美国旧金山湾区高等教育整合动因及路径
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摘要
美国旧金山湾区是国际四大湾区之一,其高等教育对湾区的崛起发挥显著支撑作用。旧金山湾区高等教育的发展过程,也是反复联结、失调再联结的过程。面对高等教育需求量激增、与产业发展失调、高校竞争加剧、统筹湾区高校运作层面松散等问题,湾区采取了一系列高校、校企、教育内外部整合举措,促使旧金山湾区高等教育与劳动力市场实现调和、营利型与非营利型大学错位发展和通过在线技术实现课程资源整合等。旧金山湾区高等教育整合经验将为粤港澳大湾区高等教育整合提供相应启示和思路。
The San Francisco Bay Area of America is one of the four largest Bay Areas in the world and its higher education has been playing a significant role in backing the rise of the Bay area.The development course of higher education there is also the course of repeated connections, imbalances and re-connections of higher education.In the face of rapidly growing demand for higher education,the imbalance between higher education and industry, coordinating the loose operations of universities and the intensification of survival competition among colleges and universities,the Bay area has taken a series of measures for integration,which have enabled the harmony between the higher education and labor market in San Francisco Bay area, the staggered development of profit-seeking and non-profit universities and the realization of curriculum resources through online technologies.The experience of higher education integration in the San Francisco Bay Area will guide and enlighten the integration of higher education in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area.
The San Francisco Bay Area of America is one of the four largest Bay Areas in the world and its higher education has been playing a significant role in backing the rise of the Bay area.The development course of higher education there is also the course of repeated connections, imbalances and re-connections of higher education.In the face of rapidly growing demand for higher education,the imbalance between higher education and industry, coordinating the loose operations of universities and the intensification of survival competition among colleges and universities,the Bay area has taken a series of measures for integration,which have enabled the harmony between the higher education and labor market in San Francisco Bay area, the staggered development of profit-seeking and non-profit universities and the realization of curriculum resources through online technologies.The experience of higher education integration in the San Francisco Bay Area will guide and enlighten the integration of higher education in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area.
引文
[1]李晶,刘晖.粤港澳大湾区高等教育整合的逻辑与进路[J].高等教育研究,2018,39(10):35-40.
[2]欧小军.世界一流大湾区高水平大学集群发展研究——以纽约、旧金山、东京三大湾区为例[J].四川理工学院学报(社会科学版),2018,33(3):83-100.
[3]丁旭光.借鉴旧金山湾区创新经验,构建粤港澳大湾区创新共同体[J].探求,2017,(6):27-30.
[4]Bay area census[EB/OL].(2018-10-01)[2018-10-01].http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea.htm.
[5]Randolph S,Johnson H.Reforming California public higher education for the 21st century.[EB/OL].[2018-10-01].http://www.bayareaeconomy.org/files/pdf/Reforming CApublic Higher Ed White PaperDec 2014.pdf.
[6]National Center for Education Statistics.The condition of education 2012[EB/OL].(2012-05-24)[2018-11-01].https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2012045.
[7]National Center for Education Statistics.The condition of education 2009[EB/OL].[2018-11-01].https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009081.pdf.
[8]Walters D.Hot bay area economy props up California[EB/OL].[2018-10-01].http://sacbee.com/news/politicsgovernment/capitol-alert/article36633297.html.
[9]Zakaria F.In defense of a liberal education[M].New York:W.W.Norton,2015:54.
[10]Snyder T D,Dillow S A.Digest of educational statistics 2011[EB/OL].[2018-10-01].http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012001_0.pdf.
[11]George Krücken,Hasse R.Competition and actorhood:a further expansion of the neo-institutional agenda[J].Sociologia Internationalis,2013,51(2):181-205.
[12]Altbach P G,Gumport P J,Berdahl R O.American higher education in the twenty-first century:social,political,and economic challenges[M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2011:139-169.
[13]Douglass J A.From chaos to order and back?a revisionist reflection on the California master plan for higher education@50 and thoughts about its future[J].Center of Studies in Higher Education,2010,(7):1-20.
[14]Fresno Business Council[EB/OL].(2018-10-01)[2018-10-01].http://www.fresnobc.org/about/history.
[15]詹姆斯·杜德斯达.美国公立大学的未来[M].刘济良,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2006:69.
[16]Callan P M.Higher Education in California[M]Goodchild L F,Jonsen R W,Limerick P,et al.Higher education in the American West.New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2014:245.
[17]彭跃刚,石伟平.美国社区学院与四年制大学的“对接”机制及启示[J].河北师范大学学报(教育科学版),2017,(3):48-52.
[18]Scott W R,Kirst W M.Higher education and Silicon Valley:connected but conflicted[M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2017:3.
[19]Kenney M,Mowery D C.Public university and regional growth:insights from the University of California[M].California,CA:Stanford University Press,2014:91.
[20]迈克尔·博杜安,肖俊洪.数字时代远程开放教育:美国篇[J].中国远程教育,2019,(4):1-12.
[21]索尔斯坦·凡勃伦.学与商的博弈:论美国高等教育[M].惠圣,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2009:50.
(1)数据来源:私立高等教育委员会、职业教育局、加州私立高等学校协会和个别大学网站。
(1)即“一般教育发展考试”(General Educational Development Tests),简称GED,是与美国高中文凭等同的学历证明。
[2]欧小军.世界一流大湾区高水平大学集群发展研究——以纽约、旧金山、东京三大湾区为例[J].四川理工学院学报(社会科学版),2018,33(3):83-100.
[3]丁旭光.借鉴旧金山湾区创新经验,构建粤港澳大湾区创新共同体[J].探求,2017,(6):27-30.
[4]Bay area census[EB/OL].(2018-10-01)[2018-10-01].http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea.htm.
[5]Randolph S,Johnson H.Reforming California public higher education for the 21st century.[EB/OL].[2018-10-01].http://www.bayareaeconomy.org/files/pdf/Reforming CApublic Higher Ed White PaperDec 2014.pdf.
[6]National Center for Education Statistics.The condition of education 2012[EB/OL].(2012-05-24)[2018-11-01].https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2012045.
[7]National Center for Education Statistics.The condition of education 2009[EB/OL].[2018-11-01].https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009081.pdf.
[8]Walters D.Hot bay area economy props up California[EB/OL].[2018-10-01].http://sacbee.com/news/politicsgovernment/capitol-alert/article36633297.html.
[9]Zakaria F.In defense of a liberal education[M].New York:W.W.Norton,2015:54.
[10]Snyder T D,Dillow S A.Digest of educational statistics 2011[EB/OL].[2018-10-01].http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012001_0.pdf.
[11]George Krücken,Hasse R.Competition and actorhood:a further expansion of the neo-institutional agenda[J].Sociologia Internationalis,2013,51(2):181-205.
[12]Altbach P G,Gumport P J,Berdahl R O.American higher education in the twenty-first century:social,political,and economic challenges[M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2011:139-169.
[13]Douglass J A.From chaos to order and back?a revisionist reflection on the California master plan for higher education@50 and thoughts about its future[J].Center of Studies in Higher Education,2010,(7):1-20.
[14]Fresno Business Council[EB/OL].(2018-10-01)[2018-10-01].http://www.fresnobc.org/about/history.
[15]詹姆斯·杜德斯达.美国公立大学的未来[M].刘济良,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2006:69.
[16]Callan P M.Higher Education in California[M]Goodchild L F,Jonsen R W,Limerick P,et al.Higher education in the American West.New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2014:245.
[17]彭跃刚,石伟平.美国社区学院与四年制大学的“对接”机制及启示[J].河北师范大学学报(教育科学版),2017,(3):48-52.
[18]Scott W R,Kirst W M.Higher education and Silicon Valley:connected but conflicted[M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2017:3.
[19]Kenney M,Mowery D C.Public university and regional growth:insights from the University of California[M].California,CA:Stanford University Press,2014:91.
[20]迈克尔·博杜安,肖俊洪.数字时代远程开放教育:美国篇[J].中国远程教育,2019,(4):1-12.
[21]索尔斯坦·凡勃伦.学与商的博弈:论美国高等教育[M].惠圣,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2009:50.
(1)数据来源:私立高等教育委员会、职业教育局、加州私立高等学校协会和个别大学网站。
(1)即“一般教育发展考试”(General Educational Development Tests),简称GED,是与美国高中文凭等同的学历证明。