典型城市化区域土壤重金属污染的空间特征与风险评价
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摘要
随着我国城市化的快速发展,土壤环境面临着较高的生态环境风险.本文以我国南方某典型城市化区域土壤环境作为研究对象,共采集表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品106份,亚表层(20～40 cm) 96份并测定其重金属含量,然后采用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害法评价其生态风险程度,最后通过空间插值探讨其生态风险空间分布.结果表明,表层土壤Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量范围分别为2. 87～84. 64、1. 40～56. 00、2. 75～125. 05、15. 05～201. 39、1. 46～89. 92、0. 001～0. 92、15. 29～160. 07和0. 006～0. 52 mg·kg~(-1);亚表层土壤的含量范围为3. 56～75. 14、1. 65～71. 58、3. 28～290. 04、17. 99～296. 94、3. 07～65. 67、0. 02～1. 00、11. 10～97. 59和0. 01～0. 41 mg·kg~(-1).依据农用地土壤污染风险管控标准,表层土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、As和Zn的超标率分别为71. 70%、40. 57%、4. 72%、3. 77%和0. 94%,亚表层土壤中Cd、Cu、As、Zn、Pb和Ni的超标率分别为72. 92%、39. 58%、6. 25%、3. 13%、3. 13%和1. 04%,可见区域主要重金属污染因子为Cd和Cu,土壤重金属空间分布特征显示超标区域集中在区域北部.基于两种评价结果可以看出,北部地区污染程度和生态风险较高,其中Cd为风险指数偏高的主要驱动因子,风险评价空间分布特征与Cd的含量空间分布特征类似,说明区域土壤Cd污染应该引起重点关注.
With the rapid urbanization in China,soil environments are facing high risks. Taking a typical urbanized area as a case study,a total of 106 surface soil samples(0-20 cm) and 96 subsurface soil samples(20-40 cm) were collected to determine the concentrations of heavy metals,and then,the Nemerow index and Hankson index methods were used to evaluate their degrees of ecological risk. The spatial distributions of ecological risks were also explored. Experimental results showed that the concentrations of Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb,and Hg in surface soil samples were 2. 87-84. 64,1. 40-56. 00,2. 75-125. 05,15. 05-201. 39,1. 46-89. 92,0. 001-0. 92,15. 29-160. 07,and 0. 006-0. 52 mg·kg~(-1),respectively,and those in subsurface soil samples were 3. 56-75. 14,1. 65-71. 58,3. 28-290. 04,17. 99-296. 94,3. 07-65. 67,0. 02-1. 00,11. 10-97. 59,and 0. 01-0. 41 mg·kg~(-1),respectively.According to the risk control standards for soil contamination of agricultural land,approximately 71. 70%,40. 57%,4. 72%,3. 77%,and 0. 94% of Cd,Cu,Pb,As,and Zn,respectively,in the surface soil samples exceeded the standards,while 72. 92%,39. 58%,6. 25%,3. 13%,3. 13%,and 1. 04% of Cd,Cu,As,Zn,Pb,and Ni,respectively,in the subsurface soil samples exceeded the standards. Obviously,the pollution by Cd and Cu was the most severe in the research area,and the main contaminated areas were distributed in the northern part of the land. The soil environmental quality pollution assessment illustrated that high risk areas were distributed in the northern part of the research area too. The risk assessment results indicated that the main pollution factor was Cd,which is accordance with the serious pollution findings for Cd. In response to these results,effective management and remediation methods should be taken to control the soil environment pollution in this typical urbanized area.
With the rapid urbanization in China,soil environments are facing high risks. Taking a typical urbanized area as a case study,a total of 106 surface soil samples(0-20 cm) and 96 subsurface soil samples(20-40 cm) were collected to determine the concentrations of heavy metals,and then,the Nemerow index and Hankson index methods were used to evaluate their degrees of ecological risk. The spatial distributions of ecological risks were also explored. Experimental results showed that the concentrations of Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb,and Hg in surface soil samples were 2. 87-84. 64,1. 40-56. 00,2. 75-125. 05,15. 05-201. 39,1. 46-89. 92,0. 001-0. 92,15. 29-160. 07,and 0. 006-0. 52 mg·kg~(-1),respectively,and those in subsurface soil samples were 3. 56-75. 14,1. 65-71. 58,3. 28-290. 04,17. 99-296. 94,3. 07-65. 67,0. 02-1. 00,11. 10-97. 59,and 0. 01-0. 41 mg·kg~(-1),respectively.According to the risk control standards for soil contamination of agricultural land,approximately 71. 70%,40. 57%,4. 72%,3. 77%,and 0. 94% of Cd,Cu,Pb,As,and Zn,respectively,in the surface soil samples exceeded the standards,while 72. 92%,39. 58%,6. 25%,3. 13%,3. 13%,and 1. 04% of Cd,Cu,As,Zn,Pb,and Ni,respectively,in the subsurface soil samples exceeded the standards. Obviously,the pollution by Cd and Cu was the most severe in the research area,and the main contaminated areas were distributed in the northern part of the land. The soil environmental quality pollution assessment illustrated that high risk areas were distributed in the northern part of the research area too. The risk assessment results indicated that the main pollution factor was Cd,which is accordance with the serious pollution findings for Cd. In response to these results,effective management and remediation methods should be taken to control the soil environment pollution in this typical urbanized area.
引文
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[2] Gasiorek M,Kowalska J,Mazurek R,et al. Comprehensive assessment of heavy metal pollution in topsoil of historical urban park on an example of the Planty Park in Krakow(Poland)[J].Chemosphere,2017,179:148-158.
[3] Tepanosyan G,Sahakyan L,Belyaeva O,et al. Continuous impact of mining activities on soil heavy metals levels and human health[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,639:900-909.
[4] Kosheleva N E, Vlasov D V, Korlyakov I D, et al.Contamination of urban soils with heavy metals in Moscow as affected by building development[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,636:854-863.
[5]纪小凤,郑娜,王洋,等.中国城市土壤重金属污染研究现状及展望[J].土壤与作物,2016,5(1):42-47.Ji X F,Zheng N,Wang Y,et al. Heavy metal contamination of urban soils in China:Recent advances and prospects[J]. Soils and Crops,2016,5(1):42-47.
[6] Islam S,Ahmed K,Habibullah-Al-Mamun,et al. Potential ecological risk of hazardous elements in different land-use urban soils of Bangladesh[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,512-513:94-102.
[7]赵科理,傅伟军,叶正钱,等.电子垃圾拆解区土壤重金属空间异质性及分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):3151-3159.Zhao K L,Fu W J,Ye Z Q,et al. Spatial variation of soil heavy metals in an e-waste dismantling area and their distribution characteristics[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(8):3151-3159.
[8]郭彦海,孙许超,张士兵,等.上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染特征、来源分析及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5262-5271.Guo Y H,Sun X C,Zhang S B,et al. Pollution characteristics,source analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Shanghai[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5262-5271.
[9] Wang M E,Liu R,Chen W P,et al. Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in surface soils,Beijing[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2018,64:328-334.
[10]环境保护部,国土资源部.全国土壤污染状况调查公报[J].中国环保产业,2014,(5):1689-1692.
[11] Bi C J,Zhou Y,Chen Z L,et al. Heavy metals and lead isotopes in soils,road dust and leafy vegetables and health risks via vegetable consumption in the industrial areas of Shanghai,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,619-620:1349-1357.
[12]黄小娟,江长胜,郝庆菊.重庆溶溪锰矿区土壤重金属污染评价及植物吸收特征[J].生态学报,2014,34(15):4201-4211.Huang X J,Jiang C S,Hao Q J. Assessment of heavy metal pollutions in soils and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by plants in Rongxi Manganese mineland of Chongqing[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(15):4201-4211.
[13]郭鹏然,雷永乾,周巧丽,等.电镀厂周边环境中重金属分布特征及人体健康暴露风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3447-3456.Guo P R,Lei Y Q,Zhou Q L,et al. Distribution characteristics of heavy metals in environmental samples around electroplating factories and the health risk assessment[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3447-3456.
[14]雷国建,陈志良,刘千钧,等.广州郊区土壤重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害评价[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(S1):49-53.Lei G J,Chen Z L,Liu Q J,et al. The assessments of polluted degree and potential ecological hazards of heavy metals in suburban soil of Guangzhou city[J]. China Environmental Science,2013,33(S1):49-53.
[15]李泗清,杨满芽.中山市不同类型企业周边土壤重金属污染特性及潜在生态风险评价[J].地球与环境,2014,42(4):525-531.Li S Q,Yang M Y. The features and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surrounding soils of different types of enterprises in Zhongshan Municipality[J]. Earth and Environment,2014,42(4):525-531.
[16]叶中进.中山市不同企业类型区域土壤重金属污染分析[D].广州:华南理工大学,2006.
[17]余姝洁,李名,张保见,等.中山市工业园周边土壤重金属污染及风险评估[J].武汉理工大学学报,2016,38(4):70-75.Yu S J,Li M,Zhang B J,et al. Pollution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surrounding soil of industrial park in Zhongshan city[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2016,38(4):70-75.
[18] HJ 803-2016,土壤和沉积物12种金属元素的测定王水提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法[S].
[19] Nemerow N L. Scientific stream pollution analysis[M].Washington:Mc Grow Hill,1974.
[20] Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[21]国家环境保护局,中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[22] GB 15618-2018,土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].
[23]郑睛之,王楚栋,王诗涵,等.典型小城市土壤重金属空间异质性及其风险评价:以临安市为例[J].环境科学,2018,39(6):2875-2883.Zheng J Z,Wang C D,Wang S H,et al. Spatial variation of soil heavy metals in Lin'an city and its potential risk evaluation[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(6):2875-2883.
[24]许萌萌,刘爱风,师荣光,等.天津农田重金属污染特征分析及降雨沥浸影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1095-1101.Xu M M,Liu A F,Shi R G,et al. Characteristics of heavy metals pollution of farmland and the leaching effect of rainfall in Tianjin[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1095-1011.
[25] Dietrich M, Huling J, Krekeler M P S. Metal pollution investigation of Goldman Park,Middletown Ohio:Evidence for steel and coal pollution in a high child use setting[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,618:1350-1362.
[26]李莲芳,朱昌雄,曾希柏,等.吉林四平设施土壤和蔬菜中重金属的累积特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(6):2936-2943.Li L F,Zhu C X,Zeng X B,et al. Accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in greenhouse soil and vegetables in Siping city,Jilin Province[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(6):2936-2943.
[27] Mazurek R,Kowalska J,G? siorek M,et al. Assessment of heavy metals contamination in surface layers of Roztocze National Park forest soils(SE Poland)by indices of pollution[J].Chemosphere,2016,168:839-850.
[28]胡克林,张凤荣,吕贻忠,等.北京市大兴区土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):463-468.Hu K L,Zhang F R,LüY Z,et al. Spatial distribution of concentrations of soil heavy metals in Daxing county,Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2004,24(3):463-468.
[29]周玲莉,薛南冬,杨兵,等.黄淮平原农田土壤中重金属的分布和来源[J].环境化学,2013,32(9):1706-1713.Zhou L L,Xue N D,Yang B,et al. Distribution and source of heavy metals in agricultural soils from Huang-huai Plain[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(9):1706-1713.
[30]姜菲菲,孙丹峰,李红,等.北京市农业土壤重金属污染环境风险等级评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):330-337.Jiang F F,Sun D F,Li H,et al. Risk grade assessment for farmland pollution of heavy metals in Beijing[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(8):330-337.
[2] Gasiorek M,Kowalska J,Mazurek R,et al. Comprehensive assessment of heavy metal pollution in topsoil of historical urban park on an example of the Planty Park in Krakow(Poland)[J].Chemosphere,2017,179:148-158.
[3] Tepanosyan G,Sahakyan L,Belyaeva O,et al. Continuous impact of mining activities on soil heavy metals levels and human health[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,639:900-909.
[4] Kosheleva N E, Vlasov D V, Korlyakov I D, et al.Contamination of urban soils with heavy metals in Moscow as affected by building development[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,636:854-863.
[5]纪小凤,郑娜,王洋,等.中国城市土壤重金属污染研究现状及展望[J].土壤与作物,2016,5(1):42-47.Ji X F,Zheng N,Wang Y,et al. Heavy metal contamination of urban soils in China:Recent advances and prospects[J]. Soils and Crops,2016,5(1):42-47.
[6] Islam S,Ahmed K,Habibullah-Al-Mamun,et al. Potential ecological risk of hazardous elements in different land-use urban soils of Bangladesh[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,512-513:94-102.
[7]赵科理,傅伟军,叶正钱,等.电子垃圾拆解区土壤重金属空间异质性及分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):3151-3159.Zhao K L,Fu W J,Ye Z Q,et al. Spatial variation of soil heavy metals in an e-waste dismantling area and their distribution characteristics[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(8):3151-3159.
[8]郭彦海,孙许超,张士兵,等.上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染特征、来源分析及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5262-5271.Guo Y H,Sun X C,Zhang S B,et al. Pollution characteristics,source analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Shanghai[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5262-5271.
[9] Wang M E,Liu R,Chen W P,et al. Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in surface soils,Beijing[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2018,64:328-334.
[10]环境保护部,国土资源部.全国土壤污染状况调查公报[J].中国环保产业,2014,(5):1689-1692.
[11] Bi C J,Zhou Y,Chen Z L,et al. Heavy metals and lead isotopes in soils,road dust and leafy vegetables and health risks via vegetable consumption in the industrial areas of Shanghai,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,619-620:1349-1357.
[12]黄小娟,江长胜,郝庆菊.重庆溶溪锰矿区土壤重金属污染评价及植物吸收特征[J].生态学报,2014,34(15):4201-4211.Huang X J,Jiang C S,Hao Q J. Assessment of heavy metal pollutions in soils and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by plants in Rongxi Manganese mineland of Chongqing[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(15):4201-4211.
[13]郭鹏然,雷永乾,周巧丽,等.电镀厂周边环境中重金属分布特征及人体健康暴露风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3447-3456.Guo P R,Lei Y Q,Zhou Q L,et al. Distribution characteristics of heavy metals in environmental samples around electroplating factories and the health risk assessment[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3447-3456.
[14]雷国建,陈志良,刘千钧,等.广州郊区土壤重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害评价[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(S1):49-53.Lei G J,Chen Z L,Liu Q J,et al. The assessments of polluted degree and potential ecological hazards of heavy metals in suburban soil of Guangzhou city[J]. China Environmental Science,2013,33(S1):49-53.
[15]李泗清,杨满芽.中山市不同类型企业周边土壤重金属污染特性及潜在生态风险评价[J].地球与环境,2014,42(4):525-531.Li S Q,Yang M Y. The features and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surrounding soils of different types of enterprises in Zhongshan Municipality[J]. Earth and Environment,2014,42(4):525-531.
[16]叶中进.中山市不同企业类型区域土壤重金属污染分析[D].广州:华南理工大学,2006.
[17]余姝洁,李名,张保见,等.中山市工业园周边土壤重金属污染及风险评估[J].武汉理工大学学报,2016,38(4):70-75.Yu S J,Li M,Zhang B J,et al. Pollution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surrounding soil of industrial park in Zhongshan city[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2016,38(4):70-75.
[18] HJ 803-2016,土壤和沉积物12种金属元素的测定王水提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法[S].
[19] Nemerow N L. Scientific stream pollution analysis[M].Washington:Mc Grow Hill,1974.
[20] Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[21]国家环境保护局,中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[22] GB 15618-2018,土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].
[23]郑睛之,王楚栋,王诗涵,等.典型小城市土壤重金属空间异质性及其风险评价:以临安市为例[J].环境科学,2018,39(6):2875-2883.Zheng J Z,Wang C D,Wang S H,et al. Spatial variation of soil heavy metals in Lin'an city and its potential risk evaluation[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(6):2875-2883.
[24]许萌萌,刘爱风,师荣光,等.天津农田重金属污染特征分析及降雨沥浸影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(3):1095-1101.Xu M M,Liu A F,Shi R G,et al. Characteristics of heavy metals pollution of farmland and the leaching effect of rainfall in Tianjin[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(3):1095-1011.
[25] Dietrich M, Huling J, Krekeler M P S. Metal pollution investigation of Goldman Park,Middletown Ohio:Evidence for steel and coal pollution in a high child use setting[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,618:1350-1362.
[26]李莲芳,朱昌雄,曾希柏,等.吉林四平设施土壤和蔬菜中重金属的累积特征[J].环境科学,2018,39(6):2936-2943.Li L F,Zhu C X,Zeng X B,et al. Accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in greenhouse soil and vegetables in Siping city,Jilin Province[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(6):2936-2943.
[27] Mazurek R,Kowalska J,G? siorek M,et al. Assessment of heavy metals contamination in surface layers of Roztocze National Park forest soils(SE Poland)by indices of pollution[J].Chemosphere,2016,168:839-850.
[28]胡克林,张凤荣,吕贻忠,等.北京市大兴区土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):463-468.Hu K L,Zhang F R,LüY Z,et al. Spatial distribution of concentrations of soil heavy metals in Daxing county,Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2004,24(3):463-468.
[29]周玲莉,薛南冬,杨兵,等.黄淮平原农田土壤中重金属的分布和来源[J].环境化学,2013,32(9):1706-1713.Zhou L L,Xue N D,Yang B,et al. Distribution and source of heavy metals in agricultural soils from Huang-huai Plain[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(9):1706-1713.
[30]姜菲菲,孙丹峰,李红,等.北京市农业土壤重金属污染环境风险等级评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):330-337.Jiang F F,Sun D F,Li H,et al. Risk grade assessment for farmland pollution of heavy metals in Beijing[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(8):330-337.