基于保护转型与再生评价的工业遗产更新研究
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摘要
随着城市规划模式由增量扩张向存量优化的转变,在城市演进过程中,工业遗产的保护转型发挥有重要作用。工业遗产的相关实践与研究开展至今积累了丰硕成果,但整体多侧重于转型前及其过程中的保护与利用,而在保护转型之后,从使用者心理行为认知的角度、运用定量与定性结合的方法对再生场所空间进行的感知评价研究较不多见,难以客观全面地把握转型后使用者需求与场所空间营造的内在关联。工业遗产保护亟待科学的理论指导与理性的评价探究。本文以近代开埠(1840年)之后的上海市为时间与空间范围,选取典型的工业遗产地区和建筑为研究对象,综合运用历史论证、语义本体、类型学、SD心理评价、空间句法、行为观察记录及多变量解析等定性与定量结合的方法,对工业遗产地区和建筑的保护转型及其之后的再生评价展开系统研究。首先,基于历史文化特点与区位地理特征的差异,通过历史论证与实地调查的方法,对滨水开敞型、弄堂街巷型和市区紧凑型三类典型工业厂区的生成语境和发展历程进行梳理,分析遗产价值,论证转型过程,从经济、空间、文化、生态4个方面分别提取以价值提升为导向的城市工业遗产地区的转型特征与机制。其次,从建筑形式、组构和细部方面把握特有的风貌要素特征,运用语义本体分析的方法构筑工业遗产建筑的风貌记述体系,归纳工业遗产建筑的整体风貌演变特征,即样式类型多元化、技术材料先进化与建造技艺西洋化。而后解析风貌特征的保留更新方式,提出以风貌传承为导向的工业遗产建筑的改造途径。进而,在对转型机制和改造途径的提取基础上,分析探究转型后的工业遗产地区再生场所的心理感知评价。对典型遗产地区的再生场所进行特征解析,通过SD评价法把握场所感知者对典型场所的心理感知。结合多变量解析法,提取出氛围因子、特色因子和空间因子3个解释场所感知评价的因子特征,比较基于感知因子得分的类型化场所对应的停留倾向程度,同时发现3个因子对感知者的停留倾向程度均产生正向相关的影响作用,且氛围因子的相关性最高。而后提出基于心理感知的工业遗产地区场所再塑策略。同时,以空间拓扑特征及视线特征为切入点,以改造后向公众开放度较高的展览空间为工业遗产建筑再生空间的研究对象,把握有序式和自由式两种空间组构形式下的再生空间特征。通过对使用者的行为观察与记录,在类型化空间中比较行为与空间特征,探讨再生空间与停留行为的关系。结合多变量解析法验证工业遗产建筑再生空间对停留行为的影响作用,发现两种空间组构形式下的影响作用存在一定差异,其中空间边界对视线的限制度在两种形式下均呈现与停留行为较强的负相关趋势。而后提出基于行为认知的工业遗产建筑空间更新策略。最后,综合工业遗产保护与再生中的多方面因素作用,反馈至转型机制与改造途径上,提出工业遗产场所与空间的再生优化建议。通过工业遗产的保护转型与再生评价研究,提取以价值提升和风貌传承为导向的转型机制与途径,探寻基于心理行为感知的场所与空间的再生策略与优化建议,以期为工业遗产的科学转型与高效使用形成有益的借鉴与参考,同时拓展丰富工业遗产保护的研究内容与视角。
With the transition of urban planning mode from incremental expansion to stock-based optimization,the protection and transformation of industrial heritage plays a significant role in urban development.Substantial achievements have been accumulated in current practice and research of industrial heritage,however,in general,most of them concentrate more on the protection and reuse before and during the process of transformation,while few studies the perception and evaluation of the regenerated places and space after transformation,from the perspective of users' psychological and behaviour cognition through qualitative and quantitive methods.Thus the internal relationship between users' requirements and regeneration of places and space cannot be understood objectively and comprehensively.Scientific theory guidance and rational evaluation and exploration are in urgent demand in protection of industrial heritage.Defining the time range and spatial scope of the study as Shanghai city after the opening of port(year 1840),this paper chooses typical industrial heritage areas and buildings as study objects,and conducts systematic research on protection and transformation of the industrial heritage and evaluation after regeneration,based on comprehensive application of qualitative and quantitive methods such as historical demonstration,semantic ontology,typology,SD psychological evaluation,Space Syntax,behaviour observation and multivariate analysis.Firstly,based on differences of historical,cultural and geographical features,the formation context and development history of three typical industrial areas,including waterfront open industrial area,alley and street factory area,and compact downtown industrial area,are sorted out through historical demonstration and field survey.The heritage value and transformation process are analyzed and the mechanisms of transition in industrial heritage areas oriented to value promotion are extracted respectively from four aspects of economy,space,culture and ecology.Secondly,as the elements and features in style are grasped from architectural form,component and detail,the description systems of style in industrial heritage buildings are constructed with semanticontology analysis method,and the holistic evolving features in style are summarized as diversification in patterns and types,advancement in technology and material,and westernization in construction techiniques.Then, conservation and renewal approaches of features in style are analyzed and transformaiton routes in industrial heritage buildings oriented to feature inheritance are concluded.Thirdly, based on extraction of transition mechanisms and approaches,the psychological perception and evaluation of regenerated places in industrial heritage areas after transformaiton are explored.Discussing chacteristics of regenerated places in typical heritage areas,psychological perception of the places are found out via SD evaluation method.Through multivariate analysis,three factors explaining place perception are generalized as atmosphere factor,feature factor,and space factor.Then comparing tendency to stay in classified places according to factor scores,it is discovered that three factors all have positive correlation with percipients' tendency to stay,while the atmosphere factor ranks the highest correlation.Thus,strategies for place regeneration in industrial heritage area are proposed in view of psychological perception.Simultaneously,the exhibition space with high openness to public after transformation is selected as the study object of regenerated space in industrial heritage building.From the perspectives of topological and visual characteristics of space,characteristics of regenerated space are grasped under two types of space structre,which are sequential space structure and free space structure.Then through observation and recording of space users' behaviours, features of behaviours and space are compared in classified space,and the relationship between regenerated space and staying behaviour is discussed. After that,the influence of space on behaviour is examined through multivariate analysis,discovering that there are different effects under two space structures,while the degree of sight being restricted by space boundaries in both structures shows a negative correlation with staying behaviour.Thus,strategies for space renewal in industrial heritage building are proposed on account of behaviour cognition.Finally, with multiple factors and effects in protection and regeneration of industrial heritage, while feeding back to the mechanism and approach, optimization suggestion for place and space renewal of industrial heritage is put forward comprehensively. Therefore, on the basis of study about protection and transformation of industrial heritage, and evaluation after regeneration, the transition mechanisms and approaches oriented to value promotion and feature inheritance are extracted, and then the regeneration strategies and optimization suggestion for place and space are explored in view of users' psychological and behaviour cognition. This study attempts to form beneficial reference and advice for the scientific transformation and efficient utilization of industrial heritage, while enriches the content and perspectives of protection study on industrial heritage.
With the transition of urban planning mode from incremental expansion to stock-based optimization,the protection and transformation of industrial heritage plays a significant role in urban development.Substantial achievements have been accumulated in current practice and research of industrial heritage,however,in general,most of them concentrate more on the protection and reuse before and during the process of transformation,while few studies the perception and evaluation of the regenerated places and space after transformation,from the perspective of users' psychological and behaviour cognition through qualitative and quantitive methods.Thus the internal relationship between users' requirements and regeneration of places and space cannot be understood objectively and comprehensively.Scientific theory guidance and rational evaluation and exploration are in urgent demand in protection of industrial heritage.Defining the time range and spatial scope of the study as Shanghai city after the opening of port(year 1840),this paper chooses typical industrial heritage areas and buildings as study objects,and conducts systematic research on protection and transformation of the industrial heritage and evaluation after regeneration,based on comprehensive application of qualitative and quantitive methods such as historical demonstration,semantic ontology,typology,SD psychological evaluation,Space Syntax,behaviour observation and multivariate analysis.Firstly,based on differences of historical,cultural and geographical features,the formation context and development history of three typical industrial areas,including waterfront open industrial area,alley and street factory area,and compact downtown industrial area,are sorted out through historical demonstration and field survey.The heritage value and transformation process are analyzed and the mechanisms of transition in industrial heritage areas oriented to value promotion are extracted respectively from four aspects of economy,space,culture and ecology.Secondly,as the elements and features in style are grasped from architectural form,component and detail,the description systems of style in industrial heritage buildings are constructed with semanticontology analysis method,and the holistic evolving features in style are summarized as diversification in patterns and types,advancement in technology and material,and westernization in construction techiniques.Then, conservation and renewal approaches of features in style are analyzed and transformaiton routes in industrial heritage buildings oriented to feature inheritance are concluded.Thirdly, based on extraction of transition mechanisms and approaches,the psychological perception and evaluation of regenerated places in industrial heritage areas after transformaiton are explored.Discussing chacteristics of regenerated places in typical heritage areas,psychological perception of the places are found out via SD evaluation method.Through multivariate analysis,three factors explaining place perception are generalized as atmosphere factor,feature factor,and space factor.Then comparing tendency to stay in classified places according to factor scores,it is discovered that three factors all have positive correlation with percipients' tendency to stay,while the atmosphere factor ranks the highest correlation.Thus,strategies for place regeneration in industrial heritage area are proposed in view of psychological perception.Simultaneously,the exhibition space with high openness to public after transformation is selected as the study object of regenerated space in industrial heritage building.From the perspectives of topological and visual characteristics of space,characteristics of regenerated space are grasped under two types of space structre,which are sequential space structure and free space structure.Then through observation and recording of space users' behaviours, features of behaviours and space are compared in classified space,and the relationship between regenerated space and staying behaviour is discussed. After that,the influence of space on behaviour is examined through multivariate analysis,discovering that there are different effects under two space structures,while the degree of sight being restricted by space boundaries in both structures shows a negative correlation with staying behaviour.Thus,strategies for space renewal in industrial heritage building are proposed on account of behaviour cognition.Finally, with multiple factors and effects in protection and regeneration of industrial heritage, while feeding back to the mechanism and approach, optimization suggestion for place and space renewal of industrial heritage is put forward comprehensively. Therefore, on the basis of study about protection and transformation of industrial heritage, and evaluation after regeneration, the transition mechanisms and approaches oriented to value promotion and feature inheritance are extracted, and then the regeneration strategies and optimization suggestion for place and space are explored in view of users' psychological and behaviour cognition. This study attempts to form beneficial reference and advice for the scientific transformation and efficient utilization of industrial heritage, while enriches the content and perspectives of protection study on industrial heritage.
引文