遮挡范式下运动速度和方向对碰撞时间估计绩效指标的影响
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摘要
为探索运动速度和方向对碰撞时间(TTC)估计的影响,采用3运动速度×4运动方向的双因素设计开展了实验研究。结果发现,被试相对慢速条件下的TTC估计的准确性显著差于相对中速和相对快速条件;相对慢速条件下,被试对竖直方向的TTC估计准确度显著差于水平方向、低估TTC的比例显著高于高估TTC的比例。结果表明,运动速度对TTC估计绩效指标的影响相对较强,运动方向对其影响相对较弱;两个因素的影响存在交互作用。
This study aimed to explore the impact of speed of motion and direction of motion on human performance in time to contact(TTC) estimation. Based on the occlusion paradigm, a testing software of TTC estimation was developed, in which a ball first appeared at a peripheral position of the computer screen, and then moved with a constant speed toward the center of the screen, which was marked by a small red cycle whose diameter was the same as the moving ball. The ball was visible at first, after moving for a period, it entered a dark circle and became invisible. The participant had to imagine the motion of the ball under the dark circle, and judge when it would reach the center of the screen, and press a key to indicate the judgment. The visible distance, the occlusion distance(radius of the dark circle), the speed of motion, the direction of motion could all be configured in the testing software. 34 participants, aged between 21 and 30 years, volunteered to complete the TTC estimation experiment. The experiment used a 3-level speeds of motion(relatively slow, relatively medium, and relatively fast, being 50 pixels/s, 100 pixels/s, 150 pixels/s, or 0.85°/s, 1.70°/s, 2.55°/s, respectively) × 4-level directions of motion(upward, downward, leftward, and rightward) design. The visible distance, the occlusion distance were kept constant during the experiment, being 170 pixels and 180 pixels, respectively. The four directions might also be categorized into two directions in the analyses: the vertical direction and the horizontal direction, when no significant difference was found between the upward motion and the downward motion, and between the leftward motion and the rightward motion.Performance indices such as deviation rate, absolute deviation rate, underestimate rate, overestimate rate and hit rate in TTC estimation were analyzed. Deviation rate(DR) was defined as(TTCe-TTCa)/TTCa, where TTCa(short for actual time to contact) was the time interval for the ball to move from the edge of the dark circle to the center of that circle, it was the value of occlusion distance divided by speed; TTCe(short for estimated time to contact) meant the time interval from the time when the ball first entered the dark circle to the time when the participant pressed the key to indicate his estimation. Absolute deviation rate(ADR) was defined as |(TTCe-TTCa)|/TTCa. When DR was between-0.05 and 0.05 for a trial, the estimation was defined as a hit; when DR was higher than 0.05, it was defined an overestimate of TTC; when DR was lower than-0.05, it was defined an underestimate of TTC. Hence, the hit rate, overestimate rate and underestimate rate could be calculated.Results showed that the accuracy of TTC estimation, indicated by the absolute deviation rate, was significantly lower in the relatively slow speed condition compared to that in the two faster conditions. In the relatively slow speed condition, the absolute deviation rate of the participants in TTC estimation of the vertical motion was significantly greater than that of the horizontal motion; meanwhile, the underestimation rate of TTC was significantly higher than that of the overestimation rate. In the two faster speed conditions, no significant differences were found in the absolute deviation rate between vertical and horizontal motion; no significant differences were found between participants' underestimation rate of TTC and overestimation rate of TTC. Those results suggested that in the settings of the current experiment, the impact of speed of motion on performance indices of TTC estimation was relatively strong, while the impact of direction of motion was relatively weak. Meanwhile, the impact of speed of motion and direction of motion showed significant interactions.
This study aimed to explore the impact of speed of motion and direction of motion on human performance in time to contact(TTC) estimation. Based on the occlusion paradigm, a testing software of TTC estimation was developed, in which a ball first appeared at a peripheral position of the computer screen, and then moved with a constant speed toward the center of the screen, which was marked by a small red cycle whose diameter was the same as the moving ball. The ball was visible at first, after moving for a period, it entered a dark circle and became invisible. The participant had to imagine the motion of the ball under the dark circle, and judge when it would reach the center of the screen, and press a key to indicate the judgment. The visible distance, the occlusion distance(radius of the dark circle), the speed of motion, the direction of motion could all be configured in the testing software. 34 participants, aged between 21 and 30 years, volunteered to complete the TTC estimation experiment. The experiment used a 3-level speeds of motion(relatively slow, relatively medium, and relatively fast, being 50 pixels/s, 100 pixels/s, 150 pixels/s, or 0.85°/s, 1.70°/s, 2.55°/s, respectively) × 4-level directions of motion(upward, downward, leftward, and rightward) design. The visible distance, the occlusion distance were kept constant during the experiment, being 170 pixels and 180 pixels, respectively. The four directions might also be categorized into two directions in the analyses: the vertical direction and the horizontal direction, when no significant difference was found between the upward motion and the downward motion, and between the leftward motion and the rightward motion.Performance indices such as deviation rate, absolute deviation rate, underestimate rate, overestimate rate and hit rate in TTC estimation were analyzed. Deviation rate(DR) was defined as(TTCe-TTCa)/TTCa, where TTCa(short for actual time to contact) was the time interval for the ball to move from the edge of the dark circle to the center of that circle, it was the value of occlusion distance divided by speed; TTCe(short for estimated time to contact) meant the time interval from the time when the ball first entered the dark circle to the time when the participant pressed the key to indicate his estimation. Absolute deviation rate(ADR) was defined as |(TTCe-TTCa)|/TTCa. When DR was between-0.05 and 0.05 for a trial, the estimation was defined as a hit; when DR was higher than 0.05, it was defined an overestimate of TTC; when DR was lower than-0.05, it was defined an underestimate of TTC. Hence, the hit rate, overestimate rate and underestimate rate could be calculated.Results showed that the accuracy of TTC estimation, indicated by the absolute deviation rate, was significantly lower in the relatively slow speed condition compared to that in the two faster conditions. In the relatively slow speed condition, the absolute deviation rate of the participants in TTC estimation of the vertical motion was significantly greater than that of the horizontal motion; meanwhile, the underestimation rate of TTC was significantly higher than that of the overestimation rate. In the two faster speed conditions, no significant differences were found in the absolute deviation rate between vertical and horizontal motion; no significant differences were found between participants' underestimation rate of TTC and overestimation rate of TTC. Those results suggested that in the settings of the current experiment, the impact of speed of motion on performance indices of TTC estimation was relatively strong, while the impact of direction of motion was relatively weak. Meanwhile, the impact of speed of motion and direction of motion showed significant interactions.
引文
丁锦红,林仲贤.(2001).不同方向视觉运动追踪的特性.心理学报,33(4),289-293.
郭秀艳,贡晔,薛庆国,袁小芸.(2000).遮挡范式下对碰撞时间的估计.心理科学,23(1),34-37.
黄端,张侃.(2008).碰撞时间估计的影响因素研究.心理科学,31(6),1284-1286.
江楠楠,许朝晖,余浩,赵红旗.(2006).海员的速度估计研究.中华航海医学与高气压医学杂志,13(1),18-20.
李小华,何存道,彭楚翘,郭伟力.(1997).卡车驾驶员速度估计研究.心理科学,20(6),525-529.
李欣,王斌,马红宇,于立贤.(2007).我国马术运动员速度感测评研究.天津体育学院学报,22(4),307-309.
刘燕瑛.(2013).横竖错觉机制的眼动研究.华东师范大学硕士学位论文.
邱博宇.(2015).遮挡范式下速度对碰撞位置估计的影响.心理学进展,5(5),291-295.
唐日新,张智君,刘玉丽,赵亚军.(2010).伸手拦截启动中的信息利用.心理学报,42(4),507-517.
陶维东,陶晓丽,孙弘进.(2011).即将碰撞时间的视觉信息加工研究进展.现代生物医学进展,11(6),1165-1169.
田雨,陈善广,王春慧,田志强,蒋婷.(2013).速度知觉测试软件的开发与应用.计算机工程与设计,34(1),372-376.
王向博,丁锦红.(2011).平滑追踪眼动及其对运动物体时空特征表征和预测的影响.心理科学进展,19(5),682-691.
于晓雅.(2008).视觉运动知觉脑机制研究现状.北京教育学院学报(自然科学版),3(5),4-10.
Chang,C.J.,&Jazayeri,M.(2018).Integration of speed and time for estimating time to contact.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,115(12),E2879-E2887.
Goodale,M.A.,&Milner,A.D.(1992).Separate visual pathways for perception and action.Trends in Neurosciences,15(1),20-25.
Kiefer,R.J.,Flannagan,C.A.,&Jerome,C.J.(2006).Time-to-collision judgments under realistic driving conditions.Human Factors,48(2),334-345.
La Scaleia,B.,Zago,M.,&Lacquaniti,F.(2015).Hand interception of occluded motion in humans:A test of model-based vs.on-line control.Journal of Neurophysiology,114(3),1577-1592.
Lee,D.N.(2009).General Tau Theory:Evolution to date.Perception,38(6),837-858.
Mc Intyre,J.,Zago,M.,Berthoz,A.,&Lacquaniti,F.(2001).Does the brain model Newton's laws?Nature Neuroscience,4(7),693-694.
Rolin,R.A.(2017).Perception of motion in virtual reality interception tasks.Master's Thesis of the University of British Columbia.
Russo,M.,Cesqui,B.,La Scaleia,B.,Ceccarelli,F.,Maselli,A.,Moscatelli,A.,et al.(2017).Intercepting virtual balls approaching under different gravity conditions:Evidence for spatial prediction.Journal of Neurophysiology,118(4),2421-2434.
Senot,P.,Zago,M.,Lacquaniti,F.,&Mc Intyre,J.(2005).Anticipating the effects of gravity when intercepting moving objects:Differentiating up and down based on nonvisual cues.Journal of Neurophysiology,94(6),4471-4480.
Senot,P.,Zago,M.,Le Séac'h,A.,Zaoui,M.,Berthoz,A.,Lacquaniti,F.,&Mc Intyre,J.(2012).When up is down in 0g:How gravity sensing affects the timing of interceptive actions.Journal of Neuroscience,32(6),1969-1973.
Tresilian,J.R.(1995).Perceptual and cognitive processes in time-to-contact estimation:Analysis of prediction-motion and relative judgment tasks.Perception and Psychophysics,57(2),231-245.
郭秀艳,贡晔,薛庆国,袁小芸.(2000).遮挡范式下对碰撞时间的估计.心理科学,23(1),34-37.
黄端,张侃.(2008).碰撞时间估计的影响因素研究.心理科学,31(6),1284-1286.
江楠楠,许朝晖,余浩,赵红旗.(2006).海员的速度估计研究.中华航海医学与高气压医学杂志,13(1),18-20.
李小华,何存道,彭楚翘,郭伟力.(1997).卡车驾驶员速度估计研究.心理科学,20(6),525-529.
李欣,王斌,马红宇,于立贤.(2007).我国马术运动员速度感测评研究.天津体育学院学报,22(4),307-309.
刘燕瑛.(2013).横竖错觉机制的眼动研究.华东师范大学硕士学位论文.
邱博宇.(2015).遮挡范式下速度对碰撞位置估计的影响.心理学进展,5(5),291-295.
唐日新,张智君,刘玉丽,赵亚军.(2010).伸手拦截启动中的信息利用.心理学报,42(4),507-517.
陶维东,陶晓丽,孙弘进.(2011).即将碰撞时间的视觉信息加工研究进展.现代生物医学进展,11(6),1165-1169.
田雨,陈善广,王春慧,田志强,蒋婷.(2013).速度知觉测试软件的开发与应用.计算机工程与设计,34(1),372-376.
王向博,丁锦红.(2011).平滑追踪眼动及其对运动物体时空特征表征和预测的影响.心理科学进展,19(5),682-691.
于晓雅.(2008).视觉运动知觉脑机制研究现状.北京教育学院学报(自然科学版),3(5),4-10.
Chang,C.J.,&Jazayeri,M.(2018).Integration of speed and time for estimating time to contact.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,115(12),E2879-E2887.
Goodale,M.A.,&Milner,A.D.(1992).Separate visual pathways for perception and action.Trends in Neurosciences,15(1),20-25.
Kiefer,R.J.,Flannagan,C.A.,&Jerome,C.J.(2006).Time-to-collision judgments under realistic driving conditions.Human Factors,48(2),334-345.
La Scaleia,B.,Zago,M.,&Lacquaniti,F.(2015).Hand interception of occluded motion in humans:A test of model-based vs.on-line control.Journal of Neurophysiology,114(3),1577-1592.
Lee,D.N.(2009).General Tau Theory:Evolution to date.Perception,38(6),837-858.
Mc Intyre,J.,Zago,M.,Berthoz,A.,&Lacquaniti,F.(2001).Does the brain model Newton's laws?Nature Neuroscience,4(7),693-694.
Rolin,R.A.(2017).Perception of motion in virtual reality interception tasks.Master's Thesis of the University of British Columbia.
Russo,M.,Cesqui,B.,La Scaleia,B.,Ceccarelli,F.,Maselli,A.,Moscatelli,A.,et al.(2017).Intercepting virtual balls approaching under different gravity conditions:Evidence for spatial prediction.Journal of Neurophysiology,118(4),2421-2434.
Senot,P.,Zago,M.,Lacquaniti,F.,&Mc Intyre,J.(2005).Anticipating the effects of gravity when intercepting moving objects:Differentiating up and down based on nonvisual cues.Journal of Neurophysiology,94(6),4471-4480.
Senot,P.,Zago,M.,Le Séac'h,A.,Zaoui,M.,Berthoz,A.,Lacquaniti,F.,&Mc Intyre,J.(2012).When up is down in 0g:How gravity sensing affects the timing of interceptive actions.Journal of Neuroscience,32(6),1969-1973.
Tresilian,J.R.(1995).Perceptual and cognitive processes in time-to-contact estimation:Analysis of prediction-motion and relative judgment tasks.Perception and Psychophysics,57(2),231-245.