基于层级观和互动观的汉语动结构式句法语义界面分析
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摘要
层级观和互动观是构式语法理论的两种基本思想,对语言研究具有重要的理论价值。本文基于构式语法的层级观和互动观,重新审视了汉语动结构式的句法语义界面问题,认为汉语动结构式是复杂述谓构式,提出其句法语义界面研究涉及三个层级和三重互动关系,即微观层级的动词、中观层级的动结构式、宏观层级的论元结构构式和中观层级动结构式的句法语义映射关系、微观层级动词与中观层级动结构式的互动关系、中观层级动结构式与宏观层级论元结构构式互动关系,构建了基于层级和互动的动结构式句法语义界面分析的新框架。
Hierarchy and interaction are two basic tenets in Construction Grammar, which are of significant theoretical value to linguistic research. This paper proposes a new perspective for research on syntax-semantics interface of Chinese resultative construction based on hierarchy and interaction. It is argued that Chinese resultative is a complex predicate construction and its syntax-semantics interface is better analyzed on three levels, i.e., predicates on the micro-level, resultative construction on the meso-level and argument structure constructions on the macro-level, based on which triple interactions are involved, i.e., mapping between semantics and syntax within meso-level resultative construction, interaction between micro-level predicates and meso-level resultative construction, and interaction between meso-level resultative construction and macro-level argument structure constructions. Through such a neo-analysis, a hierarchy-and interaction-based new analytic framework for syntax-semantics interface of Chinese resultatives is established.
Hierarchy and interaction are two basic tenets in Construction Grammar, which are of significant theoretical value to linguistic research. This paper proposes a new perspective for research on syntax-semantics interface of Chinese resultative construction based on hierarchy and interaction. It is argued that Chinese resultative is a complex predicate construction and its syntax-semantics interface is better analyzed on three levels, i.e., predicates on the micro-level, resultative construction on the meso-level and argument structure constructions on the macro-level, based on which triple interactions are involved, i.e., mapping between semantics and syntax within meso-level resultative construction, interaction between micro-level predicates and meso-level resultative construction, and interaction between meso-level resultative construction and macro-level argument structure constructions. Through such a neo-analysis, a hierarchy-and interaction-based new analytic framework for syntax-semantics interface of Chinese resultatives is established.
引文
[1] Aikhenvald,A.Y.Serial verb constructions in typological perspective[A].In A.Y.Aikhenvald & R.M.W.Dixon(eds.).Serial Verb Constructions:A Cross-linguistic Typology[C].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006:1-68.
[2] Cheng,L.L.S.& C.T.J.Huang.On the argument structure of resultative compounds[A].In M.Chen & O.Tzeng(eds.).In Honor of William S-Y.Wang:Interdisciplinary Studies on Language and Language Change[C].Taipei:Pyramid Press,1994:187-221.
[3] Goldberg,A.E.Constructions:A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure[M].Chicago/London:The University of Chicago Press,1995.
[4] Goldberg,A.E.Constructions at Work:The Nature of Generalization in Language[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006.
[5] Goldberg,A.E.,Casenhiser,D.M.& N.Sethuraman.Learning argument structure generalizations[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2004(3):289-316.
[6] Haspelmath,M.The serial verb construction:Comparative concept and cross-linguistic generalizations[J].Language and Linguistics,2016(3):291-319.
[7] Her,O.S.Argument-function mismatches in Mandarin resultatives:A lexical mapping account[J].Lingua,2007(1):221-246.
[8] Huang,C.T.J.Resultatives and unaccusatives:A parametric view[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Linguistic Society of Japan,2006(253):1-43.
[9] Langacker,R.W.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar:Theoretical Prerequisites (Vol.1)[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987.
[10]Li,Y.On V-V compounds in Chinese[J].Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,1990(2):177-207.
[11]Li,Y.The thematic hierarchy and causativity[J].Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,1995(2):255-282.
[12]Neeleman,A.& H.van de Koot.Bare resultatives[J].Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics,2002(6):1-52.
[13]Perek,F.Argument Structure in Usage-Based Construction Grammar:Experimental and Corpus-based Perspectives[M].Amsterdam/ Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2015.
[14]Shibagaki,R.Secondary predication in Chinese,Japanese,Mongolian and Korean[D].University of London,2011.
[15]Son,M.Resultatives in Korean revisited:Complementation versus adjunction[J].Nordlyd,2008(35):89-113.
[16]Stefanowitsch,A.& S.T.Gries.Collostructions:Investigating the interaction of words and constructions[J].International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,2003(2):209-243.
[17]Sybesma,R.The Mandarin VP[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1999.
[18]Traugott,E.C.The concepts of constructional mismatch and type-shifting from the perspective of grammaticalization[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2007(4):523-557.
[19]Traugott,E.C.& G.Trousdale.Constructionalization and Constructional Changes[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2013.
[20]Washio,R.Resultatives,compositionality and language variation[J].Journal of East Asian Linguistics,1997(1):1-49.
[21]郭锐.述结式的配价结构和成分的整合[A].沈阳,郑定欧.现代汉语配价语法研究[C].北京:北京大学出版社,1995:168-191.
[22]郭锐.述结式的论元结构[A].徐烈炯,邵敬敏.汉语语法研究的新拓展(一)——21世纪首届现代汉语语法国际研讨会论文集[C].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2002:169-186.
[23]李奉栖.论汉语动结式复合题元角色到语法功能的映射[J].外国语,2011(6):19-25.
[24]李临定.现代汉语句型[M].北京:商务印书馆,1986.
[25]吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1942.
[26]彭国珍.再论汉语动结式的补语小句理论分析[J].外国语,2012(2):38-45.
[27]沈家煊.动结式“追累”的语法和语义[J].语言科学,2004(6):3-15.
[28]施春宏.汉语动结式的句法语义研究[M].北京:北京语言大学出版社,2008.
[29]施春宏.再论动结式的配价层级及其歧价现象[J].语言教学与研究,2013(5):65-74.
[30]施春宏.动结式在相关句式群中不对称分布的多重界面互动机制[J].世界汉语教学,2015(1):25-44.
[31]宋文辉.动结式在几个句式中的分布[J].语文研究,2004(3):13-19.
[32]宋文辉.现代汉语动结式的认知研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
[33]王红旗.动结式述补结构配价研究[A].沈阳,郑定欧.现代汉语配价语法研究[C].北京:北京大学出版社,1995:144-167.
[34]文旭,杨坤.构式语法研究的历时取向——历时构式语法论纲[J].中国外语,2015(1):26-34.
[35]熊学亮,魏巍.倒置动结式的致使性透视[J].外语教学与研究,2014a(4):497-507.
[36]熊学亮,魏巍.“NP V累了NP”动结式的补语趋向解读[J].外语教学理论与实践,2014b(2):34-63.
[37]熊仲儒,刘丽萍.动结式的论元实现[J].现代外语,2006(2):120-130.
[38]杨坤.认知构式语法的基本思想及最新发展[J].西南大学学报(社会科学版),2015(1):153-159.
[39]袁毓林.述结式配价的控制—还原分析[J].中国语文,2001(5):399-410.
[40]张翼.倒置动结式的认知构式研究[J].外国语,2009(4):34-42.
[41]张翼.汉语致使性动结式复合动词的论元表达——基于构式融合的解释[J].现代外语,2013a(2):120-126.
[42]张翼.概念整合理论对于语法问题的解释力:以汉语动结式为例[J].外语与外语教学,2013b(4):43-47.
[43]张翼.广义动结式倒置用法的允准:基于极量义和范畴化的解释[J].外国语,2016(4):2-8.
[44]赵琪.从动结式来看现代汉语的构式性[J].复旦外国语言文学论丛,2008(1):113-122.
[45]赵琪.英汉动结式的共性与个性[J].外语教学与研究,2009(4):258-165.
[46]朱佳蕾.题元系统理论下汉语动结式的形态句法研究[J].语言科学,2016(6):571-587.
① 本文所用例子除特别注明外均源自北京大学中国语言学研究中心的现代汉语语料库。
② 例(4)中,TOP、NOM、GEN、ACC、PAST/PST、A、V、CVB、DC分别是Topic marker、Nominative case、Genitive case 、Accusative case、Past tense、Adjective、Verb、Converb、Declarative marker的缩略形式,分别表示话题标记、主格、属格、宾格、过去时态、形容词、动词、副动词、陈述标记。另外,括号中的汉语翻译为笔者译注。
[2] Cheng,L.L.S.& C.T.J.Huang.On the argument structure of resultative compounds[A].In M.Chen & O.Tzeng(eds.).In Honor of William S-Y.Wang:Interdisciplinary Studies on Language and Language Change[C].Taipei:Pyramid Press,1994:187-221.
[3] Goldberg,A.E.Constructions:A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure[M].Chicago/London:The University of Chicago Press,1995.
[4] Goldberg,A.E.Constructions at Work:The Nature of Generalization in Language[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006.
[5] Goldberg,A.E.,Casenhiser,D.M.& N.Sethuraman.Learning argument structure generalizations[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2004(3):289-316.
[6] Haspelmath,M.The serial verb construction:Comparative concept and cross-linguistic generalizations[J].Language and Linguistics,2016(3):291-319.
[7] Her,O.S.Argument-function mismatches in Mandarin resultatives:A lexical mapping account[J].Lingua,2007(1):221-246.
[8] Huang,C.T.J.Resultatives and unaccusatives:A parametric view[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Linguistic Society of Japan,2006(253):1-43.
[9] Langacker,R.W.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar:Theoretical Prerequisites (Vol.1)[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987.
[10]Li,Y.On V-V compounds in Chinese[J].Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,1990(2):177-207.
[11]Li,Y.The thematic hierarchy and causativity[J].Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,1995(2):255-282.
[12]Neeleman,A.& H.van de Koot.Bare resultatives[J].Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics,2002(6):1-52.
[13]Perek,F.Argument Structure in Usage-Based Construction Grammar:Experimental and Corpus-based Perspectives[M].Amsterdam/ Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Company,2015.
[14]Shibagaki,R.Secondary predication in Chinese,Japanese,Mongolian and Korean[D].University of London,2011.
[15]Son,M.Resultatives in Korean revisited:Complementation versus adjunction[J].Nordlyd,2008(35):89-113.
[16]Stefanowitsch,A.& S.T.Gries.Collostructions:Investigating the interaction of words and constructions[J].International Journal of Corpus Linguistics,2003(2):209-243.
[17]Sybesma,R.The Mandarin VP[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1999.
[18]Traugott,E.C.The concepts of constructional mismatch and type-shifting from the perspective of grammaticalization[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2007(4):523-557.
[19]Traugott,E.C.& G.Trousdale.Constructionalization and Constructional Changes[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2013.
[20]Washio,R.Resultatives,compositionality and language variation[J].Journal of East Asian Linguistics,1997(1):1-49.
[21]郭锐.述结式的配价结构和成分的整合[A].沈阳,郑定欧.现代汉语配价语法研究[C].北京:北京大学出版社,1995:168-191.
[22]郭锐.述结式的论元结构[A].徐烈炯,邵敬敏.汉语语法研究的新拓展(一)——21世纪首届现代汉语语法国际研讨会论文集[C].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2002:169-186.
[23]李奉栖.论汉语动结式复合题元角色到语法功能的映射[J].外国语,2011(6):19-25.
[24]李临定.现代汉语句型[M].北京:商务印书馆,1986.
[25]吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1942.
[26]彭国珍.再论汉语动结式的补语小句理论分析[J].外国语,2012(2):38-45.
[27]沈家煊.动结式“追累”的语法和语义[J].语言科学,2004(6):3-15.
[28]施春宏.汉语动结式的句法语义研究[M].北京:北京语言大学出版社,2008.
[29]施春宏.再论动结式的配价层级及其歧价现象[J].语言教学与研究,2013(5):65-74.
[30]施春宏.动结式在相关句式群中不对称分布的多重界面互动机制[J].世界汉语教学,2015(1):25-44.
[31]宋文辉.动结式在几个句式中的分布[J].语文研究,2004(3):13-19.
[32]宋文辉.现代汉语动结式的认知研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
[33]王红旗.动结式述补结构配价研究[A].沈阳,郑定欧.现代汉语配价语法研究[C].北京:北京大学出版社,1995:144-167.
[34]文旭,杨坤.构式语法研究的历时取向——历时构式语法论纲[J].中国外语,2015(1):26-34.
[35]熊学亮,魏巍.倒置动结式的致使性透视[J].外语教学与研究,2014a(4):497-507.
[36]熊学亮,魏巍.“NP V累了NP”动结式的补语趋向解读[J].外语教学理论与实践,2014b(2):34-63.
[37]熊仲儒,刘丽萍.动结式的论元实现[J].现代外语,2006(2):120-130.
[38]杨坤.认知构式语法的基本思想及最新发展[J].西南大学学报(社会科学版),2015(1):153-159.
[39]袁毓林.述结式配价的控制—还原分析[J].中国语文,2001(5):399-410.
[40]张翼.倒置动结式的认知构式研究[J].外国语,2009(4):34-42.
[41]张翼.汉语致使性动结式复合动词的论元表达——基于构式融合的解释[J].现代外语,2013a(2):120-126.
[42]张翼.概念整合理论对于语法问题的解释力:以汉语动结式为例[J].外语与外语教学,2013b(4):43-47.
[43]张翼.广义动结式倒置用法的允准:基于极量义和范畴化的解释[J].外国语,2016(4):2-8.
[44]赵琪.从动结式来看现代汉语的构式性[J].复旦外国语言文学论丛,2008(1):113-122.
[45]赵琪.英汉动结式的共性与个性[J].外语教学与研究,2009(4):258-165.
[46]朱佳蕾.题元系统理论下汉语动结式的形态句法研究[J].语言科学,2016(6):571-587.
① 本文所用例子除特别注明外均源自北京大学中国语言学研究中心的现代汉语语料库。
② 例(4)中,TOP、NOM、GEN、ACC、PAST/PST、A、V、CVB、DC分别是Topic marker、Nominative case、Genitive case 、Accusative case、Past tense、Adjective、Verb、Converb、Declarative marker的缩略形式,分别表示话题标记、主格、属格、宾格、过去时态、形容词、动词、副动词、陈述标记。另外,括号中的汉语翻译为笔者译注。