利用改进的动态PPP技术建立中国香港区域海潮负荷位移模型
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摘要
利用GPS技术反演海潮负荷信息,相比传统重力及甚长基线干涉测量,有着全球覆盖、测站数多、全天候、成本低等诸多优势,为海潮模型的建立提供了有效的技术手段,也对海潮负荷效应的研究有着重要的理论意义和参考价值。利用动态精密单点定位技术(precise point positioning, PPP)反演海潮负荷位移,同时构建了区域海潮负荷位移模型。利用香港连续运行参考站8 a的GPS观测数据,精密测定了11个测站的三维海潮负荷位移参数,与高精度海潮模型提供的海潮负荷位移参数进行比较,发现除K_2、K_1潮波外,其他潮波的均方根误差均小于2 mm。与已有的动态PPP及静态PPP结果对比发现,采用改进的重叠时段动态PPP算法可有效改善K_1潮波的反演精度;该方法反演的海潮负荷位移精度可达到静态PPP反演海潮负荷位移的精度,且对于K_1潮波,在东西方向,动态PPP算法的反演精度较静态PPP略有改善。利用最小二乘曲面拟合法可有效建立中国香港地区GPS区域海潮负荷位移模型,可有效弥补沿海地区因验潮站稀少而导致的海潮模型适应性差的问题。
Compared with very long baseline interferometry(VLBI) and superconducting gravimeter(SG) techniques, Global Positioning System(GPS) technique has the advantages of global high-resolution coverage, long-term continuous observations, and low environmental impact to determine the ocean tide loading(OTL) displacement, which can provide a technical means to establish the ocean tide models and theory significance and reference for studying the OTL effect. In order to establish the regional OTL displacement model, the GPS kinematic precise point positioning(PPP) was used to determine the OTL displacement parameters. Three-dimensional ocean tide loading displacements of eight constituents at 11 sites in Hong Kong with eight years of continuous GPS observations are estimated. Comparing the RMS misfit of the model values, we found that the accuracy of K_2 and K_1 constituents are worst and the others' RMS are smaller than 2 mm. Comparing our results with the kinematic PPP and static PPP results, we found that our improved kinematic PPP can significantly improve the accuracy of K_1 constituent. And the accuracy of 8 constituents derived by our method can reach the same accuracy as the kinematic PPP results, for K_1 constituent, the accuracy of our method results is slightly better than the kinematic PPP results. Finally, using the least square quasi method to establish the GPS regional OTL displacement model can provide the reference for OTL effect correction in the coastal area which are lack of high accuracy local tide model.
Compared with very long baseline interferometry(VLBI) and superconducting gravimeter(SG) techniques, Global Positioning System(GPS) technique has the advantages of global high-resolution coverage, long-term continuous observations, and low environmental impact to determine the ocean tide loading(OTL) displacement, which can provide a technical means to establish the ocean tide models and theory significance and reference for studying the OTL effect. In order to establish the regional OTL displacement model, the GPS kinematic precise point positioning(PPP) was used to determine the OTL displacement parameters. Three-dimensional ocean tide loading displacements of eight constituents at 11 sites in Hong Kong with eight years of continuous GPS observations are estimated. Comparing the RMS misfit of the model values, we found that the accuracy of K_2 and K_1 constituents are worst and the others' RMS are smaller than 2 mm. Comparing our results with the kinematic PPP and static PPP results, we found that our improved kinematic PPP can significantly improve the accuracy of K_1 constituent. And the accuracy of 8 constituents derived by our method can reach the same accuracy as the kinematic PPP results, for K_1 constituent, the accuracy of our method results is slightly better than the kinematic PPP results. Finally, using the least square quasi method to establish the GPS regional OTL displacement model can provide the reference for OTL effect correction in the coastal area which are lack of high accuracy local tide model.
引文
[1] Zhao Hong, Zhang Qin, Huang Guanwen, et al. Effect of Ocean Tide Loading on GPS Precise Positioning Based on Different Ocean Tide Models [J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2012,32(5): 108-112 (赵红,张勤,黄观文,等.基于不同海潮模型研究海潮负荷对GPS精密定位的影响[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2012,32(5):108-112)
[2] Zhang Jie, Li Fei, Lou Yidong, et al. Ocean Tide Loading Effect on GPS Precise Positioning [J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2013,38(12):1 400-1 404 (张杰,李斐,楼益栋,等.海潮负荷对GPS精密定位的影响[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2013,38(12):1 400-1 404)
[3] Li Dawei, Li Jiancheng, Jin Taoyong, et al. Accuracy Estimation of Recent Global Ocean Tide Mo-dels Using Gauge Data [J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2012, 32 (4): 106-110 (李大炜,李建成,金涛勇,等.利用验潮站资料评估全球海潮模型的精度[J].大地测量与地球动力学, 2012, 32 (4): 106-110)
[4] Yuan L, Ding X, Zhong P, et al. Estimates of Ocean Tide Loading Displacements and Its Impact on Position Time Series in Hong Kong Using a Dense Continuous GPS Network [J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2009, 83 (11): 999-1 015
[5] Bos M S, Penna N T, Baker T F, et al. Ocean Tide Loading Displacements in Western Europe: 2. GPS-Observed Anelastic Dispersion in the Asthenosphere [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2015, 120 (9): 6 540-6 557
[6] Schenewerk M S, Marshall J, Dillinger W. Vertical Ocean-Loading Deformations Derived from a Global GPS Network [J]. Journal of the Geodetic Society of Japan, 2001, 47 (1): 237-242
[7] Allinson C, Clarke P, Edwards S, et al. Stability of Direct GPS Estimates of Ocean Tide Loading[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2004, 31,DOI:10.1 029/2004GL020588
[8] King M A, Penna N T, Clarke P J, et al. Validation of Ocean Tide Models Around Antarctica Using Onshore GPS and Gravity Data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2005, 110 (B8): 347
[9] Thomas I D, King M A, Clarke P J. A Comparison of GPS, VLBI and Model Estimates of Ocean Tide Loading Displacements [J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2007, 81 (5): 359-368
[10] Vergnolle M, Bouin M N, Morel L, et al. GPS Estimates of Ocean Tide Loading in NW-France: Determination of Ocean Tide Loading Constituents and Comparison with a Recent Ocean Tide Model [J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2008, 173 (2): 444-458
[11] Yuan Linguo, Ding Xiaoli, Sun Heping, et al. Determination of Ocean Tide Loading Displacements in Hong Kong Using GPS Technique [J]. Science China, 2010, 53(7):993-1 007
[12] Zhang Xiaohong, Ma Lan, Li Pan. Determination of Ocean Tide Loading Displacements Using Kinematic PPP [J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2016, 45(6): 631-638 (张小红,马兰,李盼.利用动态PPP技术确定海潮负荷位移[J].测绘学报,2016,45(6): 631-638)
[13] Khan S A, Tscherning C C. Determination of Semi-Diurnal Ocean Tide Loading Constituents Using GPS in Alaska [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28 (11): 2 249-2 252
[14] King M. Kinematic and Static GPS Techniques for Estimating Tidal Displacements with Application to Antarctica [J]. Journal of Geodynamics, 2006, 41 (1): 77-86
[15] Melachroinos S A, Biancale R, Llubes M, et al. Ocean Tide Loading (OTL) Displacements from Global and Local Grids: Comparisons to GPS Estimates over the Shelf of Brittany, France [J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2008, 82 (6): 357-371
[16] Penna N T, Clarke P J, Bos M S, et al. Ocean Tide Loading Displacements in Western Europe: 1. Validation of Kinematic GPS Estimates[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2015, 120:6 523-6 539
[17] Liu Jingnan, Ye Shirong. GPS Precise Point Positioning Using Undifferenced Phase Observation [J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2002, 27 (3): 234-240(刘经南,叶世榕.GPS非差相位精密单点定位技术探讨[J].武汉大学学报?信息科学版, 2002, 27 (3): 234-240)
[18] Tu R, Ge M, Zhang H, et al. The Realization and Convergence Analysis of Combined PPP Based on Raw Observation [J]. Advances in Space Research, 2013, 52 (1): 211-221
[19] Han Baomin, Ou Jikun. Precise Point Positioning Based on Undifferenced GPS Data [J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2003, 28 (4): 409-412(韩保民,欧吉坤.基于GPS非差观测值进行精密单点定位研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2003, 28 (4): 409-412)
[20] Li W, Teunissen P, Zhang B, et al. Precise Point Positioning Using GPS and Compass Observations[C]. China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC), Wuhan, China, 2013
[21] Zhang Xiaohong. Analysis of the Precision of the Kinematic Point Positioning [J].Global Positioning System, 2006, 31 (1): 7-11 (张小红.动态精度单点定位(PPP)的精度分析[J].全球定位系统,2006,31(1):7-11)
[22] Dong D, Fang P, Bock Y, et al. Anatomy of Apparent Seasonal Variations from GPS-Derived Site Position Time Series [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2002, 107 (B4): 9-16
[23] Altamimi Z, Collilieux X, Legrand J, et al. ITRF2005: A New Release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame Based on Time Series of Station Positions and Earth Orientation Parameters [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2007, 112, DOI:10.1029/2007JB004949
[24] Pawlowicz R, Beardsley B, Lentz S. Classical Tidal Harmonic Analysis Including Error Estimates in MATLAB Using T_TIDE [J]. Computers & Geosciences, 2002, 28 (8): 929-937
[25] Hewitt E, Hewitt R E. The Gibbs-Wilbraham Phenomenon: An Episode in Fourier Analysis [J]. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 1979, 21 (2): 129-160
[26] Zhao Hong, Zhang Qin, Xu Chao. Analysis the Ocean Tide Loading on GPS PPP of Hong Kong [J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2016, 36(1): 6-10 (赵红,张勤,徐超.潮汐效应对香港地区GPS PPP的影响 [J].大地测量与地球动力学,2016,36(1): 6-10)
[27] Zhao Hong, Zhang Qin, Qu Wei, et al. Effect Analysis of Ocean Tide Loading on GPS Precise Positioning Combining High Precision Local Tide Model with Global Ocean Tide Model[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2016, 41(6): 765-771(赵红,张勤,瞿伟,等.联合中国近海海潮模型与全球海潮模型分析海潮负荷对GPS精密定位的影响[J].武汉大学学报·科学信息版,2016,41(6):765-771)
[28] Chen Guang, Ren Zhiliang, Sun Haizhu. Curve Fitting in Least-Square Method and Its Realization with Matlab [J]. Ordnance Industry Automation, 2005, 24 (3): 107-108(陈光,任志良,孙海柱.最小二乘曲线拟合及Matlab实现 [J].兵工自动化,2005,24(3): 107-108)
[2] Zhang Jie, Li Fei, Lou Yidong, et al. Ocean Tide Loading Effect on GPS Precise Positioning [J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2013,38(12):1 400-1 404 (张杰,李斐,楼益栋,等.海潮负荷对GPS精密定位的影响[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2013,38(12):1 400-1 404)
[3] Li Dawei, Li Jiancheng, Jin Taoyong, et al. Accuracy Estimation of Recent Global Ocean Tide Mo-dels Using Gauge Data [J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2012, 32 (4): 106-110 (李大炜,李建成,金涛勇,等.利用验潮站资料评估全球海潮模型的精度[J].大地测量与地球动力学, 2012, 32 (4): 106-110)
[4] Yuan L, Ding X, Zhong P, et al. Estimates of Ocean Tide Loading Displacements and Its Impact on Position Time Series in Hong Kong Using a Dense Continuous GPS Network [J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2009, 83 (11): 999-1 015
[5] Bos M S, Penna N T, Baker T F, et al. Ocean Tide Loading Displacements in Western Europe: 2. GPS-Observed Anelastic Dispersion in the Asthenosphere [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2015, 120 (9): 6 540-6 557
[6] Schenewerk M S, Marshall J, Dillinger W. Vertical Ocean-Loading Deformations Derived from a Global GPS Network [J]. Journal of the Geodetic Society of Japan, 2001, 47 (1): 237-242
[7] Allinson C, Clarke P, Edwards S, et al. Stability of Direct GPS Estimates of Ocean Tide Loading[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2004, 31,DOI:10.1 029/2004GL020588
[8] King M A, Penna N T, Clarke P J, et al. Validation of Ocean Tide Models Around Antarctica Using Onshore GPS and Gravity Data[J].Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2005, 110 (B8): 347
[9] Thomas I D, King M A, Clarke P J. A Comparison of GPS, VLBI and Model Estimates of Ocean Tide Loading Displacements [J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2007, 81 (5): 359-368
[10] Vergnolle M, Bouin M N, Morel L, et al. GPS Estimates of Ocean Tide Loading in NW-France: Determination of Ocean Tide Loading Constituents and Comparison with a Recent Ocean Tide Model [J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2008, 173 (2): 444-458
[11] Yuan Linguo, Ding Xiaoli, Sun Heping, et al. Determination of Ocean Tide Loading Displacements in Hong Kong Using GPS Technique [J]. Science China, 2010, 53(7):993-1 007
[12] Zhang Xiaohong, Ma Lan, Li Pan. Determination of Ocean Tide Loading Displacements Using Kinematic PPP [J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2016, 45(6): 631-638 (张小红,马兰,李盼.利用动态PPP技术确定海潮负荷位移[J].测绘学报,2016,45(6): 631-638)
[13] Khan S A, Tscherning C C. Determination of Semi-Diurnal Ocean Tide Loading Constituents Using GPS in Alaska [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28 (11): 2 249-2 252
[14] King M. Kinematic and Static GPS Techniques for Estimating Tidal Displacements with Application to Antarctica [J]. Journal of Geodynamics, 2006, 41 (1): 77-86
[15] Melachroinos S A, Biancale R, Llubes M, et al. Ocean Tide Loading (OTL) Displacements from Global and Local Grids: Comparisons to GPS Estimates over the Shelf of Brittany, France [J]. Journal of Geodesy, 2008, 82 (6): 357-371
[16] Penna N T, Clarke P J, Bos M S, et al. Ocean Tide Loading Displacements in Western Europe: 1. Validation of Kinematic GPS Estimates[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2015, 120:6 523-6 539
[17] Liu Jingnan, Ye Shirong. GPS Precise Point Positioning Using Undifferenced Phase Observation [J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2002, 27 (3): 234-240(刘经南,叶世榕.GPS非差相位精密单点定位技术探讨[J].武汉大学学报?信息科学版, 2002, 27 (3): 234-240)
[18] Tu R, Ge M, Zhang H, et al. The Realization and Convergence Analysis of Combined PPP Based on Raw Observation [J]. Advances in Space Research, 2013, 52 (1): 211-221
[19] Han Baomin, Ou Jikun. Precise Point Positioning Based on Undifferenced GPS Data [J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2003, 28 (4): 409-412(韩保民,欧吉坤.基于GPS非差观测值进行精密单点定位研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2003, 28 (4): 409-412)
[20] Li W, Teunissen P, Zhang B, et al. Precise Point Positioning Using GPS and Compass Observations[C]. China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC), Wuhan, China, 2013
[21] Zhang Xiaohong. Analysis of the Precision of the Kinematic Point Positioning [J].Global Positioning System, 2006, 31 (1): 7-11 (张小红.动态精度单点定位(PPP)的精度分析[J].全球定位系统,2006,31(1):7-11)
[22] Dong D, Fang P, Bock Y, et al. Anatomy of Apparent Seasonal Variations from GPS-Derived Site Position Time Series [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2002, 107 (B4): 9-16
[23] Altamimi Z, Collilieux X, Legrand J, et al. ITRF2005: A New Release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame Based on Time Series of Station Positions and Earth Orientation Parameters [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2007, 112, DOI:10.1029/2007JB004949
[24] Pawlowicz R, Beardsley B, Lentz S. Classical Tidal Harmonic Analysis Including Error Estimates in MATLAB Using T_TIDE [J]. Computers & Geosciences, 2002, 28 (8): 929-937
[25] Hewitt E, Hewitt R E. The Gibbs-Wilbraham Phenomenon: An Episode in Fourier Analysis [J]. Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 1979, 21 (2): 129-160
[26] Zhao Hong, Zhang Qin, Xu Chao. Analysis the Ocean Tide Loading on GPS PPP of Hong Kong [J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2016, 36(1): 6-10 (赵红,张勤,徐超.潮汐效应对香港地区GPS PPP的影响 [J].大地测量与地球动力学,2016,36(1): 6-10)
[27] Zhao Hong, Zhang Qin, Qu Wei, et al. Effect Analysis of Ocean Tide Loading on GPS Precise Positioning Combining High Precision Local Tide Model with Global Ocean Tide Model[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2016, 41(6): 765-771(赵红,张勤,瞿伟,等.联合中国近海海潮模型与全球海潮模型分析海潮负荷对GPS精密定位的影响[J].武汉大学学报·科学信息版,2016,41(6):765-771)
[28] Chen Guang, Ren Zhiliang, Sun Haizhu. Curve Fitting in Least-Square Method and Its Realization with Matlab [J]. Ordnance Industry Automation, 2005, 24 (3): 107-108(陈光,任志良,孙海柱.最小二乘曲线拟合及Matlab实现 [J].兵工自动化,2005,24(3): 107-108)