences,57:255-289.
Vanni MJ.2002.Nutrient cycling by animals in freshwater ecosystem.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,33:341-370.
Xie P,Liu JK.2001.Practical success of biomanipulation using filter-feeding fish to control yanobacteria blooms:A synthesis of decades of research and application in a sub-tropical hypereutrophic lake.The Scientific World Journal,1:337-356.
贾佩峤,胡忠军,武震,等.2013.基于Ecopath模型对滆湖生态系统结构与功能的定量分析.长江流域资源与环境,22(2):190-197.
姜加虎,黄群,孙占东.2006.长江流域湖泊湿地生态环境状况分析.生态环境,15(2):424-429.
雷志宏.2012.毛里湖湿地公园建设的思考.林业与生态,(7):37-39.
李德亮,张婷,肖调义,等.2012.大通湖浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子关系.应用生态学报,23(8):2107-2113.
李云凯,刘恩生,王辉,等.2014.基于Ecopath模型的太湖生态系统结构与功能分析.应用生态学报,25(7):2033-2040.
刘保元,邱东茹,吴振斌.1997.富营养浅湖水生植被重建对底栖动物的影响.应用与环境生物学报,3(4):323-327.
刘建康,谢平.1999.揭开武汉东湖蓝藻水华消失之迷.长江流域资源与环境,8(3):312-319.
谢平.2003.鲢、鳙与藻类水华控制.北京:科学出版社:19-69.
徐黎明,覃忠元,张小立.2016.西湖渔获物组成及主体经济鱼类生长规律研究.当代水产,(7):86-88.
杨桂山,马荣华,张路,等.2010.中国湖泊现状及面临的重大问题与保护策略.湖泊科学,22(6):799-810.
张国华,曹文宣,陈宜瑜.1997.湖泊放养渔业对我国湖泊生态系统的影响.水生生物学报,21(3):271-280.
章宗涉,黄祥飞.1991.淡水浮游生物研究方法.北京:科学出版社:232-252.
赵文.2011.养殖水域生态学.北京:中国农业出版社:89-90.
钟诗群,陈荣坤,周杰,等.2014.大通湖浮游植物群落结构与富营养化动态研究.生态科学,33(3):586-593.
Cole JJ,Pace ML.2000.Persistence of net heterotrophy in lakes during nutrient addition and food web manipulations.Limnology&Oceanography,45:1718-1730.
Donald DB,Vniebrooke RD,Andreson RS,et al.2001.Recovery of zooplankton assemblages in mountain lakes from the effects of introduced sport fish.Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,58:1822-1830.
Hansson L,Annadotter H,Bergman E.1998.Biomanipulation as an application of food chain theory constraints,synthesis,and recommendations for temperate lakes.Ecosystems,1:558-574.
Jacques JMS,Douglas MSV,Price N,et al.2005.The effect of fish introductions on the diatom and cladoceran communities of Lake Opeongo,Ontario,Canada.Hydrobiologia,549:99-113.
Jeppesen E,Jensen JP,Sndergaard M,et al.1997.Top-down control in freshwater lakes:The role of nutrient state,submerged macrophytes,and water depth.Hydrobiologia,343:151-164.
Jeppesen E,Sndergaard M,Lauridsen TL,et al.2012.Biomanipulation as a restoration tool to combat eutrophication:recent advances and future challenges//Guy Woodward,ed.Advances in Ecological Research.New York:Elseviser Academic Press Inc,47:411-488.
Lammens EHR.1999.The central role of fish in lake restoration and management.Hydrobiologia,395:191-198.
Lauridsen TL,Jensen JP,Jeppesen E,et al.2003.Response of submerged macrophytes in Danish lakes to nutrient loading reductions and biomanipulation.Hydrobiologia,506:641-649.
Lazzaro X.1987.A review of planktivorous fishes:Their evolution,feeding behaviours,selectivities,and mpacts.Hydrobiologia,146:197-167.
Liu G,Liu Z,Smoak JM,et al.2015.The dynamics of cladoceran assemblages in response to eutrophication and planktivorous fish introduction in Lake Chenghai,a plateau saline lake.Quaternary International,355:188-193.
Lodge DM,Stein RA,Brown KM,et al.1998.Predicting impact of freshwater exotic species on native biodiversity:Challenges in spatial scaling.Austral Ecology,23:55-67
Pan G,Yang B,Wang D,et al.2011.In-lake algal bloom removal and submerged vegetation restoration using modified local soils.Ecological Engineering,37:302-308.
Shapiro J,Lamarra V,Lynch M.1975.Biomanipulation:An ecosystem approach to lake restoration.Proceedings of the Symposium on Water,21:85-96.
Scheffer M,Portielje R,Zambrano L.2003.Fish facilitate wave resuspension of sediment.Limnology and Oceanography,48:1920-1926.
Schindler DW.2006.Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication.Limnology and Oceanography,51:356-363.
Sndergaard M,Liboriussen L,Asger R.2008.Lake restoration by fish removal:Short-and long-term effects in 36 Danish lakes.Ecosystems,11:1291-1305.
Terbraak CJF,Verdonschot PFM.1995.Canonical correspondence analysis and related multivariate methods in aquatic ecology.Aquatic Sciences,57:255-289.
Vanni MJ.2002.Nutrient cycling by animals in freshwater ecosystem.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,33:341-370.
Xie P,Liu JK.2001.Practical success of biomanipulation using filter-feeding fish to control yanobacteria blooms:A synthesis of decades of research and application in a sub-tropical hypereutrophic lake.The Scientific World Journal,1:337-356.
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