14至18世纪欧洲黑死病时期的文学禳灾
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摘要
1347—1772年期间流行于欧洲的黑死病对欧洲社会各个方面都产生了广泛而剧烈的影响,其间欧洲人为禳除灾害做出了宗教、医学、艺术文化等多方面的努力,本文重点关注其中的"文学禳灾",探讨特定的疾病灾害环境如何影响并激发了人们的文学艺术的创作。在医学尚且蒙昧的时期,上帝降罪与占星学等非人为因素,与犹太人、宗教异端等人为因素被当作致病原与"替罪羊"。恐惧支配下当时的艺术创作中诞生了"蛆虫""箭头"等创作意象与"死神之舞"等创作主题,与《十日谈》《大瘟疫年纪事》等文学作品。与此同时,艺术创作中的圣像祈祷与书写分发瘟疫传单成为主要的禳灾防御措施。
The Black Death had wide and severe impacts on the overall European society during 1347 to 1772 when it prevailed in Europe. During the time, Europeans strived to avert calamities in various areas such as religion, medicine, art and culture etc. However, this paper focuses on the averting calamity in literature, exploring how the specific surrounding of diseases influences and inspires people in a literary and artistic way. When medicine was undeveloped, the non-human factors such as God's judge and astrology were regarded as pathogens and scapegoats along with the human factors such as Jews and religious heresy. Under the control of fear, the literature created different literary images and literary themes. For example, the images of 'maggots' and 'arrows' were made, and the theme of 'Dance of Death' was created. Also, some literary works such as 'The Decameron' and 'The Age of the Great Plague' were written. At the same time, praying and the distribution of plague leaflets, which were both mentioned in the literature, have become the primary precautions for averting calamities.
The Black Death had wide and severe impacts on the overall European society during 1347 to 1772 when it prevailed in Europe. During the time, Europeans strived to avert calamities in various areas such as religion, medicine, art and culture etc. However, this paper focuses on the averting calamity in literature, exploring how the specific surrounding of diseases influences and inspires people in a literary and artistic way. When medicine was undeveloped, the non-human factors such as God's judge and astrology were regarded as pathogens and scapegoats along with the human factors such as Jews and religious heresy. Under the control of fear, the literature created different literary images and literary themes. For example, the images of 'maggots' and 'arrows' were made, and the theme of 'Dance of Death' was created. Also, some literary works such as 'The Decameron' and 'The Age of the Great Plague' were written. At the same time, praying and the distribution of plague leaflets, which were both mentioned in the literature, have become the primary precautions for averting calamities.
引文
[1]叶舒宪.文学人类学教程 [M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2010.
[2]Sigerist, E.Henry. Civilization and Disease, Cornell University Press, 1945:156.
[3]Cohn Jr,Samuel K. The Black Death and the Burning of Jews. Past& Present, No. 196(Aug, 2007), P3-36.
[4]圣经NIV和合本 [M].上海:中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会、中国基督教协会,2016.
[5] [美]约瑟夫·P.伯恩.黑死病[M].王晨,译.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2013.
[6][美]亨利·欧内斯特·西格里斯特.疾病的文化史 [M].秦传安,译,北京:中央编译出版社,2009.
[7] [美]苏珊·桑塔格.疾病的隐喻 [M].程巍,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014.
[8] [美]戴维·M.克罗.大屠杀·根源、历史与余波 [M].张旭,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2015.
[9]李化成.黑死病期间西欧的鞭笞者运动 [J].历史研究,2013,(01).
[10] [英]J.G.弗雷泽.金枝——巫术与宗教之研究 [M].汪培基,徐育新,等译.北京:商务印书馆,2015.
[11] [荷]约翰·赫伊津哈.中世纪的衰落 [M].刘军,舒炜,等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2014.
[12]王军,徐秀云.意大利文学史——中世纪和文艺复兴时期 [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.
[13]曹玉麟.“鼠疫”在文学作品中的内涵 [J].艺术广角,2011,(03).
[14] [英]丹尼尔·笛福.瘟疫年纪事 [M].许志强,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2013.
[15]许志强.笛福的瘟疫伦敦 [M]//瘟疫年纪事.上海:上海译文出版社,2013.
[16]顾蓓.圣母崇拜的历史研究 [D].上海:复旦大学,2003.
[17]陈立勤.黑死病前后的圣塞巴斯蒂安题材图像研究 [D].北京:中央美术学院,2013.
(1)历史上共有三次鼠疫大流行,首次是在公元6世纪的查士丁尼大瘟疫,第二次是本文中的中世纪黑死病,第三次发生于19世纪,以中国、印度为主要疫区。
(2)《尼科尼亚编年史》,16世纪的俄罗斯编年史,记载公元895年到1520年期间的事件。
(3)阿尔伯特公爵,即后来的匈牙利国王阿尔伯特一世(1437—1439年在位)、神圣罗马帝国皇帝阿尔伯特二世(1438—1439年在位)。
(4)Abracadabra, 是犹太的神秘哲学用语,最早出现于2世纪诺斯替教作品。
(5)意大利画家法布里其奥于1620年左右创作了《殉难的圣塞巴斯蒂安》,画中圣人被钉在受难柱上,半身裸体,身中数箭。参见Thiem, Christel, Fabrizio Boschi and Matteo Rosselli: Drawings Relating to the Theme of the "Martydom of St. Sebastian", Master Drawings, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Summer, 1969).
[2]Sigerist, E.Henry. Civilization and Disease, Cornell University Press, 1945:156.
[3]Cohn Jr,Samuel K. The Black Death and the Burning of Jews. Past& Present, No. 196(Aug, 2007), P3-36.
[4]圣经NIV和合本 [M].上海:中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会、中国基督教协会,2016.
[5] [美]约瑟夫·P.伯恩.黑死病[M].王晨,译.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2013.
[6][美]亨利·欧内斯特·西格里斯特.疾病的文化史 [M].秦传安,译,北京:中央编译出版社,2009.
[7] [美]苏珊·桑塔格.疾病的隐喻 [M].程巍,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2014.
[8] [美]戴维·M.克罗.大屠杀·根源、历史与余波 [M].张旭,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2015.
[9]李化成.黑死病期间西欧的鞭笞者运动 [J].历史研究,2013,(01).
[10] [英]J.G.弗雷泽.金枝——巫术与宗教之研究 [M].汪培基,徐育新,等译.北京:商务印书馆,2015.
[11] [荷]约翰·赫伊津哈.中世纪的衰落 [M].刘军,舒炜,等译.北京:北京大学出版社,2014.
[12]王军,徐秀云.意大利文学史——中世纪和文艺复兴时期 [M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997.
[13]曹玉麟.“鼠疫”在文学作品中的内涵 [J].艺术广角,2011,(03).
[14] [英]丹尼尔·笛福.瘟疫年纪事 [M].许志强,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2013.
[15]许志强.笛福的瘟疫伦敦 [M]//瘟疫年纪事.上海:上海译文出版社,2013.
[16]顾蓓.圣母崇拜的历史研究 [D].上海:复旦大学,2003.
[17]陈立勤.黑死病前后的圣塞巴斯蒂安题材图像研究 [D].北京:中央美术学院,2013.
(1)历史上共有三次鼠疫大流行,首次是在公元6世纪的查士丁尼大瘟疫,第二次是本文中的中世纪黑死病,第三次发生于19世纪,以中国、印度为主要疫区。
(2)《尼科尼亚编年史》,16世纪的俄罗斯编年史,记载公元895年到1520年期间的事件。
(3)阿尔伯特公爵,即后来的匈牙利国王阿尔伯特一世(1437—1439年在位)、神圣罗马帝国皇帝阿尔伯特二世(1438—1439年在位)。
(4)Abracadabra, 是犹太的神秘哲学用语,最早出现于2世纪诺斯替教作品。
(5)意大利画家法布里其奥于1620年左右创作了《殉难的圣塞巴斯蒂安》,画中圣人被钉在受难柱上,半身裸体,身中数箭。参见Thiem, Christel, Fabrizio Boschi and Matteo Rosselli: Drawings Relating to the Theme of the "Martydom of St. Sebastian", Master Drawings, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Summer, 1969).