国外秘书职业的起源和变迁
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摘要
秘书职业是一种古老的职业,也是社会公共事务专业化分工的产物。随着政治、商业环境的变迁,国外秘书职业历经古罗马帝国时期、中世纪,再到文艺复兴、工业化革命时代,其工作内容、社会地位、从业主体、职业素养也在不断变化。文章通过相关史料对国外秘书职业的起源和变迁情况进行梳理,有助于了解秘书职业的历史,把握秘书职业的发展趋势。
Secretary, an ancient occupation, is the result of socialized division of labor. With the change of the political and commercial environment, the secretary occupation has gone through the period of the roman empire, the middle age, the renaissance and the industrial revolution. Its job responsibility, social status, the employed staff and job requirement are also in constant change. This paper tries to figure out the origin and evolution of secretary profession in foreign countries through relevant historical literatures.
Secretary, an ancient occupation, is the result of socialized division of labor. With the change of the political and commercial environment, the secretary occupation has gone through the period of the roman empire, the middle age, the renaissance and the industrial revolution. Its job responsibility, social status, the employed staff and job requirement are also in constant change. This paper tries to figure out the origin and evolution of secretary profession in foreign countries through relevant historical literatures.
引文
[1]Carolyn Clark.What It Means to Be a Secretary as Perceived by First-year Information Specialist Students:The Changing Work Force:The Changing Curriculum[EB/OL].(1997-06)[2018-12-10].https://opus.uleth.ca/bitstream/handle/10133/1123/Clark_Carolyn.pdf.
[2]International Association of Administrative Professionals.History of the Secretarial Profession[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].http://backlundn.faculty.mjc.edu/313/history%20of%20sec.pdf.
[3]Secretaries and Administrative Assistants[EB/OL].(2018-08-08)[2018-12-10].https://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-administrative-support/secretaries-and-administrative-assistants.htm#tab-2.
[4]崔钟雷,主编.最新图说文明探索[M].长春:吉林美术出版社,2010:115.
[5]布赖恩·费根.地球人---世界史前史导论(第13版)[M].方辉,等,译.济南:山东画报出版社,2014:376.
[6]维姆·布洛克曼,彼得·霍彭布劳沃.中世纪欧洲史[M].乔修峰,卢伟,译,广州:花城出版社,2012:247.
[7]史蒂文·罗杰·费希尔.阅读的历史[M].李瑞林,贺莺,杨晓华,译.北京:商务印书馆,2009.
[8]罗伯特·哈里斯.最高权力[M].冷杉,冷枞,译.上海:上海文艺出版社,2015:3.
[9][暨南大学].欧洲中世纪早期史研究学术研讨会论文集[C].广州:暨南大学出版社,2013:35.
[10]吕埃格.中世纪大学[M]//里德-西蒙斯,主编.欧洲大学史(第一卷).张斌贤,等,译.保定:河北大学出版社,2008:140.
[11]克里斯托夫·B.克里布斯.一本最危险的书:塔西佗《日耳曼尼亚志》---从罗马帝国到第三帝国[M].荆腾,译.焦崇伟,校.南昌:江西人民出版社,2015:45.
[12]迈克尔·格拉茨,莫妮卡·海威格,编.现代天主教百科全书[M].赵建敏,主编,译.北京:宗教文化出版社,2012:514.
[13]威尔·杜兰.文艺复兴(上)[M]//世界文明史(卷五).幼狮文化公司,译.上海:东方出版社,1999:95.
[14]杨真.基督教史纲(上册)[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1979:286.
[15]查尔斯·霍默·哈斯金斯.十二世纪文艺复兴[M].张澜,刘疆,译.上海:上海三联书店,2012.
[16]刘新成,主编.世界史研究(第四辑)[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2014:209.
[17]Gregory Lubkin.A Renaissance Court:Milan under Galeazzo Maria Sforza[M].San Francisco:University of California Press,1994:20.
[18]朱寰,主编.工业文明兴起的新视野:亚欧诸国由中古向近代过渡比较研究(上册)[M].北京:商务印书馆,2015:536.
[19]程汉大.西方宪政史论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2015:166.
[20]玛格丽特·L.金.欧洲文艺复兴[M].李平,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2015:121-122.
[21]贝奈戴托·克罗齐.维柯的哲学[M].R.G.柯林伍德,英译.陶秀璈,王立志,译.郑州:大象出版社,2009:152.
[22]李工真.大学现代化之路[M].北京:商务印书馆,2013:22.
[23]查尔斯·霍默·哈斯金斯.大学的兴起[M].王建妮,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007:27.
[24]曼弗雷德·盖尔.启蒙:一个欧洲项目[M].黄明嘉,高星璐,译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2016:96.
[25]范湘萍.后经典叙事语境下的美国新现实主义小说研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2015:63.
[26]Kim Evans.A Look Back at the Secretary Profession[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].http://www.jobs.net/Article/CB-93-Talent-Network-Hospitality-A-Look-Back-at-the-Secretary-Profession/.
[27]A Brief History of Administrative Professionals in the Workforce[EB/OL].(2017-04-25)[2018-12-10].http://blog.advancedresources.com/a-brief-history-of-administrative-professionals-in-the-workforce/.
[28]Bryce Covert.The Slow Death of the Secretary[EB/OL].(2015-05-05)[2018-12-10].https://newrepublic.com/article/121712/slow-death-secretary.
[29]Current Trends in Secretarial Work[EB/OL].(2005-07-06)[2018-12-10].https://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/42329-current-trends-in-secretarial-work.html.
[30]Administrative Development Inst.The Impact of Restructuring on the Secretarial Profession.A Survey of Office Professionals[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED368900.
[31]Deborah Churchman.The Role of Secretary:a Career with a New Future[EB/OL].(1984-04-24)[2018-12-10].https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0424/042413.html.
(1)参见:Secretary[Z/OL].https://www.lazybone.in/content/PPT/FYJC/Chapter%201%20-%20sp.pptx.
(1)原文为:“Call Gardiner to me, my new secretary.”参见:International Association of Administrative Professionals.Historyofthe Secretarial Profession[EB/OL].http://backlundn.faculty.mjc.edu/313/history%20of%20sec.pdf.
(2)原文为:“That which is most profitable is acquaintances with secretaries, and employed men, of ambassadors.”参见:International Association of Administrative Professionals. Historyofthe Secretarial Profession[EB/OL].http://backlundn.faculty.mjc.edu/313/history%20of%20sec.pdf.
(3)参见:Toral Juthani,Urvi Mehta. Secretarial Practice[EB/OL].https://www.targetpublications.org/download/11-commerce/std11-secretarial-practice.pdf.
(4)参见:斯蒂文·J·迪纳.非常时代:进步主义时期的美国人[M].萧易,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2008:151.
(1)公元2—7世纪,拉丁语中的“cancellarius”指那些坐在格子窗屏风边的传达员,后来站在皇宫大门前的人也被称作“cancellarius”,大致相当于现在的门卫。这些传达员的权势日益膨胀,成为书记员(scribe)或者机要秘书。
[2]International Association of Administrative Professionals.History of the Secretarial Profession[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].http://backlundn.faculty.mjc.edu/313/history%20of%20sec.pdf.
[3]Secretaries and Administrative Assistants[EB/OL].(2018-08-08)[2018-12-10].https://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-administrative-support/secretaries-and-administrative-assistants.htm#tab-2.
[4]崔钟雷,主编.最新图说文明探索[M].长春:吉林美术出版社,2010:115.
[5]布赖恩·费根.地球人---世界史前史导论(第13版)[M].方辉,等,译.济南:山东画报出版社,2014:376.
[6]维姆·布洛克曼,彼得·霍彭布劳沃.中世纪欧洲史[M].乔修峰,卢伟,译,广州:花城出版社,2012:247.
[7]史蒂文·罗杰·费希尔.阅读的历史[M].李瑞林,贺莺,杨晓华,译.北京:商务印书馆,2009.
[8]罗伯特·哈里斯.最高权力[M].冷杉,冷枞,译.上海:上海文艺出版社,2015:3.
[9][暨南大学].欧洲中世纪早期史研究学术研讨会论文集[C].广州:暨南大学出版社,2013:35.
[10]吕埃格.中世纪大学[M]//里德-西蒙斯,主编.欧洲大学史(第一卷).张斌贤,等,译.保定:河北大学出版社,2008:140.
[11]克里斯托夫·B.克里布斯.一本最危险的书:塔西佗《日耳曼尼亚志》---从罗马帝国到第三帝国[M].荆腾,译.焦崇伟,校.南昌:江西人民出版社,2015:45.
[12]迈克尔·格拉茨,莫妮卡·海威格,编.现代天主教百科全书[M].赵建敏,主编,译.北京:宗教文化出版社,2012:514.
[13]威尔·杜兰.文艺复兴(上)[M]//世界文明史(卷五).幼狮文化公司,译.上海:东方出版社,1999:95.
[14]杨真.基督教史纲(上册)[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1979:286.
[15]查尔斯·霍默·哈斯金斯.十二世纪文艺复兴[M].张澜,刘疆,译.上海:上海三联书店,2012.
[16]刘新成,主编.世界史研究(第四辑)[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2014:209.
[17]Gregory Lubkin.A Renaissance Court:Milan under Galeazzo Maria Sforza[M].San Francisco:University of California Press,1994:20.
[18]朱寰,主编.工业文明兴起的新视野:亚欧诸国由中古向近代过渡比较研究(上册)[M].北京:商务印书馆,2015:536.
[19]程汉大.西方宪政史论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2015:166.
[20]玛格丽特·L.金.欧洲文艺复兴[M].李平,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2015:121-122.
[21]贝奈戴托·克罗齐.维柯的哲学[M].R.G.柯林伍德,英译.陶秀璈,王立志,译.郑州:大象出版社,2009:152.
[22]李工真.大学现代化之路[M].北京:商务印书馆,2013:22.
[23]查尔斯·霍默·哈斯金斯.大学的兴起[M].王建妮,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2007:27.
[24]曼弗雷德·盖尔.启蒙:一个欧洲项目[M].黄明嘉,高星璐,译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2016:96.
[25]范湘萍.后经典叙事语境下的美国新现实主义小说研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2015:63.
[26]Kim Evans.A Look Back at the Secretary Profession[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].http://www.jobs.net/Article/CB-93-Talent-Network-Hospitality-A-Look-Back-at-the-Secretary-Profession/.
[27]A Brief History of Administrative Professionals in the Workforce[EB/OL].(2017-04-25)[2018-12-10].http://blog.advancedresources.com/a-brief-history-of-administrative-professionals-in-the-workforce/.
[28]Bryce Covert.The Slow Death of the Secretary[EB/OL].(2015-05-05)[2018-12-10].https://newrepublic.com/article/121712/slow-death-secretary.
[29]Current Trends in Secretarial Work[EB/OL].(2005-07-06)[2018-12-10].https://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/42329-current-trends-in-secretarial-work.html.
[30]Administrative Development Inst.The Impact of Restructuring on the Secretarial Profession.A Survey of Office Professionals[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED368900.
[31]Deborah Churchman.The Role of Secretary:a Career with a New Future[EB/OL].(1984-04-24)[2018-12-10].https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0424/042413.html.
(1)参见:Secretary[Z/OL].https://www.lazybone.in/content/PPT/FYJC/Chapter%201%20-%20sp.pptx.
(1)原文为:“Call Gardiner to me, my new secretary.”参见:International Association of Administrative Professionals.Historyofthe Secretarial Profession[EB/OL].http://backlundn.faculty.mjc.edu/313/history%20of%20sec.pdf.
(2)原文为:“That which is most profitable is acquaintances with secretaries, and employed men, of ambassadors.”参见:International Association of Administrative Professionals. Historyofthe Secretarial Profession[EB/OL].http://backlundn.faculty.mjc.edu/313/history%20of%20sec.pdf.
(3)参见:Toral Juthani,Urvi Mehta. Secretarial Practice[EB/OL].https://www.targetpublications.org/download/11-commerce/std11-secretarial-practice.pdf.
(4)参见:斯蒂文·J·迪纳.非常时代:进步主义时期的美国人[M].萧易,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2008:151.
(1)公元2—7世纪,拉丁语中的“cancellarius”指那些坐在格子窗屏风边的传达员,后来站在皇宫大门前的人也被称作“cancellarius”,大致相当于现在的门卫。这些传达员的权势日益膨胀,成为书记员(scribe)或者机要秘书。