北方农牧交错带退耕还林与还草对地面节肢动物群落结构的影响
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摘要
在中国北方农牧交错带宁夏盐池县,以农田为对照,以人工柠条林地、杨树林地和弃耕后自然恢复草地为研究样地,采用陷阱诱捕法,调查了退耕还林与还草4种类型样地的地面节肢动物群落结构特征,旨在分析农牧交错带退耕还林与还草措施对地面节肢动物群落结构生态效应的差异性。结果显示:(1)调查共获得地面节肢动物7目23科25类,其中优势类群为蜉金龟科和蚁科,其个体数占总个体数45.30%;常见类群13类,其个体数占总个体数49.17%;其余10类为稀有类群,其个体数占总个体数5.53%。(2)农田和草地生境的优势类群均有4个类群,而柠条林地和杨树林地生境的优势类群只有1个类群(即蚁科),但草地生境的优势类群种类组成完全不同于农田生境;优势度从农田的86.67%降为杨树林地的54.90%、柠条林地的63.16%和草地的61.70%。退耕还林还草后常见类群数及其优势度均呈现显著增加趋势。另外,4种类型样地生境中均无稀有类群。(3)退耕还林与还草仅对地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数产生显著影响(P<0.05),而对个体数和优势度指数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数均表现为草地最高,杨树林地次之,农田和柠条林地最低。(4)不同生境类型样地间Jaccard指数均较低,介于0.13—0.39之间,属于不相似或中等不相似。(5)偏RDA分析表明,土壤含水量和总氮含量是影响地面节肢动物群落个体数分布的关键驱动因子。研究表明,退耕还柠条林地和弃耕后自然恢复草地对土壤性质改善均具有显著影响,并且弃耕后自然恢复草地更有利于节肢动物多样性的恢复。
In Yanchi County, Ningxia, belonging to the agro-pasture transition zone in northern China, an investigation on ground-active arthropods was carried out using a pitfall trapping method in response to the conversion of cropland to agroforestry land versus natural grassland. The results showed:(1) there were 25 groups belonging to 7 orders and 23 families. The dominant groups included Aphodiidae and Formicidae families, which comprised 45.30% of the total individuals. There were 13 common groups occupying 49.17% of the total individuals. The remaining 10 groups were relatively rare, only comprising 5.53% of the total individuals;(2) there were four dominant groups in both crop-and grassland, whereas only one group(i.e., Formicidae) was found in Populus and Caragana agroforestry land. However, the composition of dominant groups were completely different between grassland and cropland habitats. Meanwhile, the dominance of dominant groups decreased remarkably from 86.67% in cropland to 54.90%, 63.16%, and 61.70% in Populus and Caragana agroforestry land and grassland, respectively. The number of common groups and their dominance increased considerably in response to the conversion of cropland to agroforestry land versus natural grassland. No rare groups were found in these four habitats including cropland, Populus and Caragana agroforestry land, and grassland;(3) there was a significant(P < 0.05) effect of the conversion of cropland to agroforestry land versus natural grassland on group richness and the Shannon index, whereas no significant(P> 0.05) effect was found on the total abundance and Simpson index of ground-active arthropods. The group richness and Shannon index of ground-active arthropods were found to be markedly greater(P < 0.05) in grassland, followed by those in Populus and Caragana agroforestry land, and cropland;(4) the Jaccard index regarding ground-active arthropod communities ranged from 0.13 to 0.39, which indicated a dissimilarity between different habitats in cropland, Populus and Caragana agroforestry lands, and grassland;(5) soil moisture and total nitrogen were found to be the key factors driving the structure of ground-active arthropod communities based on the pRDA results. It was concluded that the conversion of cropland to Caragana shrubland and natural grassland could be beneficial for the improvement of soil physical-chemical properties, and the conversion of cropland into natural grassland could indicate a facilitative effect on arthropod biodiversity recovery in the agro-pasture transition zone of northern China.
In Yanchi County, Ningxia, belonging to the agro-pasture transition zone in northern China, an investigation on ground-active arthropods was carried out using a pitfall trapping method in response to the conversion of cropland to agroforestry land versus natural grassland. The results showed:(1) there were 25 groups belonging to 7 orders and 23 families. The dominant groups included Aphodiidae and Formicidae families, which comprised 45.30% of the total individuals. There were 13 common groups occupying 49.17% of the total individuals. The remaining 10 groups were relatively rare, only comprising 5.53% of the total individuals;(2) there were four dominant groups in both crop-and grassland, whereas only one group(i.e., Formicidae) was found in Populus and Caragana agroforestry land. However, the composition of dominant groups were completely different between grassland and cropland habitats. Meanwhile, the dominance of dominant groups decreased remarkably from 86.67% in cropland to 54.90%, 63.16%, and 61.70% in Populus and Caragana agroforestry land and grassland, respectively. The number of common groups and their dominance increased considerably in response to the conversion of cropland to agroforestry land versus natural grassland. No rare groups were found in these four habitats including cropland, Populus and Caragana agroforestry land, and grassland;(3) there was a significant(P < 0.05) effect of the conversion of cropland to agroforestry land versus natural grassland on group richness and the Shannon index, whereas no significant(P> 0.05) effect was found on the total abundance and Simpson index of ground-active arthropods. The group richness and Shannon index of ground-active arthropods were found to be markedly greater(P < 0.05) in grassland, followed by those in Populus and Caragana agroforestry land, and cropland;(4) the Jaccard index regarding ground-active arthropod communities ranged from 0.13 to 0.39, which indicated a dissimilarity between different habitats in cropland, Populus and Caragana agroforestry lands, and grassland;(5) soil moisture and total nitrogen were found to be the key factors driving the structure of ground-active arthropod communities based on the pRDA results. It was concluded that the conversion of cropland to Caragana shrubland and natural grassland could be beneficial for the improvement of soil physical-chemical properties, and the conversion of cropland into natural grassland could indicate a facilitative effect on arthropod biodiversity recovery in the agro-pasture transition zone of northern China.
引文
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[2] 苏志珠, 马义娟, 刘梅. 中国北方农牧交错带形成之探讨. 山西大学学报: 自然科学版, 2003, 26(3): 269- 273.
[3] 李学斌, 陈林, 谢应忠. 北方农牧交错带封育草地土壤含水量变化研究——以宁夏盐池县为例. 安徽农业科学, 2010, 38(4): 1923- 1925, 1951- 1951.
[4] 于艳华, 乌兰图雅, 阿拉腾图雅. 基于退耕还林还草的科尔沁沙地景观结构变化——以通辽市奈曼旗为例. 内蒙古师范大学学报: 自然科学汉文版, 2007, 36(2): 212- 216.
[5] Zhao H L, Zhang T H, Liu R T. Effects of land cover changes on soil arthropod community in Horqin Sand Land, China. Journal of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2013, 1(2): 112- 117.
[6] 刘任涛, 赵哈林. 沙质草地土壤动物的研究进展及建议. 中国沙漠, 2009, 29(4): 656- 662.
[7] 谭波, 吴福忠, 杨万勤, 张健, 徐振锋, 刘洋, 苟小林. 不同林龄马尾松人工林土壤节肢动物群落结构. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24(4): 1118- 1124.
[8] 吴祥云, 张黎, 丁玉荣, 王秋兵, 卢慧, 王晓娇. 科尔沁沙地农牧交错带土地利用方式对土壤特性的影响. 水土保持学报, 2006, 20(4): 116- 119.
[9] 郑佳丽, 高国雄, 王荣秀, 孙永红, 张伟, 周心澄. 北川河流域退耕还林还草地主要植物群落物种多样性研究. 水土保持研究, 2006, 13(4): 101- 103, 106- 106.
[10] 赵哈林, 周瑞莲, 张铜会, 赵学勇. 我国北方农牧交错带的草地植被类型、特征及其生态问题. 中国草地, 2003, 25(3): 1- 8.
[11] 文倩, 林启美, 赵小蓉, 李贵桐, 赵沛一. 北方农牧交错带林地、耕地和草地土壤微生物群落结构特征的PLFA分析. 土壤学报, 2008, 45(2): 321- 327.
[12] 张宏霞, 沈育伊, 郭永红. 黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同退耕还林模式对土壤微生物的影响. 安徽农业科学, 2012, 40(32): 15782- 15783, 15786- 15786.
[13] 刘硕. 北方主要退耕还林还草区植被演替态势研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2009.
[14] 于骥. 典型农牧交错带乡村聚落生态适应选择研究[D]. 银川: 宁夏大学, 2016.
[15] 朱莉. 宁夏盐池县退耕还林还草效益分析及其区域可持续发展评价[D]. 银川: 宁夏大学, 2008.
[16] 尹文英. 中国土壤动物[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2000.
[17] 郑乐怡. 昆虫分类[M]. 南京: 南京师范大学出版社, 1999.
[18] 王新谱, 杨贵军. 宁夏贺兰山昆虫[M]. 宁夏: 宁夏人民出版社, 2010.
[19] Swift M J, Heal O W, Anderson J M. Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979.
[20] 刘任涛, 郗伟华, 刘佳楠, 赵娟, 常海涛. 沙地柠条(Caragana)灌丛微生境节肢动物群落特征. 中国沙漠, 2018, 38(1): 117- 125.
[21] 鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析.3版[M]. 中国农业出版社, 2000.
[22] 刘任涛. 土壤动物生态学研究方法——实验设计、数据处理与论文写作. 北京: 科学出版社, 2016.
[23] Ter Braak C J F, ?milauer P. CANOCO Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User′s Guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (Version 4.5). Ithaca NY, USA: Microcomputer Power, 2002.
[24] 刘继亮, 李锋瑞, 牛瑞雪, 刘长安, 刘七军. 黑河中游干旱绿洲土壤盐渍化对大型土壤动物群落的影响. 应用生态学报, 2012, 23(6): 1551- 1561.
[25] 赵哈林, 刘任涛, 周瑞莲. 科尔沁沙地土地利用变化对大型土壤节肢动物群落影响. 土壤学报, 2013, 50(2): 413- 418.
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