湖北省三峡库区不同种植模式下农田地表径流氮磷流失特征
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摘要
为了识别湖北省三峡库区氮磷流失的高风险种植模式和高风险区,以种植模式为单元研究区域农田地表径流氮磷流失特征,采用流失系数法,分析了湖北省三峡库区4个县(区)18种主要种植模式农田地表径流途径土壤本底、肥料氮磷流失情况。结果表明:库区农田氮磷流失量分别为2 035.0 t和213.2 t,其中夷陵区最高,分别占库区总量的53.8%和50.5%,该区氮磷流失强度也最高。当季施肥造成的氮磷流失量分别占农田流失总量29.6%和26.3%。18种模式中,平地-露地蔬菜和平地-园地是氮流失量最大的两种种植模式,占库区农田总流失量53.2%;平地-露地蔬菜是磷流失量最大的种植模式,占库区农田总流失量的43.3%。平地、缓坡地、陡坡地三类坡度农田中,平地农业集约程度高,氮磷流失量最高,分别占库区氮磷流失量56.1%和57.1%,缓坡地次之,陡坡地的种植强度低,氮磷流失量最低。几种土地利用方式中,平原旱地利用方式氮磷流失量分别占库区氮磷流失量的38.5%和48.5%,流失强度为17.1、2.3 kg·hm~(-2),远高于园地、坡耕地、水田。研究表明,夷陵区是氮磷流失高风险区,平地-露地蔬菜和平地-园地是氮磷流失的高风险种植模式。
Designating cropping patterns as a unit in which to study the characteristics of surface runoff nitrogen and phosphorus losses in the regional field have important guiding significance to manage farmland nutrients and reduce the agricultural non-point source pollution.By using the loss coefficient method, this paper analyzed the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil background and fertilizer loss in 18 main cropping patterns of 4 counties(districts)in Three Gorges Reservoir area(TGRA)of Hubei Province. The results showed the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in TGRA were 2 035.0 and 213.2 t, where the Yiling District was the highest, which accounted for 53.8% and 50.5% of the total area, not only had the largest farmland area, but also nitrogen and phosphorus loss intensity was the highest. Flat-open vegetables and flat-garden were the two cropping patterns with the largest nitrogen loss, which accounted for 53.2% of total reservoir loss. Plain-open vegetables were the largest pattern of phosphorus loss, accounting for 43.3% of the TGRA. The fertilizer loss in-season of nitrogen and phosphorus accounted for 29.6% and 26.3% of the total loss respectively. The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the flat was the highest among the three kinds of slope farmland(flat, gentle slope land and steep slope divided by cropping patterns)because of high agricultural intensification, which accounted for 56.1% and 57.1% of the total loss, followed by the gentle slope, the steep slope was lowest due to low planting intensity. In all land use, plain dry land accounted for 38.5% and 48.5% of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in TGRA, and the nitrogen and phosphorus loss intensity were 17.1, 2.3 kg·hm-2, much higher than that in the garden, sloping fields, and paddy fields.
Designating cropping patterns as a unit in which to study the characteristics of surface runoff nitrogen and phosphorus losses in the regional field have important guiding significance to manage farmland nutrients and reduce the agricultural non-point source pollution.By using the loss coefficient method, this paper analyzed the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil background and fertilizer loss in 18 main cropping patterns of 4 counties(districts)in Three Gorges Reservoir area(TGRA)of Hubei Province. The results showed the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in TGRA were 2 035.0 and 213.2 t, where the Yiling District was the highest, which accounted for 53.8% and 50.5% of the total area, not only had the largest farmland area, but also nitrogen and phosphorus loss intensity was the highest. Flat-open vegetables and flat-garden were the two cropping patterns with the largest nitrogen loss, which accounted for 53.2% of total reservoir loss. Plain-open vegetables were the largest pattern of phosphorus loss, accounting for 43.3% of the TGRA. The fertilizer loss in-season of nitrogen and phosphorus accounted for 29.6% and 26.3% of the total loss respectively. The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the flat was the highest among the three kinds of slope farmland(flat, gentle slope land and steep slope divided by cropping patterns)because of high agricultural intensification, which accounted for 56.1% and 57.1% of the total loss, followed by the gentle slope, the steep slope was lowest due to low planting intensity. In all land use, plain dry land accounted for 38.5% and 48.5% of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in TGRA, and the nitrogen and phosphorus loss intensity were 17.1, 2.3 kg·hm-2, much higher than that in the garden, sloping fields, and paddy fields.
引文
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[2]许其功,刘鸿亮,沈珍瑶,等.三峡库区典型小流域氮磷流失特征[J].环境科学学报, 2007, 27(2):326-331.XU Qi-gong, LIU Hong-liang, SHEN Zhen-yao, et al. Characteristics on nitrogen and phosphorus losses in the typical small watershed of the Three Georges Reservoir area[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2007,27(2):326-331.
[3] Douglas C L, King K A, Zuzel J F. Nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff and sediment from a wheat-pea rotation in northeastern Oregon[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1998, 27(5):1170-1177.
[4]金相灿,叶春,颜昌宙,等.太湖重点污染控制区综合治理方案研究[J].环境科学研究, 1999, 12(5):1-5.JIN Xiang-can, YE Chun, YAN Chang-zhou, et al. Comprehensive treatment plan for key-polluted regions of Lake Taihu[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 1999, 12(5):1-5.
[5]罗艺,吴福忠,杨万勤,等.四川盆地紫色丘陵区不同种植模式下氮流失特征[J].环境科学学报, 2010, 30(11):2221-2228.LUO Yi, WU Fu-zhong, YANG Wan-qin, et al. N losses from different cropping modes in the purple hilly region of the Sichuan Basin[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2010, 30(11):2221-2228.
[6]焦平金,许迪,王少丽,等.汛期不同作物种植模式下地表径流氮磷流失研究[J].水土保持学报, 2009, 23(2):15-20.JIAO Ping-jin, XU Di, WANG Shao-li, et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from farmland as affected by cropping pattern during flood season[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 23(2):15-20.
[7]于兴修,马骞,刘前进,等.横坡与顺坡垄作径流氮磷输出及其富营养化风险对比研究[J].环境科学, 2011, 32(2):428-436.YU Xing-xiu, MA Qian, LIU Qian-Jin, et al. Comparative study of N, P output and eutrophication risk in runoff water in cross ridge and longitudinal ridge[J]. Environmental Science, 2011, 32(2):428-436.
[8]刘宗岸,杨京平,杨正超,等.苕溪流域茶园不同种植模式下地表径流氮磷流失特征[J].水土保持学报, 2012, 26(2):29-32.LIU Zong-an, YANG Jing-ping, YANG Zheng-chao, et al. Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus losses with surface runoff in tea field of Tiaoxi Watershed under different planting patterns[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(2):29-32.
[9]窦培谦,王晓燕,秦福来,等.农业非点源氮磷流失规律研究[J].安徽农学通报, 2005, 11(4):151-153.DOU Pei-qian, WANG Xiao-yan, QIN Fu-lai, et al. Research on loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in watershed[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2005, 11(4):151-153.
[10]张会茹,郑粉莉.不同降雨强度下地面坡度对红壤坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2011, 25(3):40-43.ZHANG Hui-ru, ZHENG Fen-li. Effect of slope gradients on erosion from a red soil hillslope under different rainfall intensity[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 25(3):40-43.
[11] Fu S H, Liu B Y, Liu H P, et al. The effect of slope on interrill erosion at short slopes[J]. Catena, 2011, 84(1):29-34.
[12] Johnes P J. Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters:The export coefficient modeling approach[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 1996, 183(3/4):323-349.
[13] Tong S T, Chen W. Modeling the relationship between land use and surface water quality[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2002,66(4):377-393.
[14]徐胜祥,贺立源,黄魏,等.基于MapXtreme的湖北三峡库区土壤资源信息系统的设计与实现[J].土壤, 2006, 38(2):210-216.XU Sheng-xiang, HE Li-yuan, HUANG Wei, et al. Designing and materialization of MapXtreme-based soil resource information system of the Three-Gorge Reservoir region, Hubei[J]. Soils, 2006, 38(2):210-216.
[15]任天志,刘宏斌,范先鹏,等.全国农田面源污染排放系数手册[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2015:33-58.REN Tian-zhi, LIU Hong-bin, FAN Xian-peng, et al. Handbook of farmland non-point source pollution emission coefficient in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2015:33-58.
[16]卢树昌,赵淑杰.我国农业用地资源利用现状及合理利用的基本对策[J].天津农学院学报, 1999(1):42-45.LU Shu-chang, ZHAO Shu-jie. Present situation of agricultural land resources use and basic measures for reasonable use in China[J]. Journal of Tianjin Agricultural University, 1999(1):42-45.
[17] Liu J Z, Luo X X, Zhang N M, et al. Phosphorus released from sediment of Dianchi Lake and its effect on growth of Microcystis aeruginosa[J]. Environmental Science&Pollution Research, 2016, 23(16):16321-16328.
[18]沈连峰,苗蕾,韩敏,等.河南省淮河流域不同土地利用类型氮磷流失的特征分析[J].水土保持学报, 2012, 26(4):77-80.SHEN Lian-feng, MIAO Lei, HAN Min, et al. Characteristics analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus loss about different land use types of Huaihe River Basin in Henan Province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(4):77-80.
[19]焦少俊,胡夏民,潘根兴,等.施肥对太湖地区青紫泥水稻土稻季农田氮磷流失的影响[J].生态学杂志, 2007, 26(4):495-500.JIAO Shao-jun, HU Xia-min, PAN Gen-xing, et al. Effects of fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus run-off loss from Qingzini paddy soil in Taihu Lake region during rice growth season[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(4):495-500.
[20]程文娟,史静,夏运生,等.滇池流域农田土壤氮磷流失分析研究[J].水土保持学报, 2008, 22(5):52-55.CHENG Wen-juan, SHI Jing, XIA Yun-sheng, et al. Farmland runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus in Dianchi Watershed[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008, 22(5):52-55.
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