罗布泊地区引种植物生理生化指标的主成分及其聚类分析
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摘要
对罗布泊人工生态示范区中20种主要引种植物的叶片生理生化指标进行了测定,运用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法分析其抗旱及耐高温能力。结果表明:(1)在罗布泊人工生态示范区的正常灌溉制度下,示范区内引种植物的光合色素和游离脯氨酸含量处于较高水平,且两者之间具有极显著相关性。(2)主成分分析将被测指标用4个主成分来表示,分别为反映植物叶片光合作用能力、植物叶片酶活性、植物的耐旱性和植物叶片内有机溶剂含量的综合指标。(3)聚类分析将引种植物分为4类:第Ⅰ类为生长状况一般的罗布麻(Apocynum venetum L.)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum Turcz.)等植物;第Ⅱ类是生长状况较好的黑果枸杞(Lycium barabrum L.);第Ⅲ类是作为优势物种的滨藜(Atriplex patens Iljin.)和苦马豆(Sphaerophysa salsula DC.);第Ⅳ类是长势优良的沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)。
Lop Nor is a desert area in the eastern part of the Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang,China. It is extremely arid and there are scarcely any plants in this region. In 2013,Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,established a 1. 3 hm2. artificial ecological demonstration zone and introduced more than70 plant species. Because of the extremely harsh natural conditions,fewer than 30 species have been introduced so far. In the process of growth and development,plants will be subject to a variety of abiotic factors. Water and temperature are the main factors affecting plant growth. Under the conditions of high temperature and water shortage,the plants adjust their physiological and biochemical processes to adapt the changes of temperature and moisture. In addition,the plants form a certain high temperature resistance and drought resistance mechanism. In order to study the drought resistance and high temperature resistance capability of different species,the high resistance species groups suitable for the severe environment and ensure the introduction of artificial vegetation to Lop Nor,the correlation,principal component and cluster methods were used to analyze the physiological and biochemistry indicators of 20 main introduced plant species in the artificial ecological demonstration garden in the Lop Nur area. The results are as follows:(1) There was an extremely significant correlation between photosynthetic pigment and free proline content in leaves,both of them were at a high level under normal irrigation system;(2) The indexes of plants were measured by four principal components,they were the photosynthetic capacity,enzyme activity of plant leaves,drought tolerance and organic solvent content in plant leaves. The principal component factor score and ranking showed that Elaeagnus angustifolia L.,Atriplex patens Iljin. and Sphaerophysa salsula DC. were the top 3,which revealed that the growth status of the three species was the best;(3) When the Euclidean distance was 7,the plants were divided into four categories by cluster analysis:( Ⅰ) General growth plants,including Apocynum venetum L.,Calligonum mongolicum Turcz. and other plants,accounting for 80% of the total samples,the high sugar content in leaves of these plants was the main physiological characteristic;( Ⅱ) Good growth plant,Lycium barabrum L.,the high photosynthetic pigment content high soluble protein and high free proline content in leaves were the main physiological characteristics;( Ⅲ) Dominant plants,Atriplex patens Iljin. and Sphaerophysa salsula DC.,the high photosynthetic pigment content but the low soluble sugar and free proline content in leaves of these plants were the main physiological characteristics;( Ⅳ) Best growth plant,Elaeagnus angustifolia L.,the extremely high Chla/b value in leaves but low one in other organic solvents were the main physiological characteristics. The results also showed that the physiological mechanism of introduced plants in the severe environment varied greatly. How do these dominant plants adapt the severe environmental conditions in their morphology and organization structure? How does the physiology of the plant change in such severe environment? What are the most significant factors for environmental stress change? What are the causes of this difference in the climate mechanisms of different plants adapting to drought? These issues should be carefully analyzed for future study.
Lop Nor is a desert area in the eastern part of the Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang,China. It is extremely arid and there are scarcely any plants in this region. In 2013,Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,established a 1. 3 hm2. artificial ecological demonstration zone and introduced more than70 plant species. Because of the extremely harsh natural conditions,fewer than 30 species have been introduced so far. In the process of growth and development,plants will be subject to a variety of abiotic factors. Water and temperature are the main factors affecting plant growth. Under the conditions of high temperature and water shortage,the plants adjust their physiological and biochemical processes to adapt the changes of temperature and moisture. In addition,the plants form a certain high temperature resistance and drought resistance mechanism. In order to study the drought resistance and high temperature resistance capability of different species,the high resistance species groups suitable for the severe environment and ensure the introduction of artificial vegetation to Lop Nor,the correlation,principal component and cluster methods were used to analyze the physiological and biochemistry indicators of 20 main introduced plant species in the artificial ecological demonstration garden in the Lop Nur area. The results are as follows:(1) There was an extremely significant correlation between photosynthetic pigment and free proline content in leaves,both of them were at a high level under normal irrigation system;(2) The indexes of plants were measured by four principal components,they were the photosynthetic capacity,enzyme activity of plant leaves,drought tolerance and organic solvent content in plant leaves. The principal component factor score and ranking showed that Elaeagnus angustifolia L.,Atriplex patens Iljin. and Sphaerophysa salsula DC. were the top 3,which revealed that the growth status of the three species was the best;(3) When the Euclidean distance was 7,the plants were divided into four categories by cluster analysis:( Ⅰ) General growth plants,including Apocynum venetum L.,Calligonum mongolicum Turcz. and other plants,accounting for 80% of the total samples,the high sugar content in leaves of these plants was the main physiological characteristic;( Ⅱ) Good growth plant,Lycium barabrum L.,the high photosynthetic pigment content high soluble protein and high free proline content in leaves were the main physiological characteristics;( Ⅲ) Dominant plants,Atriplex patens Iljin. and Sphaerophysa salsula DC.,the high photosynthetic pigment content but the low soluble sugar and free proline content in leaves of these plants were the main physiological characteristics;( Ⅳ) Best growth plant,Elaeagnus angustifolia L.,the extremely high Chla/b value in leaves but low one in other organic solvents were the main physiological characteristics. The results also showed that the physiological mechanism of introduced plants in the severe environment varied greatly. How do these dominant plants adapt the severe environmental conditions in their morphology and organization structure? How does the physiology of the plant change in such severe environment? What are the most significant factors for environmental stress change? What are the causes of this difference in the climate mechanisms of different plants adapting to drought? These issues should be carefully analyzed for future study.
引文
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[8]王忠华,李旭晨,夏英武.作物抗旱的作用机制及其基因工程改良研究进展[J].生物技术通讯,2002,13(1):16-19.[Wang Zhonghua,Li Xuchen,Xia Yingwu.Advances in the studies on crop dought:Resistant function mechanism and its improvement via genetic engineering[J].Biotechnology Bulletin,2002,13(1):15-19.]
[9]张哲,闵红梅,夏关均,等.高温胁迫对植物生理影响研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(16):8 338-8 339,8 342.[Zhang Zhe,Min Hongmei,Xia Guanjun,et al.Research advances on influence of high temperature stress on some physiological characteristics of plants[J].Journal of Anhui Agriculatural Science,2010,38(16):8 338-8 339,8 342.]
[10]汤章城.逆境下脯氨酸的累积及其可能意义[J].植物生理学报,1984(1):15-21.[Tang Zhangcheng.The accumulation of proline and its possible significance under adversity[J].Plant Physiology Communications,1984(1):15-21.]
[11]夏训诚.中国罗布泊[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.[Xia Xuncheng.Lop Nur Region of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.]
[12]李从娟,孙永强,范敬龙,等.盐地碱蓬在高盐碱土环境中的生态学意义[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(6):1 160-1 166.[Li Congjuan,Sun Yongqiang,Fan Jinglong,et al.Ecological significance of planting Suaeda salsa in saline/Alkali soils in the Lop Nur potash mine[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(6):1 160-1 166.]
[13]赵元杰,夏训诚,王富葆,等.新疆罗布泊环状盐壳的特征与成因[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(6):779-783.[Zhao Yuanjie,Xia Xuncheng,Wang Fubao,et al.Features and causes of formation on ring shaped salt crust in Lop Nur region of Xinjiang China[J].Arid Land Geograohy,2006,29(6):779-783.]
[14]王世杰,孙永强,李从娟,等.罗布泊钾盐矿区绿化施工与管护技术[J].北方园艺,2016,16(10):92-94.[Wang Shijie,Sun Yongqiang,Li Congjuan,et al.The greening construction and management technology in Lop Nur potash mine[J].Northern Horticulture,2016,16(10):92-94.]
[15]张宪政.植物叶绿素含量的测定:丙酮乙醇混合液法[J].辽宁农业科学,1986,26(3):26-28.[Zhang Xianzheng.Determination of chlorophyll content in the plant:Acetone ethanol mixture method[J].Liaoning Agriculatural Science,1986,26(3):26-28.]
[16]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.[Li Hesheng.Principle and Technology of Plant Physiological and Biochemical Experiments[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.]
[17]张鹏.基于主成分分析的综合评价研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2004.[Zhang Peng.Based on Comprehensive Evaluation Research of Principal Component Analysis[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science and Technology,2004.]
[18]Han J,Micheline,Kamber.Data Mining:Concepts and Techniques[M].Mongan Kaufmann Publishers Inc,2005.
[19]王鑫.数据挖掘中聚类分析算法的研究[D].济南:山东师范大学,2006.[Wang Xin.Clutering Analysis Algorithm in Data Mining Research[D].Jinan:Shandong Normal University,2006.]
[20]许为钢,胡琳,盖钧镒.小麦耐热性研究[J].华北农学报,1999,14(2):20-24.[Xu Weigang,Hu Lin,Gai Junyi.A study on heat tolerance of wheat cultivars[J].Acta Agriculturae BorealiSinica,1999,14(2):20-24.]
[21]刘飞虎,梁雪妮,张寿文,等.干旱胁迫下苎麻种质的生理生化特性研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2000,22(1):11-19.[Liu Feihu,Liang Xueni,Zhang Shouwen,et al.Physiological and biochemical characteristics of ramie germplasms under drought stress[J].Acta Agriculture Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2000,22(1):11-19.]
[22]王金艳,李刚.玉米种苗期抗旱机理简述[J].杂粮作物,2003,23(2):105-106.[Wang Jinyan,Li Gang.The review of corn seeding drought resistance mechanism[J].Rain Fed Crops,2003,23(2):105-106.]
[23]刘学师,任小林,苗卫东,等.游离脯氨酸与植物抗旱性[J].河南职业技术师范学院学报,2002,30(3):35-37.[Liu Xueshi,Ren Xiaolin,Miao Weidong,et al.Free proling and dought resistance of plant[J].Journal of Henan Vocation-Technical Teachers College,2003,30(3):35-37.]
[24]张明生,谈锋.水分胁迫下甘薯叶绿素a/b比值的变化及其与抗旱性的关系[J].种子,2001,20(4):23-25.[Zhang Mingsheng,Tan Feng.Relationship between ratio of Chlorophyll a and b under water stress and drought resistance of different sweet potato varieties[J].Seed,2001,20(4):23-25.]
[25]宗莉,甘霖,康玉茹,等.盐分、干旱及其交互胁迫对黑果枸杞发芽的影响[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(3):499-503.[Zong Li,Gan Lin,Kang Yuru,et al.Salt and drought stress effect and their interaction on germination of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(3):499-503.]
[26]秦晓鹏,彭燕,范彦,等.重庆地区野生红三叶耐热性比较研究[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(4):1 454-1 457.[Qin Xiaopeng,Peng Yan,Fan Yan,et al.Comparative study on heat resistance of wild red clover in Chongqing area[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2009,37(4):1 454-1 457.]
[2]屠小菊,汪启明,饶力群.高温胁迫对植物生理生化的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2013,7(13):28-30.[Tu Xiaoju,Wang Qiming,Rao Liqun.Effects of high temperature stress on physiology and biochemistry of plant[J].Hunan Agricultural Sciences,2013,7(13):28-30.]
[3]李吉跃.植物耐旱性及其机理[J].北京林业大学学报,1991,13(3):92-100.[Li Jiyue.Mechanisms of drought tolerance in plants[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1991,13(3):92-100.]
[4]闻志彬,张明理.新疆猪毛菜属17种C4植物叶片和子叶的解剖结构研究[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(1):101-107.[Wen Zhibin,Zhang Mingli.Anatomical study of leaves and cotyledons of17 C4species from Genus salsola(Chenopodiaceae)in Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2016,33(1):101-107.]
[5]任运涛,张晨曦,尚占燕,等.阿拉善荒漠区5种植物叶片性状的季节动态[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(4):823-831.[Ren Yuntao,Zhang Chenxi,Shang Zhanyan,et al.Seasonal variation of leaf traits of five eremophyte species in the Alxa Desert[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(4):823-831.]
[6]Jones M M.Osmotic adjustment in leaves of sorghum in response to water deficits[J].Plant Physiology,1978,61(1):122-126.
[7]范杰英.9个树种抗旱性的分析与评价[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2005.[Fan Jieying.The Analysis and Appraising on the Drought Resistance of Nine Tree Species[D].Yangling:Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University,2005.]
[8]王忠华,李旭晨,夏英武.作物抗旱的作用机制及其基因工程改良研究进展[J].生物技术通讯,2002,13(1):16-19.[Wang Zhonghua,Li Xuchen,Xia Yingwu.Advances in the studies on crop dought:Resistant function mechanism and its improvement via genetic engineering[J].Biotechnology Bulletin,2002,13(1):15-19.]
[9]张哲,闵红梅,夏关均,等.高温胁迫对植物生理影响研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(16):8 338-8 339,8 342.[Zhang Zhe,Min Hongmei,Xia Guanjun,et al.Research advances on influence of high temperature stress on some physiological characteristics of plants[J].Journal of Anhui Agriculatural Science,2010,38(16):8 338-8 339,8 342.]
[10]汤章城.逆境下脯氨酸的累积及其可能意义[J].植物生理学报,1984(1):15-21.[Tang Zhangcheng.The accumulation of proline and its possible significance under adversity[J].Plant Physiology Communications,1984(1):15-21.]
[11]夏训诚.中国罗布泊[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.[Xia Xuncheng.Lop Nur Region of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.]
[12]李从娟,孙永强,范敬龙,等.盐地碱蓬在高盐碱土环境中的生态学意义[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(6):1 160-1 166.[Li Congjuan,Sun Yongqiang,Fan Jinglong,et al.Ecological significance of planting Suaeda salsa in saline/Alkali soils in the Lop Nur potash mine[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(6):1 160-1 166.]
[13]赵元杰,夏训诚,王富葆,等.新疆罗布泊环状盐壳的特征与成因[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(6):779-783.[Zhao Yuanjie,Xia Xuncheng,Wang Fubao,et al.Features and causes of formation on ring shaped salt crust in Lop Nur region of Xinjiang China[J].Arid Land Geograohy,2006,29(6):779-783.]
[14]王世杰,孙永强,李从娟,等.罗布泊钾盐矿区绿化施工与管护技术[J].北方园艺,2016,16(10):92-94.[Wang Shijie,Sun Yongqiang,Li Congjuan,et al.The greening construction and management technology in Lop Nur potash mine[J].Northern Horticulture,2016,16(10):92-94.]
[15]张宪政.植物叶绿素含量的测定:丙酮乙醇混合液法[J].辽宁农业科学,1986,26(3):26-28.[Zhang Xianzheng.Determination of chlorophyll content in the plant:Acetone ethanol mixture method[J].Liaoning Agriculatural Science,1986,26(3):26-28.]
[16]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.[Li Hesheng.Principle and Technology of Plant Physiological and Biochemical Experiments[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.]
[17]张鹏.基于主成分分析的综合评价研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2004.[Zhang Peng.Based on Comprehensive Evaluation Research of Principal Component Analysis[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science and Technology,2004.]
[18]Han J,Micheline,Kamber.Data Mining:Concepts and Techniques[M].Mongan Kaufmann Publishers Inc,2005.
[19]王鑫.数据挖掘中聚类分析算法的研究[D].济南:山东师范大学,2006.[Wang Xin.Clutering Analysis Algorithm in Data Mining Research[D].Jinan:Shandong Normal University,2006.]
[20]许为钢,胡琳,盖钧镒.小麦耐热性研究[J].华北农学报,1999,14(2):20-24.[Xu Weigang,Hu Lin,Gai Junyi.A study on heat tolerance of wheat cultivars[J].Acta Agriculturae BorealiSinica,1999,14(2):20-24.]
[21]刘飞虎,梁雪妮,张寿文,等.干旱胁迫下苎麻种质的生理生化特性研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2000,22(1):11-19.[Liu Feihu,Liang Xueni,Zhang Shouwen,et al.Physiological and biochemical characteristics of ramie germplasms under drought stress[J].Acta Agriculture Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2000,22(1):11-19.]
[22]王金艳,李刚.玉米种苗期抗旱机理简述[J].杂粮作物,2003,23(2):105-106.[Wang Jinyan,Li Gang.The review of corn seeding drought resistance mechanism[J].Rain Fed Crops,2003,23(2):105-106.]
[23]刘学师,任小林,苗卫东,等.游离脯氨酸与植物抗旱性[J].河南职业技术师范学院学报,2002,30(3):35-37.[Liu Xueshi,Ren Xiaolin,Miao Weidong,et al.Free proling and dought resistance of plant[J].Journal of Henan Vocation-Technical Teachers College,2003,30(3):35-37.]
[24]张明生,谈锋.水分胁迫下甘薯叶绿素a/b比值的变化及其与抗旱性的关系[J].种子,2001,20(4):23-25.[Zhang Mingsheng,Tan Feng.Relationship between ratio of Chlorophyll a and b under water stress and drought resistance of different sweet potato varieties[J].Seed,2001,20(4):23-25.]
[25]宗莉,甘霖,康玉茹,等.盐分、干旱及其交互胁迫对黑果枸杞发芽的影响[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(3):499-503.[Zong Li,Gan Lin,Kang Yuru,et al.Salt and drought stress effect and their interaction on germination of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(3):499-503.]
[26]秦晓鹏,彭燕,范彦,等.重庆地区野生红三叶耐热性比较研究[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(4):1 454-1 457.[Qin Xiaopeng,Peng Yan,Fan Yan,et al.Comparative study on heat resistance of wild red clover in Chongqing area[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2009,37(4):1 454-1 457.]
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