国家空间选择性、新城新区的开发及其房地产化——以南京河西新城为例
|
摘要
本文认为有必要将中国城市新区开发运动理解为新区空间快速开发与城市空间不平衡发展的相统一过程。本文引入国家空间选择性理论视角来理解中国城市新区开发的"双统一"过程。首先,将国家空间选择性理论具体化为三个分析维度——选择性的空间发展战略、选择性的国家权力和国有资源空间配置。进而以南京河西新城为例,从国家空间选择性角度实证解析了其发展的"双统一"过程。主要结论是:国家的空间选择性给河西新城的开发配置了明显优于其他地区的战略、权力和国有资源条件,引导社会资本的集中涌入,塑造了不平衡发展的城市格局。国家空间选择性主导的发展模式一定程度上引致了河西新城发展的房地产化。
The mainstream theoretical perspectives on China's new town development consist of the process of 'urbanization', which conceives new town development as a natural result of urbanization, and‘'growth machine', which perceives new town development as an entrepreneurial project dominated by local state and capital interest, as well as 'demand-driving' perspective, which concentrates on the demands of housing and property speculation. However, none of these perspectives provide convincing explanations for the dialectic processes—rapid development of new town and uneven restructuring of urban space. Rapid development of new town not only results in the uneven restructuring of urban space but also acts a result of the uneven development of urban space. To fill the theoretical gap, this paper employs the perspective of state spatial selectivity to decode the dialectic processes. For widely political and economic incentives, local government actively mobilizes the powers and resources it holds to promote the rapid and massive development of new town. In this process, local government inevitably empowers more to the new town while relatively marginalizes other spaces, leading to the uneven distribution of state power and resource in the urban space. Therefore, this paper insists that the theory of state spatial selectivity is an appropriate theoretical perspective to decode the dialectic processes of new town development and uneven restructuring of urban space.
The mainstream theoretical perspectives on China's new town development consist of the process of 'urbanization', which conceives new town development as a natural result of urbanization, and‘'growth machine', which perceives new town development as an entrepreneurial project dominated by local state and capital interest, as well as 'demand-driving' perspective, which concentrates on the demands of housing and property speculation. However, none of these perspectives provide convincing explanations for the dialectic processes—rapid development of new town and uneven restructuring of urban space. Rapid development of new town not only results in the uneven restructuring of urban space but also acts a result of the uneven development of urban space. To fill the theoretical gap, this paper employs the perspective of state spatial selectivity to decode the dialectic processes. For widely political and economic incentives, local government actively mobilizes the powers and resources it holds to promote the rapid and massive development of new town. In this process, local government inevitably empowers more to the new town while relatively marginalizes other spaces, leading to the uneven distribution of state power and resource in the urban space. Therefore, this paper insists that the theory of state spatial selectivity is an appropriate theoretical perspective to decode the dialectic processes of new town development and uneven restructuring of urban space.
引文
[1]武廷海,杨保军,张城国.中国新城:1979—2009[J].城市与区域规划研究,2011,4(2):19-43.[Wu Tinghai, Yang Baojun, Zhang Chengguo. China's new town(1979—2009)[J]. Journal of Urban and Regional Planning Research, 2011,4(2):19-43.]
[2]方创琳,马海涛.新型城镇化背景下中国的新区建设与土地集约利用[J].中国土地科学,2013,27(7):4-9.[Fang Chuanglin, Ma Haitao.New city district development and intensive land use in the context of new-type urbanization[J]. China Land Sciences, 2013,27(7):4-9.]
[3]冯奎,郑明媚.中国新城新区发展报告[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2015:28-31.[Feng Kui, Zheng Mingmei. China's New Town and New District Development Report[M]. Beijng:China Development Press, 2015:28-31.]
[4]陈浩,张京祥.功能区与行政区“双轨制”:城市政府空间管理与创新——以南京市区为例[J].经济地理,2017,37(10):59-67.[Chen Hao, Zhang Jingxiang. Rising dual system of functional territory and administrative territory:Unraveling the spatiality of urban state and its transformation based on the case study of the city proper of Nanjing[J]. Economic Geography, 2017,37(10):59-67.]
[5]李铁,范毅.新城新区建设现状调查和思考[EB/OL].(2013-09-26)[2017-07-20].http://www.ccud.org.cn/2013-09-26/113349759.html.[Li Tie, Fan Yi. Investigating and rethinking the new town development.[EB/OL].(2013-09-26)[2017-07-20].http://www.ccud.org.cn/2-013-09-26/113349759.html.]
[6]王兴平.都市区化:中国城市化的新阶段[J].城市规划学刊,2002(4):56-59.[Wang Xingping. Metropolitanization:The new stage of China's urbanization[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2002(4):56-59.]
[7]赵民,柏巍,韦亚平.“都市区化”条件下的空间发展问题及规划对策——基于实证研究的若干讨论[J].城市规划学刊,2008(1):37-43.[Zhao Min, Bai Wei, Wei Yaping. Problems of spatial development and planning measures in the process of China's metropolitanization:a case study of Guangzhou[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2008(1):37-43.]
[8]罗震东.分权与碎化——中国都市区域发展的阶段与趋势[J].城市规划,2007,31(11):64-70.[Luo Zhendong. Decentralization and fragmentation:Development stages and trend of metropolitan area in China[J]. City Planning Review, 2007,31(11):64-70.]
[9]孙斌栋,石巍,宁越敏.上海市多中心城市结构的实证检验与战略思考[J].城市规划学刊,2010(1):58-63.[Sun Bindong, Shi Wei,Ning Yuemin. An empirical study on the polycentric urban structure of Shanghai and Strategies in future[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2010(1):58-63.]
[10]王春兰,杨上广.上海人口郊区化与新城发展动态分析[J].城市规划,2015,39(4):65-70.[Wang Chunlan, Yang Shangguang. Dynamic analysis on population suburbanization and new town development of Shanghai City[J]. City Planning Review, 2015,39(4):65-70.]
[11]李郇,李灵犀.国内城市新区开发的政府与市场的互动机制与模式——以广州琶洲地区开发为例[J].热带地理,2006,26(3):243-247.[Li Xun, Li Lingxi. The mechanism and pattern of mutual promotion between government and market in the development of new urban district:Acase study of Pazhou in Guangzhou[J]. Tropical Geography, 2006,26(3):243-247.]
[12]张京祥,殷洁,罗小龙.地方政府企业化主导下的城市空间发展与演化研究[J].人文地理,2006,21(4):1-6.[Zhang Jingxiang, Yin Jie,Luo Xiaolong. Research of urban spatial development under the circumstances of local government's entrepreneurialization[J]. Human HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Vol.Vol.33. No.. No.5 20182018/1069Geography, 2006,21(4):1-6.]
[13]王磊,田超,李莹.城市企业主义视角下的中国城市增长机制研究[J].人文地理,2012,27(4):25-31.[Wang Lei, Tian Chao, Li Ying.Entrepreneurialism underlying urban growth in China[J]. Human Geography, 2012,27(4):25-31.]
[14]殷洁,罗小龙.大事件背景下的城市政体变迁——南京市河西新城的实证研究[J].经济地理,2015,35(5):38-44.[Yin Jie, Luo Xiaolong. The evolution of urban regime under the mega-events background:An empirical study of Nanjing Hexi New Town[J].Economic Geography, 2015,35(5):38-44.]
[15]Li Z, Li X, Wang L. Speculative urbanism and the making of university towns in China:A case of Guangzhou University Town[J].Habitat International, 2014,44(40):422-431.
[16]Wu F, Phelps N A.(Post)suburban development and state entrepreneurialism in Beijing's outer suburbs[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2011,43(2):410-430.
[17]Shen J, Wu F. Moving to the suburbs:Demand-side driving forces of suburban growth in China[J]. Environment and Planning A,2013,45(8):1823-1844.
[18]冯健,周一星.郊区化进程中北京城市内部迁居及相关空间行为——基于千份问卷调查的分析[J].地理研究,2004,23(2):227-242.[Feng Jian, Zhou Yixing. Intra-urban migration and correlative spatial behavior in Beijing in the process of suburbanization:Based on1000 questionnaires[J]. Geographical Research, 2004,23(2):227-242.]
[19]Huang Y. Housing markets, government behaviors, and housing choice:A case study of three cities in China[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2004,36(1):45-68.
[20]Wu F. Commodification and housing market cycles in Chinese cities[J]. International Journal of Housing Policy, 2015,15(1):6-26.
[21]Rhodes R A W. The hollowing out of the state:The changing nature of the public service in Britain[J]. The Political Quarterly, 1994,65(2):138-151.
[22]ōmae K. The End of the Nation State:The Rise of Regional Economies[M]. New York:Simon and Schuster, 1995:1-12.
[23]刘云刚,殷冠文.地方政府主导的土建城市化——以鹤壁市为例[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(7):887-896.[Liu Yungang, Yin Guanwen. Local government-oriented city making in inland China:A case study of Hebi, a mining city[J]. Progress in Geography, 2010,29(7):887-896.]
[24]Harvey D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism[M]. New York:Oxford University Press, 2005:78-92.
[25]陈浩,张京祥,李响宇.国家空间分异与国家空间视角的中国城市研究思路初探[J].人文地理.2017,32(5):9-16.[Chen Hao, Zhang Jingxiang, Li Xiangyu. An exploration to state spatial differentiation and Chinese urban studies through the lens of state space theory[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(5):9-16.]
[26]马学广,李鲁奇.新国家空间理论的内涵与评价[J].人文地理,2017,32(3):1-9.[Ma Xueguang, Li Luqi. A summary and review of the framework of new state space[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(3):1-9.]
[27]Jessop B. The Future of the Capitialist State[M]. Cambridge:Polity, 2002:45-62.
[28]Jones M R. Spatial selectivity of the state? The regulationist enigma and local struggles over economic governance[J]. Environment and Planning A, 1997,29(5):831-864.
[29]Brenner N. New State Spaces:Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood[M]. New York:Oxford University Press, 2004:86-102.
[30]MacLeod G, Goodwin M. Space, scale and state strategy:Rethinking urban and regional governance[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 1999,23(4):503-527.
[31]Brenner N. Globalisation as reterritorialisation:The re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union[J]. Urban studies, 1999,36(3):431-451.
[32]Swyngedouw E. Neither global nor local:Glocalization and the politics of scale[M]//Cox K.Spaces of Globalization:Reasserting the Power of the Local. London:Guilford Press, 1997:137-166.
[33]Omstedt M. Reinforcing unevenness:Post-crisis geography and the spatial selectivity of the state[J]. Regional Studies Regional Science, 2016,3(1):99-113.
[34]陈浩,张京祥,陈宏胜.新型城镇化视角下中国“土地红利”开发模式转型[J].经济地理,2015,35(4):1-8.[Chen Hao, Zhang Jingxiang,Chen Hongsheng. The transformation of land dividend under the perspective of new urbanization[J]. Economic Geography, 2015,35(4):1-8.]
[35]朱光磊,王雪丽.市辖区体制改革初探[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2013(4):1-9.[Zhu Guanglei, Wang Xueli. A study on the institutional reform of municipal districts[J]. Nankai Journal, 2013(4):1-9.]
[36]陈浩,张京祥,吴启焰,宋伟轩.大事件影响下的城市空间演化特征研究——以昆明为例[J].人文地理,2010,25(5):41-46.[Chen Hao,Zhang Jingxiang, Wu Qiyan, Song Weixuan. A study of the characteristics of urban spatial evolution affected by mega-events:A case study of Kunming[J]. Human Geography, 2010,25(5):41-46.]
[37]张京祥,于涛,陆枭麟.全球化时代的城市大事件营销效应:基于空间生产视角[J].人文地理,2013,28(5):1-5.[Zhang Jingxiang, Yu Tao, Lu Xiaolin. Marketing effects of urban mega-event in the era of globalization:Based on spatial production theory[J]. Human Geography, 2013,28(5):1-5.]
[38]Smith, N. Toward a theory of gentrification:A back to the city movement by capital not people[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1979(45):538-548.
[39]石忆邵,俞怡文.郊区化究竟是加重还是缓解了城市病——基于上海的实证分析[J].经济地理,2016,36(8):47-54.[Shi Yishao, Yu Yiwen. Whether suburbanization exacerbates or alleviates urban diseases:Evidences from Shanghai, China[J]. Economic Geography, 2016,36(8):47-54.]
(1)来源于网址:http://www.landnj.cn/LandBargainInfo.aspx。
(2)来源于网址:http://www.creprice.cn/user/datades.html。
(3)资料来源:河西新城区总体规划, 2002。
(4)资料来源:中共南京市委办公厅南京市人民政府办公厅关于印发《建立透明规范的城乡建设投融资机制改革实施方案》的通知[宁委办发[2014]98号]。
(5)资料来源:鼓楼区建设局官员访谈,南京, 2013年5月。
(6)资料来源:根据南京国土资源局网站数据整理。
(7)资料来源:河西新城区十二五规划纲要, 2011。
(8)资料来源:南京统计年鉴(2007-2011)。
[2]方创琳,马海涛.新型城镇化背景下中国的新区建设与土地集约利用[J].中国土地科学,2013,27(7):4-9.[Fang Chuanglin, Ma Haitao.New city district development and intensive land use in the context of new-type urbanization[J]. China Land Sciences, 2013,27(7):4-9.]
[3]冯奎,郑明媚.中国新城新区发展报告[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2015:28-31.[Feng Kui, Zheng Mingmei. China's New Town and New District Development Report[M]. Beijng:China Development Press, 2015:28-31.]
[4]陈浩,张京祥.功能区与行政区“双轨制”:城市政府空间管理与创新——以南京市区为例[J].经济地理,2017,37(10):59-67.[Chen Hao, Zhang Jingxiang. Rising dual system of functional territory and administrative territory:Unraveling the spatiality of urban state and its transformation based on the case study of the city proper of Nanjing[J]. Economic Geography, 2017,37(10):59-67.]
[5]李铁,范毅.新城新区建设现状调查和思考[EB/OL].(2013-09-26)[2017-07-20].http://www.ccud.org.cn/2013-09-26/113349759.html.[Li Tie, Fan Yi. Investigating and rethinking the new town development.[EB/OL].(2013-09-26)[2017-07-20].http://www.ccud.org.cn/2-013-09-26/113349759.html.]
[6]王兴平.都市区化:中国城市化的新阶段[J].城市规划学刊,2002(4):56-59.[Wang Xingping. Metropolitanization:The new stage of China's urbanization[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2002(4):56-59.]
[7]赵民,柏巍,韦亚平.“都市区化”条件下的空间发展问题及规划对策——基于实证研究的若干讨论[J].城市规划学刊,2008(1):37-43.[Zhao Min, Bai Wei, Wei Yaping. Problems of spatial development and planning measures in the process of China's metropolitanization:a case study of Guangzhou[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2008(1):37-43.]
[8]罗震东.分权与碎化——中国都市区域发展的阶段与趋势[J].城市规划,2007,31(11):64-70.[Luo Zhendong. Decentralization and fragmentation:Development stages and trend of metropolitan area in China[J]. City Planning Review, 2007,31(11):64-70.]
[9]孙斌栋,石巍,宁越敏.上海市多中心城市结构的实证检验与战略思考[J].城市规划学刊,2010(1):58-63.[Sun Bindong, Shi Wei,Ning Yuemin. An empirical study on the polycentric urban structure of Shanghai and Strategies in future[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2010(1):58-63.]
[10]王春兰,杨上广.上海人口郊区化与新城发展动态分析[J].城市规划,2015,39(4):65-70.[Wang Chunlan, Yang Shangguang. Dynamic analysis on population suburbanization and new town development of Shanghai City[J]. City Planning Review, 2015,39(4):65-70.]
[11]李郇,李灵犀.国内城市新区开发的政府与市场的互动机制与模式——以广州琶洲地区开发为例[J].热带地理,2006,26(3):243-247.[Li Xun, Li Lingxi. The mechanism and pattern of mutual promotion between government and market in the development of new urban district:Acase study of Pazhou in Guangzhou[J]. Tropical Geography, 2006,26(3):243-247.]
[12]张京祥,殷洁,罗小龙.地方政府企业化主导下的城市空间发展与演化研究[J].人文地理,2006,21(4):1-6.[Zhang Jingxiang, Yin Jie,Luo Xiaolong. Research of urban spatial development under the circumstances of local government's entrepreneurialization[J]. Human HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Vol.Vol.33. No.. No.5 20182018/1069Geography, 2006,21(4):1-6.]
[13]王磊,田超,李莹.城市企业主义视角下的中国城市增长机制研究[J].人文地理,2012,27(4):25-31.[Wang Lei, Tian Chao, Li Ying.Entrepreneurialism underlying urban growth in China[J]. Human Geography, 2012,27(4):25-31.]
[14]殷洁,罗小龙.大事件背景下的城市政体变迁——南京市河西新城的实证研究[J].经济地理,2015,35(5):38-44.[Yin Jie, Luo Xiaolong. The evolution of urban regime under the mega-events background:An empirical study of Nanjing Hexi New Town[J].Economic Geography, 2015,35(5):38-44.]
[15]Li Z, Li X, Wang L. Speculative urbanism and the making of university towns in China:A case of Guangzhou University Town[J].Habitat International, 2014,44(40):422-431.
[16]Wu F, Phelps N A.(Post)suburban development and state entrepreneurialism in Beijing's outer suburbs[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2011,43(2):410-430.
[17]Shen J, Wu F. Moving to the suburbs:Demand-side driving forces of suburban growth in China[J]. Environment and Planning A,2013,45(8):1823-1844.
[18]冯健,周一星.郊区化进程中北京城市内部迁居及相关空间行为——基于千份问卷调查的分析[J].地理研究,2004,23(2):227-242.[Feng Jian, Zhou Yixing. Intra-urban migration and correlative spatial behavior in Beijing in the process of suburbanization:Based on1000 questionnaires[J]. Geographical Research, 2004,23(2):227-242.]
[19]Huang Y. Housing markets, government behaviors, and housing choice:A case study of three cities in China[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2004,36(1):45-68.
[20]Wu F. Commodification and housing market cycles in Chinese cities[J]. International Journal of Housing Policy, 2015,15(1):6-26.
[21]Rhodes R A W. The hollowing out of the state:The changing nature of the public service in Britain[J]. The Political Quarterly, 1994,65(2):138-151.
[22]ōmae K. The End of the Nation State:The Rise of Regional Economies[M]. New York:Simon and Schuster, 1995:1-12.
[23]刘云刚,殷冠文.地方政府主导的土建城市化——以鹤壁市为例[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(7):887-896.[Liu Yungang, Yin Guanwen. Local government-oriented city making in inland China:A case study of Hebi, a mining city[J]. Progress in Geography, 2010,29(7):887-896.]
[24]Harvey D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism[M]. New York:Oxford University Press, 2005:78-92.
[25]陈浩,张京祥,李响宇.国家空间分异与国家空间视角的中国城市研究思路初探[J].人文地理.2017,32(5):9-16.[Chen Hao, Zhang Jingxiang, Li Xiangyu. An exploration to state spatial differentiation and Chinese urban studies through the lens of state space theory[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(5):9-16.]
[26]马学广,李鲁奇.新国家空间理论的内涵与评价[J].人文地理,2017,32(3):1-9.[Ma Xueguang, Li Luqi. A summary and review of the framework of new state space[J]. Human Geography, 2017,32(3):1-9.]
[27]Jessop B. The Future of the Capitialist State[M]. Cambridge:Polity, 2002:45-62.
[28]Jones M R. Spatial selectivity of the state? The regulationist enigma and local struggles over economic governance[J]. Environment and Planning A, 1997,29(5):831-864.
[29]Brenner N. New State Spaces:Urban Governance and the Rescaling of Statehood[M]. New York:Oxford University Press, 2004:86-102.
[30]MacLeod G, Goodwin M. Space, scale and state strategy:Rethinking urban and regional governance[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 1999,23(4):503-527.
[31]Brenner N. Globalisation as reterritorialisation:The re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union[J]. Urban studies, 1999,36(3):431-451.
[32]Swyngedouw E. Neither global nor local:Glocalization and the politics of scale[M]//Cox K.Spaces of Globalization:Reasserting the Power of the Local. London:Guilford Press, 1997:137-166.
[33]Omstedt M. Reinforcing unevenness:Post-crisis geography and the spatial selectivity of the state[J]. Regional Studies Regional Science, 2016,3(1):99-113.
[34]陈浩,张京祥,陈宏胜.新型城镇化视角下中国“土地红利”开发模式转型[J].经济地理,2015,35(4):1-8.[Chen Hao, Zhang Jingxiang,Chen Hongsheng. The transformation of land dividend under the perspective of new urbanization[J]. Economic Geography, 2015,35(4):1-8.]
[35]朱光磊,王雪丽.市辖区体制改革初探[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2013(4):1-9.[Zhu Guanglei, Wang Xueli. A study on the institutional reform of municipal districts[J]. Nankai Journal, 2013(4):1-9.]
[36]陈浩,张京祥,吴启焰,宋伟轩.大事件影响下的城市空间演化特征研究——以昆明为例[J].人文地理,2010,25(5):41-46.[Chen Hao,Zhang Jingxiang, Wu Qiyan, Song Weixuan. A study of the characteristics of urban spatial evolution affected by mega-events:A case study of Kunming[J]. Human Geography, 2010,25(5):41-46.]
[37]张京祥,于涛,陆枭麟.全球化时代的城市大事件营销效应:基于空间生产视角[J].人文地理,2013,28(5):1-5.[Zhang Jingxiang, Yu Tao, Lu Xiaolin. Marketing effects of urban mega-event in the era of globalization:Based on spatial production theory[J]. Human Geography, 2013,28(5):1-5.]
[38]Smith, N. Toward a theory of gentrification:A back to the city movement by capital not people[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 1979(45):538-548.
[39]石忆邵,俞怡文.郊区化究竟是加重还是缓解了城市病——基于上海的实证分析[J].经济地理,2016,36(8):47-54.[Shi Yishao, Yu Yiwen. Whether suburbanization exacerbates or alleviates urban diseases:Evidences from Shanghai, China[J]. Economic Geography, 2016,36(8):47-54.]
(1)来源于网址:http://www.landnj.cn/LandBargainInfo.aspx。
(2)来源于网址:http://www.creprice.cn/user/datades.html。
(3)资料来源:河西新城区总体规划, 2002。
(4)资料来源:中共南京市委办公厅南京市人民政府办公厅关于印发《建立透明规范的城乡建设投融资机制改革实施方案》的通知[宁委办发[2014]98号]。
(5)资料来源:鼓楼区建设局官员访谈,南京, 2013年5月。
(6)资料来源:根据南京国土资源局网站数据整理。
(7)资料来源:河西新城区十二五规划纲要, 2011。
(8)资料来源:南京统计年鉴(2007-2011)。