宁夏震湖滩涂湿地盐生植物群落多样性与土壤盐碱度分析
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摘要
该研究以宁夏西吉震湖滩涂湿地4种典型盐生植物群落作为研究对象,通过野外调查采样,实验室分析,结合经典统计学方法,研究柽柳(Tamarix sp.)、盐角草(Salicornia europaea)、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)(矮生型)等4种盐生植物群落多样性格局,分析4种盐生植物群落及湖滩裸地土壤全盐和pH特征,为湿地自然保护区湖滨湿地的保护与恢复提供依据。结果表明:(1)在4种盐生群落斑块中共发现植物26种,藜科、禾本科、菊科分别占植物总数的23.08%、19.23%和19.23%;柽柳群落为盐生灌丛,物种数繁杂;盐角草群落、碱蓬群落和芦苇群落属于盐生草甸,物种组成单调,大多是单优群落斑块;3种盐生草甸群落中优势种的重要值显著高于盐生灌丛中柽柳的重要值(P<0.05)。(2)Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener指数和Simpson优势度指数均是柽柳群落最大,分别为1.105、1.706和0.552;Pielou均匀度指数为:盐角草群落>芦苇群落>碱蓬群落>柽柳群落,分别为1.166、1.021、0.997和0.813。(3)4种盐生群落类型及湖滩裸地土壤全盐表层(0~10cm)表聚效应显著(P<0.05);表层土壤全盐依次为湖滩裸地>盐角草群落>碱蓬群落>柽柳群落>芦苇群落,土壤盐度分别在0.44%~0.58%、0.49%~0.53%、0.15%~0.54%、0.27%~0.45%和0.18%~0.39%之间;柽柳群落土壤pH随土层加深依次降低,3种盐生草甸土壤pH随土层加深先迅速增大后基本不变,湖滩裸地pH随土层加深先迅速减小后基本不变。
In this study,we selected the four typical halophyte plant communities of beach-wetland of semiarid area in the Dangjiacha Wetland Nature Reserve of Xiji,Ningxia to explore diversity patterns of four halophyte plant communities,including Tamarixsp.,Salicornia europaea,Suaeda glauca and Phrag-mitesaustralis(dwarf type)and also studied the characteristics of total salt and pH in soil of four halophytes communities and bare beach.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)a total of 26 plant species were found among four halophyte communities.Among them,Chenopodiaceae,Gramineae and Compositae respectively accounted for 23.08%,19.23% and 19.23% of the total plants.Tamarixsp.community species diversity and the community composition of S.europaea,S.glaucaand P.australis are monotonous,mostly monotonous community patches.The important values of the dominant species in the three halophyte communities were significantly higher than those in the saline shrub(P<0.05).The important value of Tamarixsp.community was between 0.13 and 0.54,which was significantly different from that of the three salted meadows(P<0.05).(2)Margalef index,Shannon-wiener index and Simpson index were the largest of Tamarixsp.community,which were 1.105,1.706 and 0.552,respectively.Pielou index is S.europaea > P.australis> S.glauca > Tamarixsp.,namely 1.166,1.021,0.997 and 0.813.(3)The effects of total salt content on the surface layer of the four kinds of halophyte communities and the bare beach were significant(P<0.05).In the surface layer the soil total salt was bare beach> S.europaeacommunity> S.glaucacommunity> Tamarixsp.community> P.australis community,respectively between 0.44%-0.58%,0.49%-0.53%,0.15%-0.54%,0.27%-0.45% and 0.18%-0.39%.The soil pH of Tamarixspp community was decreased with the soil depth.The soil pH of the salted meadow is quickly increased with the soil to deepen,after the basic unchanged.The pH of the bare beach is quickly declined with the soil to deepen,after the basic unchanged.
In this study,we selected the four typical halophyte plant communities of beach-wetland of semiarid area in the Dangjiacha Wetland Nature Reserve of Xiji,Ningxia to explore diversity patterns of four halophyte plant communities,including Tamarixsp.,Salicornia europaea,Suaeda glauca and Phrag-mitesaustralis(dwarf type)and also studied the characteristics of total salt and pH in soil of four halophytes communities and bare beach.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)a total of 26 plant species were found among four halophyte communities.Among them,Chenopodiaceae,Gramineae and Compositae respectively accounted for 23.08%,19.23% and 19.23% of the total plants.Tamarixsp.community species diversity and the community composition of S.europaea,S.glaucaand P.australis are monotonous,mostly monotonous community patches.The important values of the dominant species in the three halophyte communities were significantly higher than those in the saline shrub(P<0.05).The important value of Tamarixsp.community was between 0.13 and 0.54,which was significantly different from that of the three salted meadows(P<0.05).(2)Margalef index,Shannon-wiener index and Simpson index were the largest of Tamarixsp.community,which were 1.105,1.706 and 0.552,respectively.Pielou index is S.europaea > P.australis> S.glauca > Tamarixsp.,namely 1.166,1.021,0.997 and 0.813.(3)The effects of total salt content on the surface layer of the four kinds of halophyte communities and the bare beach were significant(P<0.05).In the surface layer the soil total salt was bare beach> S.europaeacommunity> S.glaucacommunity> Tamarixsp.community> P.australis community,respectively between 0.44%-0.58%,0.49%-0.53%,0.15%-0.54%,0.27%-0.45% and 0.18%-0.39%.The soil pH of Tamarixspp community was decreased with the soil depth.The soil pH of the salted meadow is quickly increased with the soil to deepen,after the basic unchanged.The pH of the bare beach is quickly declined with the soil to deepen,after the basic unchanged.
引文
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[14]THOMAS DSG,MIDDLETON NJ.Salinization:new perspectives on a major desertification issue[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1993,24(24):95-105.
[15]夏贵菊,赵永全,何彤慧.基于植物多样性的水利设施生态化评价研究——以银川平原为例[J].中国农村水利水电,2015,(2):22-26.XIA G J,ZHAO Y Q,HE T H.Research on the ecologIcalization evaluation of water conservancy facilities on the basis of plant diversity[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2015,(2):22-26.
[16]何彤慧,程志,张玉峰,等.银川平原沟渠植物多样性特征及影响因素[J].湿地科学,2013,11(3):352-358.HE T H,CHENG Z,ZHANG Y F,et al.Characteristics of plant diversity of canals and ditches and their influencing factors in Yinchuan Plain[J].Wetland Science,2013,11(3):352-358.
[17]乔斌,何彤慧,吴春燕,等.银川平原草甸湿地三种禾草构件特征及其土壤生境[J].北方园艺,2017,379(4):77-82.QIAO B,HE T H,WU C Y,et al.Study on modular characteristic and soil habitat of three gramineous species in meadow wetland in Yinchuan Plain[J].Northern Horticulture,2017,379(4):77-82.
[18]OTTO R,KRUSI BO,BURGA CA,et al.Old-field succession along aprecipitation gradient in the semi-arid coastal region of Tenerife[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2006,65(1):156-178.
[19]LOREAU M,NAEEM S,INCHAUSTI P,et al.Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:current knowledge and future challenges[J].Science,2001,294(5 543):804-808.
[20]颜安,王泽,蒋平安,等.土壤盐分对干旱区盐渍土壤碳垂直分布的影响[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(4):770-774.YAN A,WANG Z,JIANG P A,et al.Effects of soil salinity on vertical distribution of soil carbon in saline soil in Arid Area[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(4):770-774.
[21]公慧珍,李升峰.江苏省东台市滩涂垦区不同自然植被下的土壤/沉积物盐分特征[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(12):395-398.GONG H Z,LI S F.Soil/sediment salinity under different natural vegetations in the beach reclamation area of Dongtai City,Jiangsu Province[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(12):395-398.
[22]时林,冯若昂,靖淑慧,等.黄河三角洲不同植被类型下土壤pH与盐分差异分析[J].环境科学导刊,2017,36(3):14-17.SHI L,FENG R A,JING S H,et al.Characteristics of soil pH and salinity under the different vegetation types in Yellow River Delta[J].Environmental Science Survey,2017,36(3):14-17.
[23]张立宾,徐化凌,赵庚星.碱蓬的耐盐能力及其对滨海盐渍土的改良效果[J].土壤,2007,39(2):310-313.ZHANG L B,XU H L,ZHAO G X.Salt tolerance of Suaeda Salsaand its soil ameliorating effect on coastal saline soil[J].Soils,2007,39(2):310-313.
[24]MAUCHAMP A,MESLEARD F.Salt to lerance in Phragmites australis populations from coastal mediterranean marshes[J].Aquatic Botany,2001,70(1):39-52.
[25]肖克飚,吴普特,雷金银,等.不同类型耐盐植物对盐碱土生物改良研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(12):2 433-2 440.XIAO K B,WU P T,LEI J Y,et al.Bio-reclamation of different halophytes on saline-alkali soil[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2013,31(12):2 433-2 440.
[26]尹传华,董积忠,石秋梅,等.不同生境下盐生灌木盐岛效应的变化及生态学意义[J].土壤学报,2012,49(2):289-295.YIN C H,DONG J Z,SHI Q M,et al.Salt island effect of halophytic shrubs in different habitats and its ecological implication[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(2):289-295.
[2]张华兵,刘红玉,李玉凤,等.自然条件下盐城海滨湿地土壤水分/盐度空间分异及其与植被关系研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(2):540-546.ZHANG H B,LIU H Y,LI Y F,et al.Spatial variation of soil moisture/salinity and the relationship with vegetation under natural conditions in Yancheng Coastal Wetland[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(2):540-546.
[3]JUCHER T,COOMER D A.Response to comment on plant species richness and ecosystem multifuntionality in global[J].Dry lands Science,2012,337(6091):155-157.
[4]SANKARAN M,HANAN NP,SCHOLES RJ,et al.Determinants of wood cover in African savannas[J].Nature,2005,438(7 069):846-849.
[5]TILMAN D.The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity:a research for general principles[J].Ecology,1999,80(5):1 55-1 474.
[6]夏贵菊,何彤慧,于骥,等.银川平原草甸湿地表层土盐分累积特征[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):142-148.XIA G J,HE T H,YU J,et al.Salt accumulation characteristics of topsoil in meadow wetland in Yinchuan plain[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(5):142-148.
[7]张华兵,刘红玉,郝敬锋,等.自然和人工管理驱动下盐城海滨湿地景观格局演变特征与空间差异[J].生态学报,2012,32(1):101-110.ZHANG H B,LIU H Y,HAO J F,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics of landscape change in the coastal wetlands of Yancheng caused by natural processes and human activities[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):101-110.
[8]贺强,安渊,崔保山.滨海盐沼及其植物群落的分布与多样性[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(3):657-664.HE Q,AN Y,CUI B S.Coastal salt marshes and distribution and diversity of salt marsh plant communities[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(3):657-664.
[9]龚雪伟,吕光辉.艾比湖流域杜加依林荒漠植物群落多样性及优势种生态位[J].生物多样性,2017,25(1):34-45.GONG X W,LUG H.Species diversity and dominant species’niches of eremophyte communities of the Tugai forest in the Ebinur basin of Xinjiang,China[J].Biodiversity Science,2017,25(1):34-45.
[10]杜改俊,李艳红,张小萌,等.艾比湖湿地典型植物群落土壤养分和盐分的空间异质性[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(8):1 302-1 309.DU G J,LI Y H,ZHANG X M,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of the soil nutrient and salinity of the typical plant communities in Ebinur Lake Wetland[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(8):1 302-1 309.
[11]王盼盼,李艳红,张小萌.艾比湖湿地植物群落变化对盐分环境梯度的响应[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(1):29-33.WANG P P,LI Y H,ZHANG X M.Responses of plant diversity changes in the wetland of Lake Ebinur to salinity environment gradient[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2015,24(1):29-33.
[12]杜泉滢,李智,刘书润,等.干旱、半干旱区湖泊周围盐生植物群落的多样性格局及特点[J].生物多样性,2007,15(3):271-281.DU Q Y,LI Z,LIU S R,et al.Dynamics of species diversity and characteristics of halophytic plant communities around saline lakes in arid and semi-arid regions of Inner Mongolia[J].Biodiversity Science,2007,15(3):271-281.
[13]缑倩倩,屈建军,王国华,等.中国干旱半干旱地区湿地研究进展[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(2):213-220.GOU Q Q,QU J J,WANG G H,et al.Progress of wetland researches in arid and semi-arid regions in China[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(2):213-220.
[14]THOMAS DSG,MIDDLETON NJ.Salinization:new perspectives on a major desertification issue[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1993,24(24):95-105.
[15]夏贵菊,赵永全,何彤慧.基于植物多样性的水利设施生态化评价研究——以银川平原为例[J].中国农村水利水电,2015,(2):22-26.XIA G J,ZHAO Y Q,HE T H.Research on the ecologIcalization evaluation of water conservancy facilities on the basis of plant diversity[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2015,(2):22-26.
[16]何彤慧,程志,张玉峰,等.银川平原沟渠植物多样性特征及影响因素[J].湿地科学,2013,11(3):352-358.HE T H,CHENG Z,ZHANG Y F,et al.Characteristics of plant diversity of canals and ditches and their influencing factors in Yinchuan Plain[J].Wetland Science,2013,11(3):352-358.
[17]乔斌,何彤慧,吴春燕,等.银川平原草甸湿地三种禾草构件特征及其土壤生境[J].北方园艺,2017,379(4):77-82.QIAO B,HE T H,WU C Y,et al.Study on modular characteristic and soil habitat of three gramineous species in meadow wetland in Yinchuan Plain[J].Northern Horticulture,2017,379(4):77-82.
[18]OTTO R,KRUSI BO,BURGA CA,et al.Old-field succession along aprecipitation gradient in the semi-arid coastal region of Tenerife[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2006,65(1):156-178.
[19]LOREAU M,NAEEM S,INCHAUSTI P,et al.Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:current knowledge and future challenges[J].Science,2001,294(5 543):804-808.
[20]颜安,王泽,蒋平安,等.土壤盐分对干旱区盐渍土壤碳垂直分布的影响[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(4):770-774.YAN A,WANG Z,JIANG P A,et al.Effects of soil salinity on vertical distribution of soil carbon in saline soil in Arid Area[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(4):770-774.
[21]公慧珍,李升峰.江苏省东台市滩涂垦区不同自然植被下的土壤/沉积物盐分特征[J].江苏农业科学,2015,43(12):395-398.GONG H Z,LI S F.Soil/sediment salinity under different natural vegetations in the beach reclamation area of Dongtai City,Jiangsu Province[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(12):395-398.
[22]时林,冯若昂,靖淑慧,等.黄河三角洲不同植被类型下土壤pH与盐分差异分析[J].环境科学导刊,2017,36(3):14-17.SHI L,FENG R A,JING S H,et al.Characteristics of soil pH and salinity under the different vegetation types in Yellow River Delta[J].Environmental Science Survey,2017,36(3):14-17.
[23]张立宾,徐化凌,赵庚星.碱蓬的耐盐能力及其对滨海盐渍土的改良效果[J].土壤,2007,39(2):310-313.ZHANG L B,XU H L,ZHAO G X.Salt tolerance of Suaeda Salsaand its soil ameliorating effect on coastal saline soil[J].Soils,2007,39(2):310-313.
[24]MAUCHAMP A,MESLEARD F.Salt to lerance in Phragmites australis populations from coastal mediterranean marshes[J].Aquatic Botany,2001,70(1):39-52.
[25]肖克飚,吴普特,雷金银,等.不同类型耐盐植物对盐碱土生物改良研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(12):2 433-2 440.XIAO K B,WU P T,LEI J Y,et al.Bio-reclamation of different halophytes on saline-alkali soil[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2013,31(12):2 433-2 440.
[26]尹传华,董积忠,石秋梅,等.不同生境下盐生灌木盐岛效应的变化及生态学意义[J].土壤学报,2012,49(2):289-295.YIN C H,DONG J Z,SHI Q M,et al.Salt island effect of halophytic shrubs in different habitats and its ecological implication[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(2):289-295.