金属材料非平衡相变的热/动力学协同
|
摘要
金属热加工通过相变决定材料最终组织和性能。随非平衡技术快速发展,热加工工艺趋于极端化和多样化,控制相变的热力学与动力学机制从简单近平衡条件下的相对独立转变为复杂远平衡条件下的高度关联。基于热/动力学独立处理的传统理论已无法应对上述相变涉及的机理描述、组织预测和过程控制。这已然成为高端制造业迫切需要解决的关键问题,也给金属材料非平衡相变研究带来了挑战和机遇。针对纯Fe沿Bain路径的马氏体切变、低合金钢组织调控中的马氏体相变、晶界迁移及晶粒长大热稳定性,整理出热力学驱动力和动力学能垒的定量关联,进而演绎并提出热/动力学相关性。旨在探讨相变热力学和动力学间的固有规律,以指导典型工业用合金的微观组织设计。
The final microstructure and property of metallic materials are determined by hot-working,in terms of phase transformations. With rapid development of the non-equilibrium technology,the processing of hot-working is becoming extreme and versatile,so that the thermodynamics and kinetics controlling the phase transformation is changed from the interindependence corresponding to brief near-equilibrium process to the highly correlation corresponding to complicated extremely non-equilibrium process. Accordingly,the classical theory,basing on the independent treatment of thermodynamics and kinetics,has become unsuitable to describe the mechanism,predict the microstructure and control the process. This key problem needs to be solved urgently for high-end manufacturing industry,while brings challenges and opportunities for investigations of non-equilibrium phase transformation. The present review is focused on martensitic transition in Fe via Bain path,microstructure regulation by martensitic transformation in low-alloyed steels,and GB migration and the thermal stability of grain growth,quantitatively summarizing the correlation between thermodynamics and kinetics. On this basis,it is aimed to discuss the intrinsic law between thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transition,and thus guide the microstructure design for typical industrial alloys.
The final microstructure and property of metallic materials are determined by hot-working,in terms of phase transformations. With rapid development of the non-equilibrium technology,the processing of hot-working is becoming extreme and versatile,so that the thermodynamics and kinetics controlling the phase transformation is changed from the interindependence corresponding to brief near-equilibrium process to the highly correlation corresponding to complicated extremely non-equilibrium process. Accordingly,the classical theory,basing on the independent treatment of thermodynamics and kinetics,has become unsuitable to describe the mechanism,predict the microstructure and control the process. This key problem needs to be solved urgently for high-end manufacturing industry,while brings challenges and opportunities for investigations of non-equilibrium phase transformation. The present review is focused on martensitic transition in Fe via Bain path,microstructure regulation by martensitic transformation in low-alloyed steels,and GB migration and the thermal stability of grain growth,quantitatively summarizing the correlation between thermodynamics and kinetics. On this basis,it is aimed to discuss the intrinsic law between thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transition,and thus guide the microstructure design for typical industrial alloys.
引文
[1]Christian J W.The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys[M].London:Pergamon Press,2002:961-991.
[2]Kirby A J.Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1972:57-207.
[3]Liu F,Sommer F,Bos C,et al.International Materials Reviews[J],2007,52(4):193-212.
[4]Jones R O.Reviews of Modern Physics[J],2015,87:897-923.
[5]Willnecker R,Herlach D M,Feuerbacher B.Physical Review Letters[J],1989,62(23):2707-2710.
[6]Baker J C,Gahn J W.Acta Metallurgica[J],1969,17(5):575-578.
[7]Liu Y C,Sommer F,Mittemeijer E J.Acta Materialia[J],2006,54(12):3383-3393.
[8]Zhao Y T,Shang C J,Yang S W,et al.Materials Science and Engineering:A[J],2006,433(1):169-174.
[9]Zheng Lei(郑磊),Zhang Aiwen(张爱文),Tang Wenjun(唐文军).Baosteel Technical Research(宝钢技术研究)[J],2010,2:48-53.
[10]Delaey L.Phase Transformations in Materials[M].Darmstadt:Wiley VCH Verlag,2001:630-632.
[11]Xu Zuyao(徐祖耀).Phase Transformation in Materials(材料相变)[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2013:43.
[12]Xu Zuyao(徐祖耀).Theory of Phase Transformation(相变原理)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988:366.
[13]Galenko P K,Herlach D M.Physical Review Letters[J],2006,96(15):150602.
[14]Galenko P K,Danilov D A.Physical Review E[J],2004,69:051608.
[15]Eyring H.The Journal of Chemical Physics[J],1935,3:107-115.
[16]Wang H F,Liu F,Chen Z,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2007,55:497-506.
[17]Dang B,Zhang X,Liu F,et al.Scientific Reports[J],2016,6:30874.
[18]Hillert M.Acta Metallurgica[J],1965,13:227-238.
[19]Jiang Y H,Liu F,Song S J.Acta Materialia[J],2012,60:3815-3829.
[20]Song S J,Liu F,Zhang Z H.Acta Materialia[J],2014,64:266-281.
[21]Raabe D.Continuum Scale Simulation of Engineering Materials:Fundamentals-Microstructures-Process Applications[M].Darmstadt:Wiley VCH Verlag Gmb H,2004:38-53.
[22]Cahn J W.Acta Metallurgica[J],1961,9:795-801.
[23]Cahn J W,Allen S M.Journal de Physigue Colloques[J],1977,38:C7-51-C7-54.
[24]Mecozzi M G,Sietsma J,Van der Zwaag S.Acta Materialia[J],2006,54:1431-1440.
[25]Vaithyanathan V,Wolverton C,Chen L Q.Acta Materialia[J],2004,52:2973-2987.
[26]Nakajima K,Apel M,Steinbach I.Acta Materialia[J],2006,54:3665-3672.
[27]Heo T W,Chen L Q.Acta Materialia[J],2014,76:68-81.
[28]Wang K,Zhang L,Liu F.Acta Materialia[J],2019,162:78-89.
[29]Kelton K F.Solid State Physics[J],1991,45:75-177.
[30]Truhlar D G,Garrett B C.Annual Review of Physical Chemistry[J],1984,35:159-189.
[31]Martyushev L M,Seleznev V D.Physics Reports[J],2006,426:1-45.
[32]Fischer F D,Svoboda J,Petryk H.Acta Materialia[J],2014,67:1-20.
[33]Casari D,Ludwig T H,Merlin M.Materials Science and Engineering:A[J],2014,610:414-426.
[34]Macchi C,Tolley A,Giovachini R,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2015,98:275-287.
[35]Wang Q G.Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A[J],2003,34:2887-2899.
[36]Tahamtan S,Golozar M A,Karimzadeh F,et al.Materials Characterization[J],2008,59:223-228.
[37]Haghshenas M,Zarei-Hanzaki A,Sabetghadam H.Journal of Alloys and Compounds[J],2009,477:250-255.
[38]Kocks U F,Mecking H.Progress in Materials Science[J],2003,48:171-273.
[39]Csandi T,Chinh N Q,Gubicza J.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2014,54:178-192.
[40]Johnson G R,Cook W H.Engineering Fracture Mechanics[J],1983:541-547.
[41]Mecking H,Kocks U F.Acta Metallurgica[J],1981,29:1865-1875.
[42]Estrin Y,Mecking H.Acta Metallurgica[J],1984,32:57-70.
[43]Simar A,Bréchet Y,de Meester B,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2007,55:6133-6143.
[44]Fribourg G,Bréchet Y,Deschamps A,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2011,59:3621-3635.
[45]Kubin L P,Estrin Y.Acta Metallurgica et Materialia[J],1990,38:697-708.
[46]Hansen B L,Beyerlein I J,Bronkhorst C A,et al.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2013,44:129-146.
[47]Bertin N,Capolungo L,Beyerlein I J.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2013,49:119-144.
[48]Roters F,Raabe D,Gottstein G.Acta Materialia[J],2000,48:4181-4189.
[49]Lim H,Lee M G,Kim J H,et al.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2011,27:1328-1354.
[50]Li J J,Soh A K.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2012,39:88-102.
[51]Seo E J,Cho L,Estrin Y,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2016,113:124-139.
[52]Kubler R F,Berveiller M,Buessler P.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2011,27:299-327.
[53]Sun C Y,Guo N,Fu M W,et al.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2016,76:186-212.
[54]Sung J H,Kim J H,Wagoner R H.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2010,26:1746-1771.
[55]Xu W,Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo P E J,van der Zwaag S.Philosophical Magazine[J],2009,89:1647-1661.
[56]Chen B A,Liu G,Wang R H,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2013,61(5):1676-1690.
[57]Jiang L,Li J K,Cheng P M,et al.Scientific Reports[J],2014,4:3605.
[58]Liu F,Yang G C.International Materials Reviews[J],2006,51:145-170.
[59]Peng H R,Gong M M,Liu F,et al.International Materials Reviews[J],2017,62:303-333.
[60]Liu Feng(刘峰),Wang Kang(王慷).Acta Metallurgica Sinica(金属学报)[J],2016,52:1326-1332.
[61]Wang K,Liu Z K,Liu F,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2018,147:261-276.
[62]Hong M,Wang K,Liu F,et al.Journal of Alloys and Compounds[J],2015,647:763-767.
[63]Lin B,Wang K,Liu F,et al.Journal of Materials Science&Technology[J],2018,34:1359-1363.
[64]Peng H R,Hang L K,Liu F.Materials Letters[J],2018,219:276-279.
[65]Risken H.The Fokker-Planck Equation-Methods of Solution and Applications[M].Heidelberg:Springer,1996:1-30.
[66]Aziz Michael,Kaplan T.Acta Metallurgica[J],1988,36:2335-2347.
[67]Galenko P K.Physical Review B[J],2002,65:144103.
[68]Hartmann H,Galenko P K,Holland-Morite D,et al.Journal of Applied Physics[J],2008,103:073509.
[69]Boettinger W J,Coriell S R,Trivedi R.Rapid Solidification Processing:Principles and Techmologies[C].Baton Rougela:Claitor’s Publishing Division,1988:13-25.
[70]Galenko P K,Danilov D A.Physics Letters A[J],1997,235:271-280.
[71]Wang K,Wang H F,Liu F,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2013,61:4254-4265.
[72]Jiang L,Li J K,Cheng P M,et al.Scientific Reports[J],2014,4:3605.
[73]Smith T M,Esser B D,Antolin N,et al.Nature Communications[J],2016,7:13434.
[74]Jiang S H,Wang H,Wu Y,et al.Nature[J],2017,544:460-464.
[75]Sohn S S,Choi K,Kwak J H,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2014,78:181-189.
[2]Kirby A J.Comprehensive Chemical Kinetics[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1972:57-207.
[3]Liu F,Sommer F,Bos C,et al.International Materials Reviews[J],2007,52(4):193-212.
[4]Jones R O.Reviews of Modern Physics[J],2015,87:897-923.
[5]Willnecker R,Herlach D M,Feuerbacher B.Physical Review Letters[J],1989,62(23):2707-2710.
[6]Baker J C,Gahn J W.Acta Metallurgica[J],1969,17(5):575-578.
[7]Liu Y C,Sommer F,Mittemeijer E J.Acta Materialia[J],2006,54(12):3383-3393.
[8]Zhao Y T,Shang C J,Yang S W,et al.Materials Science and Engineering:A[J],2006,433(1):169-174.
[9]Zheng Lei(郑磊),Zhang Aiwen(张爱文),Tang Wenjun(唐文军).Baosteel Technical Research(宝钢技术研究)[J],2010,2:48-53.
[10]Delaey L.Phase Transformations in Materials[M].Darmstadt:Wiley VCH Verlag,2001:630-632.
[11]Xu Zuyao(徐祖耀).Phase Transformation in Materials(材料相变)[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2013:43.
[12]Xu Zuyao(徐祖耀).Theory of Phase Transformation(相变原理)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988:366.
[13]Galenko P K,Herlach D M.Physical Review Letters[J],2006,96(15):150602.
[14]Galenko P K,Danilov D A.Physical Review E[J],2004,69:051608.
[15]Eyring H.The Journal of Chemical Physics[J],1935,3:107-115.
[16]Wang H F,Liu F,Chen Z,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2007,55:497-506.
[17]Dang B,Zhang X,Liu F,et al.Scientific Reports[J],2016,6:30874.
[18]Hillert M.Acta Metallurgica[J],1965,13:227-238.
[19]Jiang Y H,Liu F,Song S J.Acta Materialia[J],2012,60:3815-3829.
[20]Song S J,Liu F,Zhang Z H.Acta Materialia[J],2014,64:266-281.
[21]Raabe D.Continuum Scale Simulation of Engineering Materials:Fundamentals-Microstructures-Process Applications[M].Darmstadt:Wiley VCH Verlag Gmb H,2004:38-53.
[22]Cahn J W.Acta Metallurgica[J],1961,9:795-801.
[23]Cahn J W,Allen S M.Journal de Physigue Colloques[J],1977,38:C7-51-C7-54.
[24]Mecozzi M G,Sietsma J,Van der Zwaag S.Acta Materialia[J],2006,54:1431-1440.
[25]Vaithyanathan V,Wolverton C,Chen L Q.Acta Materialia[J],2004,52:2973-2987.
[26]Nakajima K,Apel M,Steinbach I.Acta Materialia[J],2006,54:3665-3672.
[27]Heo T W,Chen L Q.Acta Materialia[J],2014,76:68-81.
[28]Wang K,Zhang L,Liu F.Acta Materialia[J],2019,162:78-89.
[29]Kelton K F.Solid State Physics[J],1991,45:75-177.
[30]Truhlar D G,Garrett B C.Annual Review of Physical Chemistry[J],1984,35:159-189.
[31]Martyushev L M,Seleznev V D.Physics Reports[J],2006,426:1-45.
[32]Fischer F D,Svoboda J,Petryk H.Acta Materialia[J],2014,67:1-20.
[33]Casari D,Ludwig T H,Merlin M.Materials Science and Engineering:A[J],2014,610:414-426.
[34]Macchi C,Tolley A,Giovachini R,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2015,98:275-287.
[35]Wang Q G.Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A[J],2003,34:2887-2899.
[36]Tahamtan S,Golozar M A,Karimzadeh F,et al.Materials Characterization[J],2008,59:223-228.
[37]Haghshenas M,Zarei-Hanzaki A,Sabetghadam H.Journal of Alloys and Compounds[J],2009,477:250-255.
[38]Kocks U F,Mecking H.Progress in Materials Science[J],2003,48:171-273.
[39]Csandi T,Chinh N Q,Gubicza J.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2014,54:178-192.
[40]Johnson G R,Cook W H.Engineering Fracture Mechanics[J],1983:541-547.
[41]Mecking H,Kocks U F.Acta Metallurgica[J],1981,29:1865-1875.
[42]Estrin Y,Mecking H.Acta Metallurgica[J],1984,32:57-70.
[43]Simar A,Bréchet Y,de Meester B,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2007,55:6133-6143.
[44]Fribourg G,Bréchet Y,Deschamps A,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2011,59:3621-3635.
[45]Kubin L P,Estrin Y.Acta Metallurgica et Materialia[J],1990,38:697-708.
[46]Hansen B L,Beyerlein I J,Bronkhorst C A,et al.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2013,44:129-146.
[47]Bertin N,Capolungo L,Beyerlein I J.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2013,49:119-144.
[48]Roters F,Raabe D,Gottstein G.Acta Materialia[J],2000,48:4181-4189.
[49]Lim H,Lee M G,Kim J H,et al.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2011,27:1328-1354.
[50]Li J J,Soh A K.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2012,39:88-102.
[51]Seo E J,Cho L,Estrin Y,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2016,113:124-139.
[52]Kubler R F,Berveiller M,Buessler P.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2011,27:299-327.
[53]Sun C Y,Guo N,Fu M W,et al.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2016,76:186-212.
[54]Sung J H,Kim J H,Wagoner R H.International Journal of Plasticity[J],2010,26:1746-1771.
[55]Xu W,Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo P E J,van der Zwaag S.Philosophical Magazine[J],2009,89:1647-1661.
[56]Chen B A,Liu G,Wang R H,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2013,61(5):1676-1690.
[57]Jiang L,Li J K,Cheng P M,et al.Scientific Reports[J],2014,4:3605.
[58]Liu F,Yang G C.International Materials Reviews[J],2006,51:145-170.
[59]Peng H R,Gong M M,Liu F,et al.International Materials Reviews[J],2017,62:303-333.
[60]Liu Feng(刘峰),Wang Kang(王慷).Acta Metallurgica Sinica(金属学报)[J],2016,52:1326-1332.
[61]Wang K,Liu Z K,Liu F,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2018,147:261-276.
[62]Hong M,Wang K,Liu F,et al.Journal of Alloys and Compounds[J],2015,647:763-767.
[63]Lin B,Wang K,Liu F,et al.Journal of Materials Science&Technology[J],2018,34:1359-1363.
[64]Peng H R,Hang L K,Liu F.Materials Letters[J],2018,219:276-279.
[65]Risken H.The Fokker-Planck Equation-Methods of Solution and Applications[M].Heidelberg:Springer,1996:1-30.
[66]Aziz Michael,Kaplan T.Acta Metallurgica[J],1988,36:2335-2347.
[67]Galenko P K.Physical Review B[J],2002,65:144103.
[68]Hartmann H,Galenko P K,Holland-Morite D,et al.Journal of Applied Physics[J],2008,103:073509.
[69]Boettinger W J,Coriell S R,Trivedi R.Rapid Solidification Processing:Principles and Techmologies[C].Baton Rougela:Claitor’s Publishing Division,1988:13-25.
[70]Galenko P K,Danilov D A.Physics Letters A[J],1997,235:271-280.
[71]Wang K,Wang H F,Liu F,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2013,61:4254-4265.
[72]Jiang L,Li J K,Cheng P M,et al.Scientific Reports[J],2014,4:3605.
[73]Smith T M,Esser B D,Antolin N,et al.Nature Communications[J],2016,7:13434.
[74]Jiang S H,Wang H,Wu Y,et al.Nature[J],2017,544:460-464.
[75]Sohn S S,Choi K,Kwak J H,et al.Acta Materialia[J],2014,78:181-189.