不同玉米品种机械粒收质量评价及其鉴定指标初步筛选
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摘要
为筛选玉米适宜机械粒收的鉴定指标,以20个玉米品种为材料,测定收获期主要农艺性状、茎秆性状和机收性状等指标,对不同玉米品种机收质量进行评价,并以机收质量为基础,采用灰色关联度和逐步回归分析,探讨植株性状与机械粒收质量的关系。结果表明:不同玉米品种间机械粒收质量指标差异显著,收获期平均含水率为31.81%,平均破碎率大于8%,多数品种的杂质率和产量损失率都在国家标准的范围(分别为小于8%、小于5%)之内。杂质率变化幅度较大,破碎率和产量损失率变化幅度较小。其中,先玉1171、爱农001、新中玉801和仲玉3号的杂质率、破碎率和产量损失率相对较低,适合推广机械粒收。籽粒含水率与杂质率、破碎率、产量损失率均呈显著正相关。通过灰色关联度和逐步回归分析,多项性状指标显著影响机收质量,除了籽粒含水率之外,株高、茎粗、穗位高、茎秆压碎强度、穗轴压碎强度、穗下倒折率、倒伏率、空秆率、穗轴含水率、茎秆含水率、苞叶含水率和叶片含水率也可以作为玉米机械粒收质量的鉴定指标。西南地区玉米收获期籽粒含水率和破碎率偏高是玉米机械粒收存在的主要问题,应该适当推迟收获期或者选择早熟品种。
In order to screen out the identification index of suitable mechanical grain harvest of maize,20 maize varieties were used as experimental materials,the main agronomic traits,stem traits and traits of harvesting were measured,and the quality of different maize varieties was evaluated.Based on the quality of machine harvest,the relationship between plant traits and mechanical grain quality was analyzed using gray correlation and stepwise regression.The results showed that there were significant differences in mechanical grain yield indicators among different maize varieties.The average water content during harvest was 31.81%,and the average breaking rate was more than 8%.The impurity rate and yield loss rate of most varieties were within the national standard(less than 8% and 5% respectively).The impurity rate varied greatly,and the change of the rate of breakage and yield loss production was small.Among them,Xianyu 1171,Ainong 001,Xinzhongyu 801 and Zhongyu 3 showed relatively low impurity rate,breakingrate and yield loss rate,which were suitable for promoting mechanical grain harvest.There was a significant positive correlation between grain moisture content and impurity rate,breaking rate and yield loss rate.Through gray correlation and stepwise regression analysis,multiple traits significantly affected the quality of mechanical grain harvest.In addition to grain moisture content,plant height,stem diameter,ear height,stem crush strength,cob crush strength,and the rate of under ear lodging,lodging rate,empty stalk rate,water content of cob,sap moisture content,water content of eucalyptus leaves and water content of leaves can be used as indicators for the determination of suitable mechanical granules for maize.The high grain moisture content and breakage rate during maize harvest in Southwest China is the main problem of maize mechanical harvesting.The harvest period should be postponed or the early maturing varieties should be selected.
In order to screen out the identification index of suitable mechanical grain harvest of maize,20 maize varieties were used as experimental materials,the main agronomic traits,stem traits and traits of harvesting were measured,and the quality of different maize varieties was evaluated.Based on the quality of machine harvest,the relationship between plant traits and mechanical grain quality was analyzed using gray correlation and stepwise regression.The results showed that there were significant differences in mechanical grain yield indicators among different maize varieties.The average water content during harvest was 31.81%,and the average breaking rate was more than 8%.The impurity rate and yield loss rate of most varieties were within the national standard(less than 8% and 5% respectively).The impurity rate varied greatly,and the change of the rate of breakage and yield loss production was small.Among them,Xianyu 1171,Ainong 001,Xinzhongyu 801 and Zhongyu 3 showed relatively low impurity rate,breakingrate and yield loss rate,which were suitable for promoting mechanical grain harvest.There was a significant positive correlation between grain moisture content and impurity rate,breaking rate and yield loss rate.Through gray correlation and stepwise regression analysis,multiple traits significantly affected the quality of mechanical grain harvest.In addition to grain moisture content,plant height,stem diameter,ear height,stem crush strength,cob crush strength,and the rate of under ear lodging,lodging rate,empty stalk rate,water content of cob,sap moisture content,water content of eucalyptus leaves and water content of leaves can be used as indicators for the determination of suitable mechanical granules for maize.The high grain moisture content and breakage rate during maize harvest in Southwest China is the main problem of maize mechanical harvesting.The harvest period should be postponed or the early maturing varieties should be selected.
引文
[1]胡汪洋,刘东林,刘涛,等.农业机械化对安徽省农民增收贡献率实证分析[J].南方农业学报,2018,49(2):403-410.
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[4]窦晨,王嘉伟.山西省玉米机械化生产现状及应对策略[J].山西农业科学,2018,46(3):476-478.
[5]李彦姣.关于发展玉米机械化收获的思考与建议[J].种子科技,2017,35(5):28,31.
[6]李少昆,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.实施密植高产机械化生产实现玉米高产高效协同[J].作物杂志,2016(4):1-6.
[7]柳枫贺,王克如,李健,等.影响玉米机械收粒质量因素的分析[J].作物杂志,2013(4):116-119.
[8]裴建杰,范国昌.对玉米收获中籽粒破碎和损失的影响因素试验研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2012,35(1):102-105.
[9]李璐璐,雷晓鹏,谢瑞芝,等.夏玉米机械粒收质量影响因素分析[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2044-2051.
[10]李少昆,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.玉米籽粒机械收获破碎率研究[J].作物杂志,2017(2):76-80.
[11]郭银巧.影响玉米机械收粒质量及农户机收采用行为的因素分析[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2015.
[12]周颖,顾万荣,赵猛,等.黑龙江省不同熟期春玉米品种茎秆特性及机收指标差异[J].华北农学报,2017,32(S1):140-146.
[13]尚赏,胡启国,郭书亚,等.种植密度对黄淮海夏玉米品种倒伏率与茎秆抗倒特性的影响[J].山西农业科学,2018,46(8):1282-1285.
[14]李敏,徐璐,姜晓君,等.商丘市夏玉米籽粒机械收获研究[J].现代农业科技,2017(7):21-21.
[15]柳枫贺.影响玉米机械收粒质量的主要因素研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2013.
[16]刘占良,姚季伦,刘君梅.玉米收获机械化发展系统分析[J].农机化研究,2007(7):234-236.
[17]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.玉米收获机械试验方法:GB/T21961-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[18]孙德超,姜阿利,张贵,等.玉米收获机国标检测条件规定存在的问题及正确表述方法[J].农机质量与监督,2012(6):15-16.
[19]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.玉米收获机械技术条件:GB/T21962-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[20]邓聚龙.灰色系统理论简介[J].内蒙古电力,1993(3):51-52.
[21]雷恩,环建华,王岳东,等.云南玉米宜机械收获性能和机收质量研究与评价[J].农机化研究,2018,40(4):156-161.
[22]雷晓鹏.黄淮海地区玉米机械收获籽粒可行性研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2015.
[23]谢琼,章惠全,刘琳.我国玉米收获机械化发展现状及展望[J].农业科技与装备,2009(6):104-106.
[24]王荣焕,徐田军,赵久然,等.播期和密度对玉米籽粒机收主要性状的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(3):94-98.
[25]于君玲.影响玉米机械收粒质量的主要因素分析[J].南方农机,2016,47(9):28,38.
[26]Long R,Wang J,Chen Y H,et al.Dry matter accumulation,moisture content in maize kernel and their influences on mechanical harvesting[J].Agricultural Science&Technology,2011,12(12):1857-1860.
[27]孙峰成,冯勇,于卓,等.12个玉米群体的主要农艺性状与产量、品质的灰色关联度分析[J].华北农学报,2012,27(1):102-105.
[28]刘斌,安力,刘涛,等.基于灰色关联度分析的旱砂地籽瓜/花生间作模式评价[J].河南农业科学,2016,45(1):96-99.
[29]杨程,李向东,张德奇,等.小麦产量三要素与产量的通径和灰色关联度分析[J].河南农业科学,2016,45(10):19-23.
[30]陈连珠,肖日升,林道元,等.基于灰色关联分析的黄秋葵品种综合评估[J].南方农业学报,2016,47(3):419-423.
[31]黄小林,张殿昌;林黑着,等.池塘养殖卵形鲳鲹早期形态性状与体质量的灰色关联分析[J].南方农业学报,2018,49(5):1016-1022.
[32]尚赏,郭书亚,张艳,等.豫东地区夏玉米籽粒直接机收研究初报[J].山东农业科学,2017,49(2):85-88.
[33]李川,乔江方,谷利敏,等.影响玉米籽粒直接机械化收获质量的生物学性状分析[J].华北农学报,2015,30(6):164-169.
[34]张芳魁,霍仕平,张健,等.玉米茎秆性状与抗折断力的相关和通径分析[J].玉米科学,2006,14(6):46-49.
[35]丰光,刘志芳,吴宇锦,等.玉米抗倒性与茎秆穿刺力和拉力关系的初步研究[J].玉米科学,2010,18(6):19-23.
[36]马延华,王庆详.玉米茎秆性状与抗倒伏关系研究进展[J].作物杂志,2012(2):10-15.
[37]Robertson D J,Lee S Y,Julias M,et al.Maize stalk lodging:Flexural stiffness predicts strength[J].Crop Science,2016,56(4):1711-1718.
[38]韩托.玉米适宜机械化收获相关性状的遗传研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2015.
[2]谭俊杰,杨尚东.广西甘蔗生产全程机械化发展研究[J].南方农业学报,2018,49(4):806-811.
[3]李少昆.我国玉米机械粒收质量影响因素及粒收技术的发展方向[J].石河子大学学报(自科版),2017,35(3):265-272.
[4]窦晨,王嘉伟.山西省玉米机械化生产现状及应对策略[J].山西农业科学,2018,46(3):476-478.
[5]李彦姣.关于发展玉米机械化收获的思考与建议[J].种子科技,2017,35(5):28,31.
[6]李少昆,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.实施密植高产机械化生产实现玉米高产高效协同[J].作物杂志,2016(4):1-6.
[7]柳枫贺,王克如,李健,等.影响玉米机械收粒质量因素的分析[J].作物杂志,2013(4):116-119.
[8]裴建杰,范国昌.对玉米收获中籽粒破碎和损失的影响因素试验研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2012,35(1):102-105.
[9]李璐璐,雷晓鹏,谢瑞芝,等.夏玉米机械粒收质量影响因素分析[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2044-2051.
[10]李少昆,王克如,谢瑞芝,等.玉米籽粒机械收获破碎率研究[J].作物杂志,2017(2):76-80.
[11]郭银巧.影响玉米机械收粒质量及农户机收采用行为的因素分析[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2015.
[12]周颖,顾万荣,赵猛,等.黑龙江省不同熟期春玉米品种茎秆特性及机收指标差异[J].华北农学报,2017,32(S1):140-146.
[13]尚赏,胡启国,郭书亚,等.种植密度对黄淮海夏玉米品种倒伏率与茎秆抗倒特性的影响[J].山西农业科学,2018,46(8):1282-1285.
[14]李敏,徐璐,姜晓君,等.商丘市夏玉米籽粒机械收获研究[J].现代农业科技,2017(7):21-21.
[15]柳枫贺.影响玉米机械收粒质量的主要因素研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2013.
[16]刘占良,姚季伦,刘君梅.玉米收获机械化发展系统分析[J].农机化研究,2007(7):234-236.
[17]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.玉米收获机械试验方法:GB/T21961-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[18]孙德超,姜阿利,张贵,等.玉米收获机国标检测条件规定存在的问题及正确表述方法[J].农机质量与监督,2012(6):15-16.
[19]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.玉米收获机械技术条件:GB/T21962-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[20]邓聚龙.灰色系统理论简介[J].内蒙古电力,1993(3):51-52.
[21]雷恩,环建华,王岳东,等.云南玉米宜机械收获性能和机收质量研究与评价[J].农机化研究,2018,40(4):156-161.
[22]雷晓鹏.黄淮海地区玉米机械收获籽粒可行性研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2015.
[23]谢琼,章惠全,刘琳.我国玉米收获机械化发展现状及展望[J].农业科技与装备,2009(6):104-106.
[24]王荣焕,徐田军,赵久然,等.播期和密度对玉米籽粒机收主要性状的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(3):94-98.
[25]于君玲.影响玉米机械收粒质量的主要因素分析[J].南方农机,2016,47(9):28,38.
[26]Long R,Wang J,Chen Y H,et al.Dry matter accumulation,moisture content in maize kernel and their influences on mechanical harvesting[J].Agricultural Science&Technology,2011,12(12):1857-1860.
[27]孙峰成,冯勇,于卓,等.12个玉米群体的主要农艺性状与产量、品质的灰色关联度分析[J].华北农学报,2012,27(1):102-105.
[28]刘斌,安力,刘涛,等.基于灰色关联度分析的旱砂地籽瓜/花生间作模式评价[J].河南农业科学,2016,45(1):96-99.
[29]杨程,李向东,张德奇,等.小麦产量三要素与产量的通径和灰色关联度分析[J].河南农业科学,2016,45(10):19-23.
[30]陈连珠,肖日升,林道元,等.基于灰色关联分析的黄秋葵品种综合评估[J].南方农业学报,2016,47(3):419-423.
[31]黄小林,张殿昌;林黑着,等.池塘养殖卵形鲳鲹早期形态性状与体质量的灰色关联分析[J].南方农业学报,2018,49(5):1016-1022.
[32]尚赏,郭书亚,张艳,等.豫东地区夏玉米籽粒直接机收研究初报[J].山东农业科学,2017,49(2):85-88.
[33]李川,乔江方,谷利敏,等.影响玉米籽粒直接机械化收获质量的生物学性状分析[J].华北农学报,2015,30(6):164-169.
[34]张芳魁,霍仕平,张健,等.玉米茎秆性状与抗折断力的相关和通径分析[J].玉米科学,2006,14(6):46-49.
[35]丰光,刘志芳,吴宇锦,等.玉米抗倒性与茎秆穿刺力和拉力关系的初步研究[J].玉米科学,2010,18(6):19-23.
[36]马延华,王庆详.玉米茎秆性状与抗倒伏关系研究进展[J].作物杂志,2012(2):10-15.
[37]Robertson D J,Lee S Y,Julias M,et al.Maize stalk lodging:Flexural stiffness predicts strength[J].Crop Science,2016,56(4):1711-1718.
[38]韩托.玉米适宜机械化收获相关性状的遗传研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2015.