基于MODIS数据的2001—2016年内蒙古积雪分布及其变化趋势
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摘要
积雪融水是干旱区重要的水资源之一,积雪分布变化的监测对区域雪冰资源的合理利用及灾害防治至关重要。基于内蒙古地区2001—2016年MOD10A2积雪数据对研究区进行分带提取,分析不同海拔高度积雪年内年际变化特征,结合气温和降水气象因素,分析其分布变化原因。研究表明:积雪面积、积雪覆盖率年内分布呈单峰形,10个海拔带的积雪期为9月到次年5月,峰值出现在冬季,积雪覆盖率增减的临界高度在952～1 114 m;不同高程带的积雪面积在春季、夏季、秋季整体上呈现出"增加—减少—增加—减少"的年际变化规律,冬季整体上表现出"减少—增加—减少"的变化规律;积雪面积受降水量和气温相互的影响,其中海拔高度可能起到间接作用。内蒙古地区春季、冬季积雪覆盖率均与冬季降水量呈显著正相关,各季节积雪覆盖率基本与温度呈负相关关系。
Meltwater is one of the most important water sources in arid area. Monitoring of the change of snow cover distribution is crucial for the utilization of regional ice and snow resources and the prevention of ice and snow disasters. In this paper,the collection of snow cover in the different altitude zones in the research area was carried out based on the MOD10 A2 snow cover data in Inner Mongolia during the period from 2001 to 2016. The annual and inter-annual changes of snow cover distribution in different altitude zones and the factors affecting such changes in combination with meteorological factors( such as temperature and precipitation) were analyzed. The results revealed that the curves of annual distribution of snow cover area and snow coverage rate were unimodal. The snow cover duration in 10 altitude zones started from September to next May,and the peak value of snow cover depth occurred in winter. The critical elevation of the increase and decrease of snow coverage rate was between 952-1 114 m a. s. l. The inter-annual change of snow cover in different altitude zones was in a pattern of"increase-decreaseincrease-decrease"in spring,summer and autumn,but in a pattern of "decrease-increase-decrease"in winter. The snow cover area was affected by the interaction of precipitation and air temperature,and it might be affected indirectly by altitude. In Inner Mongolia,there was a significantly positive correlation between the snow coverage rate in spring and winter and the winter precipitation,but a basically negative one between it and temperature.
Meltwater is one of the most important water sources in arid area. Monitoring of the change of snow cover distribution is crucial for the utilization of regional ice and snow resources and the prevention of ice and snow disasters. In this paper,the collection of snow cover in the different altitude zones in the research area was carried out based on the MOD10 A2 snow cover data in Inner Mongolia during the period from 2001 to 2016. The annual and inter-annual changes of snow cover distribution in different altitude zones and the factors affecting such changes in combination with meteorological factors( such as temperature and precipitation) were analyzed. The results revealed that the curves of annual distribution of snow cover area and snow coverage rate were unimodal. The snow cover duration in 10 altitude zones started from September to next May,and the peak value of snow cover depth occurred in winter. The critical elevation of the increase and decrease of snow coverage rate was between 952-1 114 m a. s. l. The inter-annual change of snow cover in different altitude zones was in a pattern of"increase-decreaseincrease-decrease"in spring,summer and autumn,but in a pattern of "decrease-increase-decrease"in winter. The snow cover area was affected by the interaction of precipitation and air temperature,and it might be affected indirectly by altitude. In Inner Mongolia,there was a significantly positive correlation between the snow coverage rate in spring and winter and the winter precipitation,but a basically negative one between it and temperature.
引文
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[14]萨楚拉,刘桂香,包刚,等.内蒙古积雪面积时空变化及其对气候响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(2):137-142.[Sa Chula,Liu Guixiang,Bao Gang,et al.The spatial and temporal changes of snow cover in Inner Mongolia and their responses to climate[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(2):137-142.]
[15]李斐,刘苗苗,王水献.2001-2013年开都河流域上游积雪时空分布特征及其对气象因子的响应[J].资源科学,2016,38(6):1 160-1 168.[Li Fei,Liu Miaomiao,Wang Shuixian.Change in snow coverage and responses to climate change from2001 to 2013 in the upper reaches of Kaidu River Basin[J].Resources Science,2016,38(6):1 160-1 168.]
[16]颜伟,刘景时,罗光明,等.基于MODIS数据的2000-2013年西昆仑山玉龙喀什河流域积雪面积变化[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(3):315-325.[Yan Wei,Liu Jingshi,Luo Guangming,et al.Snow cover area changes in the Yurungkax river basin of West Kunlun mountains during 2000-2013 using MODIS data[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(3):315-325.]
[17]党素珍,刘昌明,王中根,等.近10年黑河流域上游积雪时空分布特征及变化趋势[J].资源科学,2012,34(8):1 574-1 581.[Dang Suzhen,Liu Changming,Wang Zhonggen,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of snow cover in the upper reaches of Heihe river basin over the past 10 years and the variation trend[J].Resources Science,2012,34(8):1 574-1 581.]
[18]马玉明.内蒙古资源大辞典[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1997.[Ma Yuming.Inner Mongolia Resources Dictionary[M].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Publishing Group,1997.]
[19]黄懿,代春梅.基于GIS技术的乐山市暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划研究[J].高原山地气象研究,2014,34(1):62-67.[Huang Yi,Dai Chunmei.Study on rainstorm and flood disaster risk zoning of Leshan based on GIS technology[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research,2014,34(1):62-67.]
[20]李弘毅,王建,郝晓华.祁连山区风吹雪对积雪质能过程的影响[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(5):1 084-1 090.[Li Hongyi,Wang Jian,Hao Xiaohua.Influence of blowing snow on snow mass and energy exchanges in Qilian mountainous[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(5):1 084-1 090.]
[21]萨楚拉.内蒙古草原牧区雪灾监测与风险评价研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2015.[Sa Chula.Pastral and Grassland Snow Hazard Monitoring and Risk Assement Research in Inner Mongolia[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2015.]
[22]希爽,张志富.中国近50 a积雪变化时空特征[J].干旱气象,2013,31(3):451-456,470.[Xi Shuang,Zhang Zhifu.Effects of south asia high and western pacific subtropical high on the summer precipitation anomalies over Southwest China[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2013,31(3):451-456,470.]
[23]赵成义,施枫芝,盛钰,等.近50 a来新疆降水随海拔变化的区域分异特征[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(6):1 203-1 213.[Zhao Chengyi,Shi Fengzhi,Sheng Yu,et al.Regional differentiation characteristics of precipitation changing with altitude in Xinjiang Region in recent 50 years[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(6):1 203-1 213.]
[24]王冰,边玉明,张秋良,等.近45年内蒙古大兴安岭林区不同等级降水变化特征[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(11):3 235-3 242.[Wang Bing,Bian Yuming,Zhang Qiuliang,et al.Dynamic characteristics of different grade precipitation events during past 45years in Daxing’anling forest region,Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(11):3 235-3 242.]
[25]韦志刚,黄荣辉,陈文.青藏高原冬春积雪年际振荡成因分析[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(4):491-497.[Wei Zhigang,Huang Ronghui,Chen Wen.The causes of the interannual variation of snow cover over the Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(4):491-497.]
[2]王绍武.冰雪覆盖与气候变化[J].地理研究,1983,2(3):73-86.[Wang Shaowu.Global ice-snow cover and climatic changes[J].Geographical Research,1983,2(3):73-86.]
[3]普布次仁,除多,卓嘎,等.2001-2010年喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区积雪面积的时空分布特征[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(5):1 103-1 111.[Pubu Ciren,Chu Duo,Zhuo Ga,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of snow cover in the Qomolangma natural reserve of the Himalayas during 2001-2010[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(5):1 103-1 111.]
[4]何丽烨.中国西部积雪类型划分及影响因子分析[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2011.[He Liye.Study on the Classification of Snow Cover and Influencing Factors in West China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2011.]
[5]孙小龙,宋海清,李平,等.基于CLDAS资料的内蒙古干旱监测分析[J].气象,2015,41(10):1 245-1 252.[Sun Xiaolong,Song Haiqing,Li Ping,et al.Analysis of drought monitoring in Inner Mongolia based on CLDAS data[J].Meteorological Monthly,2015,41(10):1 245-1 252.]
[6]王增艳,车涛.2002-2009年中国干旱区积雪时空分布特征[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(3):464-471.[Wang Zengyan,Che Tao.Spatiotemporal distribution of snow cover in arid regions in China[J].Arid Zone Research,2012,29(3):464-471.]
[7]林金堂,冯学智,肖鹏峰,等.基于MODIS数据的玛纳斯河山区雪盖年际波动特征研究[J].干旱区地理,2011,34(6):975-982.[Lin Jintang,Feng Xuezhi,Xiao Pengfeng,et al.Inter-annual fluctuation of snow cover in mountainous area of Manas River basin based on MODIS[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(6):975-982.]
[8]陈心池,张利平,闪丽洁,等.新疆山区中小河流洪水预报模型及其应用[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(6):1 426-1 435.[Chen Xinchi,Zhang Liping,Shan Lijie,et al.Flood prediction models and their application for the medium and small rivers in alpine area in Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(6):1 426-1 435.]
[9]庄晓翠,周鸿奎,王磊,等.新疆北部牧区雪灾评估指标及其成因分析[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(5):1 000-1 006.[Zhuang Xiaocui,Zhou Hongkui,Wang Lei,et al.Evaluation and cause study on the snow disasters in pastoral areas of Northern Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(5):1 000-1 006.]
[10]苏志尧,刘刚,区余端,等.车八岭山地常绿阔叶林冰灾后林木受损的生态学评估[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(2):213-222.[Su Zhiyao,Liu Gang,Ou Yuduan,et al.Storm damage in a montane evergreen broadleaved forest of Chebaling National Nature Reserve,South China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,34(2):213-222.]
[11]李秀芳,朱教君,王庆礼,等.森林的风/雪灾害研究综述[J].生态学报,2005,25(1):148-157.[Li Xiufang,Zhu Jiaojun,Wang Qingli,et al.Forest damage induced by wind/snow:A review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(1):148-157.]
[12]赵霜,方一平.青海省果洛州草地畜牧业雪灾的恢复力[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(4):898-905.[Zhao Shuang,Fang Yipping.Resilience of grassland livestock husbandry against snow disaster in Guoluo Prefecture,Qinghai province[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(4):898-905.]
[13]蔡迪花,郭铌,王兴,等.基于MODIS的祁连山区积雪时空变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(6):1 028-1 036.[Cai Dihua,Guo Ni,Wang Xing,et al.The spatial and temporal variations of snow cover over the Qilian mountains based on MODIS data[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(6):1 028-1 036.]
[14]萨楚拉,刘桂香,包刚,等.内蒙古积雪面积时空变化及其对气候响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(2):137-142.[Sa Chula,Liu Guixiang,Bao Gang,et al.The spatial and temporal changes of snow cover in Inner Mongolia and their responses to climate[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(2):137-142.]
[15]李斐,刘苗苗,王水献.2001-2013年开都河流域上游积雪时空分布特征及其对气象因子的响应[J].资源科学,2016,38(6):1 160-1 168.[Li Fei,Liu Miaomiao,Wang Shuixian.Change in snow coverage and responses to climate change from2001 to 2013 in the upper reaches of Kaidu River Basin[J].Resources Science,2016,38(6):1 160-1 168.]
[16]颜伟,刘景时,罗光明,等.基于MODIS数据的2000-2013年西昆仑山玉龙喀什河流域积雪面积变化[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(3):315-325.[Yan Wei,Liu Jingshi,Luo Guangming,et al.Snow cover area changes in the Yurungkax river basin of West Kunlun mountains during 2000-2013 using MODIS data[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(3):315-325.]
[17]党素珍,刘昌明,王中根,等.近10年黑河流域上游积雪时空分布特征及变化趋势[J].资源科学,2012,34(8):1 574-1 581.[Dang Suzhen,Liu Changming,Wang Zhonggen,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of snow cover in the upper reaches of Heihe river basin over the past 10 years and the variation trend[J].Resources Science,2012,34(8):1 574-1 581.]
[18]马玉明.内蒙古资源大辞典[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社,1997.[Ma Yuming.Inner Mongolia Resources Dictionary[M].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Publishing Group,1997.]
[19]黄懿,代春梅.基于GIS技术的乐山市暴雨洪涝灾害风险区划研究[J].高原山地气象研究,2014,34(1):62-67.[Huang Yi,Dai Chunmei.Study on rainstorm and flood disaster risk zoning of Leshan based on GIS technology[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research,2014,34(1):62-67.]
[20]李弘毅,王建,郝晓华.祁连山区风吹雪对积雪质能过程的影响[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(5):1 084-1 090.[Li Hongyi,Wang Jian,Hao Xiaohua.Influence of blowing snow on snow mass and energy exchanges in Qilian mountainous[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(5):1 084-1 090.]
[21]萨楚拉.内蒙古草原牧区雪灾监测与风险评价研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2015.[Sa Chula.Pastral and Grassland Snow Hazard Monitoring and Risk Assement Research in Inner Mongolia[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2015.]
[22]希爽,张志富.中国近50 a积雪变化时空特征[J].干旱气象,2013,31(3):451-456,470.[Xi Shuang,Zhang Zhifu.Effects of south asia high and western pacific subtropical high on the summer precipitation anomalies over Southwest China[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2013,31(3):451-456,470.]
[23]赵成义,施枫芝,盛钰,等.近50 a来新疆降水随海拔变化的区域分异特征[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(6):1 203-1 213.[Zhao Chengyi,Shi Fengzhi,Sheng Yu,et al.Regional differentiation characteristics of precipitation changing with altitude in Xinjiang Region in recent 50 years[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(6):1 203-1 213.]
[24]王冰,边玉明,张秋良,等.近45年内蒙古大兴安岭林区不同等级降水变化特征[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(11):3 235-3 242.[Wang Bing,Bian Yuming,Zhang Qiuliang,et al.Dynamic characteristics of different grade precipitation events during past 45years in Daxing’anling forest region,Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(11):3 235-3 242.]
[25]韦志刚,黄荣辉,陈文.青藏高原冬春积雪年际振荡成因分析[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(4):491-497.[Wei Zhigang,Huang Ronghui,Chen Wen.The causes of the interannual variation of snow cover over the Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2005,27(4):491-497.]