台风强降雨及雨后泥石流对广东高州水库生态环境的影响
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摘要
2010年受"凡亚比"台风强降雨及诱发的次生灾害泥石流影响,高州水库集水区内植被及水环境质量受到严重损害。为评估此次灾害对集水区生态环境的影响,对比分析了灾害前后遥感数据及水体水质变化。结果表明,灾害对集水区高植被覆盖度区域造成较严重破坏,高植被覆盖度区域呈下降趋势,灾后集水区的高植被覆盖区转出面积(932.7km2)大于转入面积(889.4 km2),主要转变为中植被覆盖度区域,高植被覆盖度区域实际面积由灾前932.28 km2减少到灾后889.404 km2,面积减少42.884 km2;中植被覆盖区面积增加37.354 km2,无植被及低植被覆盖面积变化不大。灾后短时间内造成水库水质发生较大变化,库区及入库河流中DO、pH、SD、CODMn与Chl.a浓度降低;浊度与TN、NO3-N、NH4-N、TP、Fe浓度升高;三条入库河流Fe浓度超出地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)中限值,其中古丁河口处Fe浓度超标准限值6.4倍;古丁河TN浓度和朋情河口处TN、TP浓度均超地表水Ⅲ类标准;水库供水口底层水体TN、TP含量浓度超地表水Ⅲ类标准,Fe浓度也超出标准限值,严重影响供水水质。由于台风强降雨极端气候变化和土地使用改变等因素综合影响,区域灾害类型趋向复合型变化,使得生态环境保护和供水水质安全保障面临更大的挑战。
The terrestrial vegetation of the catchment area and water quality of Gaozhou reservoir were seriously damaged due to extreme heavy rainfall and secondary debris flow that induced by typhoon "Fanapi"in 2010.Remote sensing and water quality data were collected and analyzed to evaluate the impact of the heavy rainfall and debris flow. The results showed that the area with high vegetation coverage transferred out(932. 7 km2),was more than that of transferred into(889. 4 km2) the catchment. It was mainly transferred to mediumvegetation coverage area. The absolute area of high vegetation coverage changed from 932. 28 km2 to 889. 40 km2 after the disaster with a decrease of 42. 88 km2. The area of medium vegetation coverage increased 37. 35 km2. There was no significant change in area of low vegetation coverage and non-vegetation coverage area.Water quality of the reservoir and tributary inflows changed obviously, the concentration of DO, pH,transparency,CODMnand Chl. a decreased,and the turbidity and concentration of TN,NO3-N,NH4-N,TP and Fe increased. Concentration of Fe in the three tributary inflows exceeded the limit in Environmental Quality Standard of Surface Water(GB 3838-2002),and the Fe concentration of Guding River was 6. 4 times higher than the standard limit. TN concentration of Guding River and TP concentration of Pengqing River exceeded the limit of grade Ⅲ in GB 3838-2002. TP and TN concentration of the bottom water,near the water supply opening exceeded the limit of grade Ⅲ in GB 3838-2002 as well as the Fe concentration,which reduced the quality of drinking water remarkably. Conclusively,the protection of ecological environment and drinking water quality in Gaozhou reservoir are facing big challenge due to the complex disaster caused by extreme climate and abuse of land.
The terrestrial vegetation of the catchment area and water quality of Gaozhou reservoir were seriously damaged due to extreme heavy rainfall and secondary debris flow that induced by typhoon "Fanapi"in 2010.Remote sensing and water quality data were collected and analyzed to evaluate the impact of the heavy rainfall and debris flow. The results showed that the area with high vegetation coverage transferred out(932. 7 km2),was more than that of transferred into(889. 4 km2) the catchment. It was mainly transferred to mediumvegetation coverage area. The absolute area of high vegetation coverage changed from 932. 28 km2 to 889. 40 km2 after the disaster with a decrease of 42. 88 km2. The area of medium vegetation coverage increased 37. 35 km2. There was no significant change in area of low vegetation coverage and non-vegetation coverage area.Water quality of the reservoir and tributary inflows changed obviously, the concentration of DO, pH,transparency,CODMnand Chl. a decreased,and the turbidity and concentration of TN,NO3-N,NH4-N,TP and Fe increased. Concentration of Fe in the three tributary inflows exceeded the limit in Environmental Quality Standard of Surface Water(GB 3838-2002),and the Fe concentration of Guding River was 6. 4 times higher than the standard limit. TN concentration of Guding River and TP concentration of Pengqing River exceeded the limit of grade Ⅲ in GB 3838-2002. TP and TN concentration of the bottom water,near the water supply opening exceeded the limit of grade Ⅲ in GB 3838-2002 as well as the Fe concentration,which reduced the quality of drinking water remarkably. Conclusively,the protection of ecological environment and drinking water quality in Gaozhou reservoir are facing big challenge due to the complex disaster caused by extreme climate and abuse of land.
引文
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[23]Siswanto E,Morimoto A,Kojima S.Enhancement of phytoplankton primary productivity in the southern East China Sea following episodic typhoon passage[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36(11):192-200.
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[26]唐晓春,刘会平,潘安定,等.广东沿海地区近50年登陆台风灾害特征分析[J].地理科学,2003,23(2):182-187.TANG Xiaochun,LIU Huiping,PAN Anding,et al.Analysis of disastrous features of landing typhoon in coastal regions of Guangdong Province in recent 50years[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2003,23(2):182-187.
[27]陈修康,郭跃华,冯喻,等.特大洪水对浮游植物群落及其演替的影响——以广东高州水库为例[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(1):137-146.CHEN Xiukang,GUO Yuehua,FENG Yu,et al.Impact of great flood on phytoplankton assemblages and their succession:a case study of Gaozhou Reservoir,Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2014,26(1):137-146.
[28]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:88-671.State Environmental Protection Administration.Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002:88-671.
[29]邓书斌.ENVI遥感图像处理方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2014:60-310.DENG Shubin.The processing method of ENVI remote sensing image[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014:60-310.
[30]罗慧芬,苗放,叶成名,等.汶川地震前后茂县植被覆盖度变化研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(3):202-205.LUO Huifen,MIAO Fang,YE Chengming,et al.Vegetation coverage change of Maoxian County before and after Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(3):202-205.
[31]Leung Y K,Wu W C,Yeung K K.Recent decline in typhoon activity in the South China Sea[J].International Conference on Climate Change,2007:29-31.
[32]薛俊刚.吉林长白山国家级自然保护区风灾区植被恢复情况调查[J].国土与自然资源研究,2009(1):95-96.XUE Jungang.Investigation about vegetation restoration at typhoon ruined area in Jilin Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve[J].Territory&Natural Resources Study,2009(1):95-96.
[33]刘少军,张京红,蔡大鑫,等.Landsat 8在橡胶林台风灾害监测中的应用[J].自然灾害学报,2016,25(2):53-58.LIU Shaojun,ZHANG Jinghong,CAI Daixin,et al.Application of Landsat 8 in monitoring of rubber plantation typhoon disaster[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2016,25(2):53-58.
[34]Ding V Q,Qin B Q,Zhu G W,et al.Effects of typhoon Morakot on a large shallow lake ecosystem,Lake Taihu,China[J].Ecohydrol,2012,5(6):798-807.
[35]胡清凤,韦莲英.邕江“江英”80洪水污染分析[J].水资源保护,2003,19(4):36-37.HU Qingfeng,WEI Lianying.Analysis of flood pollution in Yongjiang River in“01·7”[J].Water Resources Protection,2003,19(4):36-37.
[2]Nagao S,Kanamori M,Ochiai S,et al.Export of134Cs and 137Cs in the Fukushima river systems at heavy rains by Typhoon Roke in September 2011[J].Biogeosciences,2013,10(10):6215-6223.
[3]Fukunaga H,Irie S,Yamaguchi M.The emergency warnings for typhoon Neoguri and evacuation information in Okinawa:how municipalities responded[J].Nhk Monthly Report on Broadcast Research,2014,64(11):2-27.
[4]Vigdor J L.The economic after math of hurricane Katrina[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,2008,22(4):135-154.
[5]Lempert K D.Hurricane sandy as a kidney failure disaster[J].American Journal of Kidney Diseases,2013,61(6):865-868.
[6]Cranmer H H,M D,M P H,et al.Typhoon Haiyan and the professionalization of disaster response[J].The New England Journal of Medicine,2014,370(13):1185-1187.
[7]薛建军,李佳英,张立生,等.我国台风灾害特征及风险防范策略[J].气象与减灾研究,2012,35(1):59-64.XUE Jianjun,LI Jiaying,ZHANG Lisheng,et al.Characteristics of typhoon disasters in China and risk prevention strategies[J].Meteorology and Disaster Reduction Research,2012,35(1):59-64.
[8]陈联寿,端义宏,宋丽莉,等.台风预测及其灾害[M].北京:气象出版社,2012.CHEN Lianshou,DUAN Yihong,SONG Lili,et al.Typhoon forecast and its disaster[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2012.
[9]黄炜敏,喻刻,李剑.强台风、强热带风暴等极端天气下的地质灾害成因分析及防灾对策初探[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2008,19(4):115-117.HUANG Weimin,YU Ke,LI Jian.Cause analysis of geological disasters in extreme weather of strong tropical storm and countermeasures for disaster prevention[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2008,19(4):115-117.
[10]Liou Y C,Wang T C C,Tsai Y C,et al.Structure of precipitating systems over Taiwan’s complex terrain during Typhoon Morakot(2009)as revealed by weather radar and rain gauge observations[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,506:14-25.
[11]Wang C C,Kuo H C,Yeh T C,et al.High-resolution quantitative precipitation forecasts and simulations by the Cloud-Resolving Storm Simulator(cress)for Typhoon Morakot(2009)[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,506(49):26-41.
[12]Wu J H,Chen J H,Lu C W.Investigation of the Hsien-du-Shan rock avalanche caused by typhoon Morakot in 2009 at Kaohsiung county,Taiwan[J].Continental Shelf Research,2013,60(2):148-159.
[13]Lin C W,Chang W S,Liu S H,et al.Landslides triggered by the 7 August 2009 Typhoon Morakot in southern Taiwan[J].Engineering Geology,2011,123(1-2):3-12.
[14]Jan C D,Hsu Y C,Wang J S,et al.Debris flows and landslides caused by Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan[J].Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment,2011,14:675-683.
[15]Wu C H,Chen S C,Chou H T.Geomorphologic characteristics of catastrophic landslides during typhoon Morakot in the Kaoping Watershed,Taiwan[J].Engineering Geology,2011,123(1-2):13-21.
[16]Juang C H.Reconnaissance of extreme natural disasters of Morakot Typhoon,Taiwan[J].Engineering Geology,2011,123(1/2):1-2.
[17]Tsou C Y,Feng Z Y,Chigira M.Catastrophic landslide induced by Typhoon Morakot,Shiaolin,Taiwan[J].Geomorphology,2011,127(3):166-178.
[18]陈鸿志,苏志满,徐林荣,等.2013年尤特台风诱发广乐高速公路泥石流活动特征及危害[J].自然灾害学报,2016,25(1):65-73.CHEN Hongzhi,SU Zhiman,XU Linrong,et al.Characteristics and damage of debris flow events alongGuangle Expressway during Typhoon Utor,2013[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2016,25(1):65-73.
[19]John C,Rodgers III,Adam W,et al.Cooke the impact of Hurricane Katrina on the coastal vegetation of the weeks bay reserve,Alabama from NDVI[J].Data Estuaries and Coasts,2009,32(3):496-507.
[20]邓睿,黄敬峰.“莫拉克”台风引起的滑坡泥石流灾害HJ-1图像遥感监测研究[J].国土资源遥感,2011(1):106-109.DENG Rui,HUANG Jingfeng.The monitoring of landslide and debris flow cause by Typhoon Morakot based on HJ-1 images[J].Remote Sensing for Land&Resources,2011(1):106-109.
[21]范章怀,查轩.重要水源地东圳水库水质变化及其影响因素研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(1):25-29.FAN Zhanghuai,ZHA Xuan.State of water quality and its influencing factors in Dongzhen Reservoir[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,28(1):25-29.
[22]Bryan P P,Megan K P.The effect of Hurricane Katrina on nekton communities in the tidal freshwater marshes of Breton Sound,Louisiana,USA[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science.2009,83(1):97-104.
[23]Siswanto E,Morimoto A,Kojima S.Enhancement of phytoplankton primary productivity in the southern East China Sea following episodic typhoon passage[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36(11):192-200.
[24]Michael S W,Hans W P,Estuarine phytoplankton responses to hurricanes and tropical storms with different characteristics(trajectory,rainfall,winds)[J].Estuaries and Coasts,2008,31(2):419-429.
[25]刘玉函,唐晓春,宋丽莉.广东台风灾情评估探讨[J].热带地理,2003,23(2):119-122.LIU Yuhan,TANG Xiaochun,Song Lili.A discussion about the typhoon disaster evaluation of Guangdong[J].Tropical Geography,2003,23(2):119-122.
[26]唐晓春,刘会平,潘安定,等.广东沿海地区近50年登陆台风灾害特征分析[J].地理科学,2003,23(2):182-187.TANG Xiaochun,LIU Huiping,PAN Anding,et al.Analysis of disastrous features of landing typhoon in coastal regions of Guangdong Province in recent 50years[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2003,23(2):182-187.
[27]陈修康,郭跃华,冯喻,等.特大洪水对浮游植物群落及其演替的影响——以广东高州水库为例[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(1):137-146.CHEN Xiukang,GUO Yuehua,FENG Yu,et al.Impact of great flood on phytoplankton assemblages and their succession:a case study of Gaozhou Reservoir,Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2014,26(1):137-146.
[28]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:88-671.State Environmental Protection Administration.Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002:88-671.
[29]邓书斌.ENVI遥感图像处理方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2014:60-310.DENG Shubin.The processing method of ENVI remote sensing image[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014:60-310.
[30]罗慧芬,苗放,叶成名,等.汶川地震前后茂县植被覆盖度变化研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(3):202-205.LUO Huifen,MIAO Fang,YE Chengming,et al.Vegetation coverage change of Maoxian County before and after Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(3):202-205.
[31]Leung Y K,Wu W C,Yeung K K.Recent decline in typhoon activity in the South China Sea[J].International Conference on Climate Change,2007:29-31.
[32]薛俊刚.吉林长白山国家级自然保护区风灾区植被恢复情况调查[J].国土与自然资源研究,2009(1):95-96.XUE Jungang.Investigation about vegetation restoration at typhoon ruined area in Jilin Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve[J].Territory&Natural Resources Study,2009(1):95-96.
[33]刘少军,张京红,蔡大鑫,等.Landsat 8在橡胶林台风灾害监测中的应用[J].自然灾害学报,2016,25(2):53-58.LIU Shaojun,ZHANG Jinghong,CAI Daixin,et al.Application of Landsat 8 in monitoring of rubber plantation typhoon disaster[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2016,25(2):53-58.
[34]Ding V Q,Qin B Q,Zhu G W,et al.Effects of typhoon Morakot on a large shallow lake ecosystem,Lake Taihu,China[J].Ecohydrol,2012,5(6):798-807.
[35]胡清凤,韦莲英.邕江“江英”80洪水污染分析[J].水资源保护,2003,19(4):36-37.HU Qingfeng,WEI Lianying.Analysis of flood pollution in Yongjiang River in“01·7”[J].Water Resources Protection,2003,19(4):36-37.