西藏汤白矿区下白垩统比马组砂岩地球化学特征:对冈底斯南缘构造演化的启示
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摘要
沿雅鲁藏布江北岸广泛分布的比马组为一套上侏罗统至下白垩统的火山-沉积岩组合。本次工作通过对采集于汤白矿区的比马组砂岩进行岩相学和岩石地球化学研究,探讨了其物源特征、岩相古地理及大地构造演化背景。研究区的汤白比马组砂岩以火山岩夹层形式产出,碎屑分选差,磨圆度低,杂基含量高,结构成熟度低,以富含长石和岩屑为特征,为活动岩浆弧构造环境下的沉积物。除碳酸盐胶结物导致的CaO含量变化外,所有样品的元素地球化学特征基本与上地壳平均含量大体一致,且Fe_2O_3~T、MgO、TiO_2、P_2O_5及MnO与大陆岛弧成因砂岩含量相同。样品元素地球化学特征中的低CIA值(46%～68%)和较高的ICV值(0. 75～1. 14)表明砂岩遭受风化作用弱,成熟度低,粘土矿物(如高岭石和蒙脱石等)含量低,多属于构造活动区首旋回沉积物范畴。在稀土元素地球化学特征方面,汤白比马组砂岩显示右倾的球粒陨石标准化配分图,ΣREE值介于46. 16×10~(-6)～90. 03×10~(-6)之间,具有与后太古宙平均页岩类似的地球化学特征。δEu值介于1. 06～1. 36之间,呈明显正异常,为斜长石碎屑所致。δCe介于0. 92～0. 94之间,呈弱负异常,表明其沉积过程中受海水作用较弱。在微量元素球粒陨石标准化蛛网图中,汤白比马组砂岩显示为亏损Th、Nb、P、Ce、Ti等高场强元素,显示岛弧火山岩地球化学特征。因此,汤白比马组砂岩形成于新特提斯洋向拉萨地体俯冲的活动大陆边缘背景。
The Bima Formation,a suite of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous volcanic-sedimentary rocks,is widely distributed along the northern Yarlung Zangbo River. In order to analyze the provenance,paleogeography and tectonic evolution of the southern Gangdese,an integrated petrological,petrographic and geochemical study has been carried out on the sandstone samples of the Bima Formation around the Tangbai deposit. These sandstones sandwiched by the volcanic rocks are of poor sorting,roundness and texture maturity,but with high contents of matrix. They are rich in feldspar and lithic fragment,and considered to have formed within an active magmatic arc setting. According to the geochemistry analysis,the contents of major elements of the samples are stable except for Ca O,which was influenced by the unhomogeneous carbonatization. In general,the components of these samples are similar to that of the upper crust,while the contents of Fe_2O_3~T,MgO,TiO_2,P_2O_5 and MnO have continental island arc affinity. Low Chemical Index of Alteration( 46% ～ 68%) and high Index of Compositional Variability( 0. 75 ～ 1. 14) indicate that the weathering was weak. The low compositional maturity and poor in clay minerals such as kaolinite and montmorillonite imply that these sandstones were formed by the first cycle sediments from an active tectonic area. The ΣREEs of the sandstones are from 46. 16 × 10~(-6) to 90. 03 × 10~(-6). Chondrite standard curves of REEs have rightward trends which are similar to the Archean average shale. There are positive Eu anomalies in the chondrite-normalized rare element plot where the δEu ranging from 1. 06 to 1. 36 because of the abundant presence of feldspar fragments. The effect of the sea water cause weak negative Ce anomalies( δCe = 0. 92 ～ 0. 94). It can be seen from the spider diagram that the Tangbai sandstones are depleted in HFSE elements such as Th,Nb,P,Ce and Ti,which are typical of island arc volcanic rocks. As a conclusion,the sandstones of the Bima Formation in the Tangbai deposit are formed in an active continental margin which was induced by the subduction of the Yarlung Zangbo Neo-Tethys under the Lhasa terrane.
The Bima Formation,a suite of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous volcanic-sedimentary rocks,is widely distributed along the northern Yarlung Zangbo River. In order to analyze the provenance,paleogeography and tectonic evolution of the southern Gangdese,an integrated petrological,petrographic and geochemical study has been carried out on the sandstone samples of the Bima Formation around the Tangbai deposit. These sandstones sandwiched by the volcanic rocks are of poor sorting,roundness and texture maturity,but with high contents of matrix. They are rich in feldspar and lithic fragment,and considered to have formed within an active magmatic arc setting. According to the geochemistry analysis,the contents of major elements of the samples are stable except for Ca O,which was influenced by the unhomogeneous carbonatization. In general,the components of these samples are similar to that of the upper crust,while the contents of Fe_2O_3~T,MgO,TiO_2,P_2O_5 and MnO have continental island arc affinity. Low Chemical Index of Alteration( 46% ～ 68%) and high Index of Compositional Variability( 0. 75 ～ 1. 14) indicate that the weathering was weak. The low compositional maturity and poor in clay minerals such as kaolinite and montmorillonite imply that these sandstones were formed by the first cycle sediments from an active tectonic area. The ΣREEs of the sandstones are from 46. 16 × 10~(-6) to 90. 03 × 10~(-6). Chondrite standard curves of REEs have rightward trends which are similar to the Archean average shale. There are positive Eu anomalies in the chondrite-normalized rare element plot where the δEu ranging from 1. 06 to 1. 36 because of the abundant presence of feldspar fragments. The effect of the sea water cause weak negative Ce anomalies( δCe = 0. 92 ～ 0. 94). It can be seen from the spider diagram that the Tangbai sandstones are depleted in HFSE elements such as Th,Nb,P,Ce and Ti,which are typical of island arc volcanic rocks. As a conclusion,the sandstones of the Bima Formation in the Tangbai deposit are formed in an active continental margin which was induced by the subduction of the Yarlung Zangbo Neo-Tethys under the Lhasa terrane.
引文
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