汶川地震纪念景观分类与空间分布研究
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摘要
中国政府为汶川地震建立了世界上规模最为宏大、保存最为完整的地震纪念景观体系。汶川地震十周年,选取汶川地震灾区场域349处地震纪念景观,采用地方考察、科学计量、空间分析等方式探讨其类型划分与空间分布问题。结果表明:①汶川地震纪念景观可划分为宏观、中观与微观3个主类,地震纪念地、地震遗址公园、地震遗址、地震场馆、纪念园、纪念广场等11个亚类和若干景观元。②汶川地震纪念景观以"映秀-绵竹-青川"聚集点为核心向外围扩散,主要集中于汶川县、绵竹市、什邡市、北川县、青川县,共涉及6个市州,并沿龙门山地震断裂层密集分布,呈现出东北-西南走向,且各个市州在全省尺度下的空间分布存在正相关性。研究结论有望为地震纪念景观的空间配置、空间冲突、地方错置等问题的解决作出新贡献,为地震遗址公园的建设与保护提供科学依据。
The memorial of the Wenchuan Earthquake of 2008 in west Sichuan is regarded as the largest and the most well preserved one of its kind in the world. In the tenth anniversary of the 2008 tragedy,this study employs a mixed research design to look at issues of classification and spatial distribution of the seismic memorial landscapes by focusing on the 349 cases in west Sichuan. From the perspective of typology,the results show that the memorial landscapes of earthquake include three scales ranging from the macro to medium and micro,which are sub-divided into 11 groups and dozens of elements. The Average Nearest Neighbor Analysis reveals the spatial heterogeneity of the memorial landscapes of the Wenchuan earthquake; at the same time,the Kernel Density Map suggests that Yinxiu Town,Mianzhu City and Qinchuan County are the three density centers while the memorial landscapes are most likely to be scattered around six counties or cities,and these include Wenchuan County,Mianzhu City,Shifang City,Beichuan County,Qinchuan County. The standard deviation ellipse extends from northeast to southwest,implying that the landscapes are clustered along the Longmen Shan fault. Results of the Local Moran and LISA Cluster Map indicate that there is spatial autocorrelation between those clusters at city and county scale respectively. In conclusion,this study opens the debate about spatial configuration and conflicts as well as misplacement of memorial landscape of earthquake.
The memorial of the Wenchuan Earthquake of 2008 in west Sichuan is regarded as the largest and the most well preserved one of its kind in the world. In the tenth anniversary of the 2008 tragedy,this study employs a mixed research design to look at issues of classification and spatial distribution of the seismic memorial landscapes by focusing on the 349 cases in west Sichuan. From the perspective of typology,the results show that the memorial landscapes of earthquake include three scales ranging from the macro to medium and micro,which are sub-divided into 11 groups and dozens of elements. The Average Nearest Neighbor Analysis reveals the spatial heterogeneity of the memorial landscapes of the Wenchuan earthquake; at the same time,the Kernel Density Map suggests that Yinxiu Town,Mianzhu City and Qinchuan County are the three density centers while the memorial landscapes are most likely to be scattered around six counties or cities,and these include Wenchuan County,Mianzhu City,Shifang City,Beichuan County,Qinchuan County. The standard deviation ellipse extends from northeast to southwest,implying that the landscapes are clustered along the Longmen Shan fault. Results of the Local Moran and LISA Cluster Map indicate that there is spatial autocorrelation between those clusters at city and county scale respectively. In conclusion,this study opens the debate about spatial configuration and conflicts as well as misplacement of memorial landscape of earthquake.
引文
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[14]张红卫,张睿.美国“国家纪念景观”简介及其启示[J].中国园林,2016,32(3):67-71.
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[21]钟美玲,刘雨轩.云南腾冲地热景观空间分布研究[J].地质与勘探,2018,54(2):389-394.
[22] Walford N. Patterns of development in tourist accommodation enterprises on farms in England and Wales[J]. Applied Geography,2001,21(4):331-345.
[23]马会丽,王宏志,李细归,等.中国博物馆空间分布特征的多尺度分析[J].人文地理,2017,32(6):87-94.
[24] YUAN Shaoxiong,YIN Xiaoling,XIONG Haixian,et al. Spatial distribution pattern and Han subgroup characteristics of traditional villages in Guangdong[J]. Journal of Landscape Research,2018,10(1):25-32.
[25] Spooner P G,Lunt I,Okabe A,et al. Spatial analysis of roadside Acacia populations on a road network using the network K-function[J]. Landscape Ecology,2004,19(5):491-499.
[26] Helbich M,Leitner M. Postsuburban spatial evolution of Vienna’s urban fringe:Evidence from point process modeling[J]. Urban Geography,2010,31(8):1100-1117.
[27]吴佳雨.国家级风景名胜区空间分布特征[J].地理研究,2014,33(9):1747-1757.
[28] DI Baofeng,ZENG Hongjuan,ZHANG Minghua,et al. Quantifying the spatial distribution of soil mass wasting processes after the2008 earthquake in Wenchuan,China[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(4):761-771.
[29] XU Qiang,ZHANG Shuai,LI Weile. Spatial distribution of largescale landslides induced by the 5. 12 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,8(2):246-260.
[30] XU Chong,XU Xiwei. The spatial distribution pattern of landslides triggered by the 20 April 2013 Lushan earthquake of China and its implication to identification of the seismogenic fault[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(13):1416-1424.
[31]许冲,徐锡伟,吴熙彦,等. 2008年汶川地震滑坡详细编目及其空间分布规律分析[J].工程地质学报,2013,21(1):25-44.
[32]唐勇.龙门山地震地质遗迹景观体系与旅游发展模式研究[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2012:27-53.
[33] Biran A,LIU Wei,LI Gang,et al. Consuming post-disaster destinations:The case of Sichuan,China[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2014,47(4):1-17.
[34] Stone P R,Hartmann R,Seaton T,et al. The Palgrave handbook of dark tourism studies[M]. London:Palgrave Mac Millian,2018.
[35]钱莉莉,张捷,郑春晖,等.基于集体记忆的震后北川老县城空间重构[J].人文地理,2018,33(06):53-61.
[36]汶川特大地震抗震救灾志编纂委员会.汶川特大地震抗震救灾志[M].北京:方志出版社,2015.
[37]阿坝州地方志办公室.汶川特大地震阿坝州抗震救灾志[M].北京:方志出版社,2012.
[38]汶川县史志编纂委员会办公室. 5. 12汶川特大地震汶川县抗震救灾志[M].北京:中国文史出版社,2013.
[39]杨忍,刘彦随,龙花楼,等.中国村庄空间分布特征及空间优化重组解析[J].地理科学,2016,36(2):170-179.
[40]禹文豪,艾廷华,杨敏,等.利用核密度与空间自相关进行城市设施兴趣点分布热点探测[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2016,41(2):221-227.
[41]方叶林,黄震方,王坤,等.不同时空尺度下中国旅游业发展格局演化[J].地理科学,2014,34(9):1025-1032.
[42]袁修柳,王保云,何夏芸.昆明市2000-2010年乡镇人口空间自相关及其时空演变分析[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2018,41(3):16-19.
[43]陈国磊,张春燕,罗静,等.中国红色旅游经典景区空间分布格局[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(9):196-202.
[44]黄润秋,李为乐.“5. 12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.
[45]谢洪,钟敦伦,矫震,等. 2008年汶川地震重灾区的泥石流[J].山地学报,2009,27(4):501-509.
[46]王昕,齐欣,韦杰.中国黑色旅游资源空间分布研究[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,30(1):101-105.
[2]唐勇,覃建雄,李艳红,等.汶川地震遗迹旅游资源分类及特色评价[J].地球学报,2010,31(4):575-584.
[3]中华人民共和国国务院文件(国发〔2008〕31号)汶川地震灾后恢复重建总体规划[Z].北京:中华人民共和国国务院办公厅,2008.
[4]中华人民共和国国务院文件(国发〔2008〕22号)国务院关于做好汶川地震灾后恢复重建工作的指导意见[Z].北京:中华人民共和国国务院办公厅,2008.
[5]中华人民共和国国务院令(第526号)汶川地震灾后恢复重建条例[Z].北京:中华人民共和国国务院办公厅,2008.
[6]四川省人民政府文件(第39次常务会议审议)北川、映秀、汉旺、深溪沟地震遗址遗迹保护及博物馆建设项目规划[Z].成都:四川省人民政府,2009.
[7]唐勇.后汶川地震时期地震遗产旅游综合集成发展模式研究[J].灾害学,2014,29(1):93-98.
[8]乔建平,黄栋,杨宗佶,等.汶川大地震宏观震中问题的讨论[J].灾害学,2013,28(1):1-5.
[9]郭晓军,向灵芝,周小军,等.高家沟泥石流和深溪沟泥石流灾害特征[J].灾害学,2012,27(3):81-85.
[10] TANG Yong. Contested narratives at the Hanwang earthquake memorial park:Where ghost industrial town and seismic memorial meet[J]. Geoheritage,2018:1-15. DOI:10. 1007/s12371-018-0309-9.
[11]钱莉莉,张捷,郑春晖,等.地理学视角下的集体记忆研究综述[J].人文地理,2015,30(6):7-12.
[12] Ryan M,Foote K,Azaryahu M. Narrating space/spatializing narrative:Where narrative theory and geography meet[M]. Columbus:The Ohio State University Press,2016.
[13]李开然.纪念性景观的涵义[J].风景园林,2008(4):46-51.
[14]张红卫,张睿.美国“国家纪念景观”简介及其启示[J].中国园林,2016,32(3):67-71.
[15]杨至德.纪念性景观设计[M].南京:江苏凤凰科学技术出版社,2014.
[16]段禹农,刘丰果,历华.四川地震灾区环境景观建设成果研究[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2016.
[17]阚兴龙,李辉,周永章.汶川地震旅游资源开发研究[J].热带地理,2008,28(5):478-482.
[18]唐勇,覃建雄,邓贵平,等.地震遗迹景观研究进展及其分类方案探讨[J].热带地理,2011,31(3):334-338.
[19] Vasiliadis C. A,Kobotis A. Spatial analysis-an application of nearest-neighbor analysis to tourism locations in Macedonia[J].Tourism Management,1999,20(1):141-148.
[20] Hajilo M,Masoom M G,Langroudi S H M,et al. Spatial analysis of the distribution of small businesses in the eastern villages of Gilan province with emphasis on the tourism sector in mountainous regions[J]. Sustainability,2017,9(12):2238.
[21]钟美玲,刘雨轩.云南腾冲地热景观空间分布研究[J].地质与勘探,2018,54(2):389-394.
[22] Walford N. Patterns of development in tourist accommodation enterprises on farms in England and Wales[J]. Applied Geography,2001,21(4):331-345.
[23]马会丽,王宏志,李细归,等.中国博物馆空间分布特征的多尺度分析[J].人文地理,2017,32(6):87-94.
[24] YUAN Shaoxiong,YIN Xiaoling,XIONG Haixian,et al. Spatial distribution pattern and Han subgroup characteristics of traditional villages in Guangdong[J]. Journal of Landscape Research,2018,10(1):25-32.
[25] Spooner P G,Lunt I,Okabe A,et al. Spatial analysis of roadside Acacia populations on a road network using the network K-function[J]. Landscape Ecology,2004,19(5):491-499.
[26] Helbich M,Leitner M. Postsuburban spatial evolution of Vienna’s urban fringe:Evidence from point process modeling[J]. Urban Geography,2010,31(8):1100-1117.
[27]吴佳雨.国家级风景名胜区空间分布特征[J].地理研究,2014,33(9):1747-1757.
[28] DI Baofeng,ZENG Hongjuan,ZHANG Minghua,et al. Quantifying the spatial distribution of soil mass wasting processes after the2008 earthquake in Wenchuan,China[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2010,114(4):761-771.
[29] XU Qiang,ZHANG Shuai,LI Weile. Spatial distribution of largescale landslides induced by the 5. 12 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,8(2):246-260.
[30] XU Chong,XU Xiwei. The spatial distribution pattern of landslides triggered by the 20 April 2013 Lushan earthquake of China and its implication to identification of the seismogenic fault[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(13):1416-1424.
[31]许冲,徐锡伟,吴熙彦,等. 2008年汶川地震滑坡详细编目及其空间分布规律分析[J].工程地质学报,2013,21(1):25-44.
[32]唐勇.龙门山地震地质遗迹景观体系与旅游发展模式研究[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2012:27-53.
[33] Biran A,LIU Wei,LI Gang,et al. Consuming post-disaster destinations:The case of Sichuan,China[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2014,47(4):1-17.
[34] Stone P R,Hartmann R,Seaton T,et al. The Palgrave handbook of dark tourism studies[M]. London:Palgrave Mac Millian,2018.
[35]钱莉莉,张捷,郑春晖,等.基于集体记忆的震后北川老县城空间重构[J].人文地理,2018,33(06):53-61.
[36]汶川特大地震抗震救灾志编纂委员会.汶川特大地震抗震救灾志[M].北京:方志出版社,2015.
[37]阿坝州地方志办公室.汶川特大地震阿坝州抗震救灾志[M].北京:方志出版社,2012.
[38]汶川县史志编纂委员会办公室. 5. 12汶川特大地震汶川县抗震救灾志[M].北京:中国文史出版社,2013.
[39]杨忍,刘彦随,龙花楼,等.中国村庄空间分布特征及空间优化重组解析[J].地理科学,2016,36(2):170-179.
[40]禹文豪,艾廷华,杨敏,等.利用核密度与空间自相关进行城市设施兴趣点分布热点探测[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2016,41(2):221-227.
[41]方叶林,黄震方,王坤,等.不同时空尺度下中国旅游业发展格局演化[J].地理科学,2014,34(9):1025-1032.
[42]袁修柳,王保云,何夏芸.昆明市2000-2010年乡镇人口空间自相关及其时空演变分析[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2018,41(3):16-19.
[43]陈国磊,张春燕,罗静,等.中国红色旅游经典景区空间分布格局[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(9):196-202.
[44]黄润秋,李为乐.“5. 12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.
[45]谢洪,钟敦伦,矫震,等. 2008年汶川地震重灾区的泥石流[J].山地学报,2009,27(4):501-509.
[46]王昕,齐欣,韦杰.中国黑色旅游资源空间分布研究[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,30(1):101-105.
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