2008—2018年广州市出厂水中总硬度和溶解性总固体检测结果
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摘要
目的 了解广州市市政水厂和自建出厂水中总硬度和溶解性总固体的含量,为改善广州居民生活饮用水水质提供科学依据。方法 2008—2018年间,对广州市8家市政水厂和1家自建水厂的出厂水进行采样检测,每季度一次。检测项目为总硬度和溶解性总固体,采样与检测过程严格依照国家标准实施。结果 2008—2018年共计检测339份水样。所有水样的总硬度和溶解性总固体的合格率均为100%。总硬度平均值为93.8 mg/L[(76.6～107.6)mg/L];溶解性总固体平均值为171.9 mg/L[(134.4～216.6)mg/L];线性趋势检验发现,随着年份的增加,总硬度和溶解性总固体均呈下降趋势(P_(趋势)<0.05)。不同水源的出厂水的监测值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。以西江和珠江为水源的出厂水总硬度高于东江、北江和流溪河(P<0.05)。以珠江为水源的出厂水溶解性总固体高于其余水源的出厂水(P<0.05)。以西江和北江为水源的出厂水溶解性总固体高于东江和流溪河(P<0.05)。季节分析显示,第三季度的总硬度低于第一和第四季度(P<0.05),第三季度的溶解性总固体低于第二和第四季度(P<0.05)。结论 广州市市政出厂水的口感适宜饮用,但是总硬度偏低。建议居民注重日常饮食中钙镁元素的摄入和补充。
[Objective]To study the content of total hardness and total dissolved solids in chlorinated water of municipal water works and self-built water works in Guangzhou City,provide scientific evidence for the improvement of drinking water quality for Guangzhou residents.[Methods]During 2008-2018,the chlorinated water of eight municipal water works and one self-built water work in Guangzhou City was collected and measured once a quarter. The tests included total hardness and total dissolved solids,and the process of sampling and measurement was strictly implemented in accordance with national standards.[Results]A total of339 water samples were tested during 2008-2018. The qualified rates of total hardness and total dissolved solids from all samples were 100%. The average of total hardness was 93.8 mg/L[(76.6-107.6)mg/L],and the average of total dissolved solids was 171.9 mg/L[(134.4-216.6)mg/L]. By liner trend test,the content of total hardness and total dissolved solids declined with years increasing(Ptrend<0.05). The difference in monitoring value was statistically significant among different headwaters(P<0.01). The total hard ness of chlorinated water originating from Xijiang and Zhujiang were higher than that from Dongjiang,Beijiang and Liuxi River(P<0.05). The total dissolved solids of chlorinated water originating from Zhujiang was higher than that from other headwaters(P <0.05). The total dissolved solids of chlorinated water originating from Xijiang and Beijiang were higher than that from Dongjiang and Liuxi River(P<0.05). The seasonal analysis showed that the total hardness of the third quarter was lower than that of the first and fourth quarter(P<0.05),and the total dissolved solids of the third quarter was lower than that of the second and fourth quarter(P<0.05).[Conclusion]The chlorinated water of municipal water works in Guangzhou City is suitable for drinking,but the total hardness is low. Therefore,it is suggested that residents should pay attention to the intake and supplement of calcium and magnesium in daily diet.
[Objective]To study the content of total hardness and total dissolved solids in chlorinated water of municipal water works and self-built water works in Guangzhou City,provide scientific evidence for the improvement of drinking water quality for Guangzhou residents.[Methods]During 2008-2018,the chlorinated water of eight municipal water works and one self-built water work in Guangzhou City was collected and measured once a quarter. The tests included total hardness and total dissolved solids,and the process of sampling and measurement was strictly implemented in accordance with national standards.[Results]A total of339 water samples were tested during 2008-2018. The qualified rates of total hardness and total dissolved solids from all samples were 100%. The average of total hardness was 93.8 mg/L[(76.6-107.6)mg/L],and the average of total dissolved solids was 171.9 mg/L[(134.4-216.6)mg/L]. By liner trend test,the content of total hardness and total dissolved solids declined with years increasing(Ptrend<0.05). The difference in monitoring value was statistically significant among different headwaters(P<0.01). The total hard ness of chlorinated water originating from Xijiang and Zhujiang were higher than that from Dongjiang,Beijiang and Liuxi River(P<0.05). The total dissolved solids of chlorinated water originating from Zhujiang was higher than that from other headwaters(P <0.05). The total dissolved solids of chlorinated water originating from Xijiang and Beijiang were higher than that from Dongjiang and Liuxi River(P<0.05). The seasonal analysis showed that the total hardness of the third quarter was lower than that of the first and fourth quarter(P<0.05),and the total dissolved solids of the third quarter was lower than that of the second and fourth quarter(P<0.05).[Conclusion]The chlorinated water of municipal water works in Guangzhou City is suitable for drinking,but the total hardness is low. Therefore,it is suggested that residents should pay attention to the intake and supplement of calcium and magnesium in daily diet.
引文
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[3]魏大成.肾钙石病:水硬度对尿电解质的影响[J].国外医学:医学地理分册,2004,25(1):37-39.
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[12]YANG CY,CHIU HF,CHENG MF,et al.Esophageal cancer mortality and total hardness levels in Taiwan's drinking water[J].J Toxicol Environ Health,1998,56(5):361-369.
[13]田嫒嫒,滕云飞,于永杰,等.锦州市自来水硬度特点及净化对策研究[J].绿色科技,2015,4(4):191-193.
[14]冯昕晖,郭雄.西安市雁塔区机井水与城市集中供水水质分析[J].国外医学医学地理分册,2012,33(1):43-45.
[15]梁松,柳智豪,汤健闻,等.2013年百色市饮用水溶解性总固体等指标的检测结果分析[J].应用预防医学,2015,21(1):36-37.
[16]黄仁德,钟嶷,王德东,等.广州市市政饮用水全分析结果调查[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2016,26(7):1043-1045.
[17]赵艳玲,张美云,郭春城,等.2006-2016年北京市朝阳区自备井水总硬度变化[J].卫生研究,2018,47(3):504-506.
[18]赵江涛,周金龙,高业新,等.新疆焉耆盆地平原区地下水溶解性总固体时空演化[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):120-125.
[19]姚毅.头道沟河流域地表天然水化学特征及变化趋势研究[J].地下水,2018,40(2):51-52.
[20]陈秀洪,刘丙军,李源,等.城市化建设对广州夏季降水过程的影响[J].水文,2017,37(1):25-32.
[2]尹军峰.水质对龙井茶风味品质的影响及其机制[D].杭州:浙江工商大学,2015:18-30.
[3]魏大成.肾钙石病:水硬度对尿电解质的影响[J].国外医学:医学地理分册,2004,25(1):37-39.
[4]MOMENI M,GHAREDAGHI Z,AMIN MM,et al.Does Water Hardness Have Preventive Effect on Cardiovascular Disease?[J].Int JPrev Med,2014,5(2):159-163.
[5]中华人民共和国卫生部.生活饮用水标准检验方法感官性状和物理指标:GB/T 5750.4-2006[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006:9-11.
[6]中华人民共和国卫生部.生活饮用水卫生标准:GB 5749-2006[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006:2-3.
[7]世界卫生组织.饮用水水质准则[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1985:86-86.
[8]石岩峰.浅论饮用水中硬度对人体健康的影响[J].农业与技术,2012,32(2):193-193.
[9]KANADHIA KC,RAMAVATARAM DV,NILAKHE SP,et al.A study of water hardness and the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia in healthy subjects of Surat district(Gujarat)[J].Magnes Res,2014,27(4):165-174.
[10]PARINZ P,ROYA K,MOHAMMAD MA,et al.First report on the association of drinking water hardness and endothelial function in children and adolescents[J].Arch Med Sci,2014,10(4):746-751.
[11]谢晓龙,林少妆,黄品堡,等.揭阳地区自来水总硬度初步调查与分析[J].绿色科技,2013,2(2):175-176.
[12]YANG CY,CHIU HF,CHENG MF,et al.Esophageal cancer mortality and total hardness levels in Taiwan's drinking water[J].J Toxicol Environ Health,1998,56(5):361-369.
[13]田嫒嫒,滕云飞,于永杰,等.锦州市自来水硬度特点及净化对策研究[J].绿色科技,2015,4(4):191-193.
[14]冯昕晖,郭雄.西安市雁塔区机井水与城市集中供水水质分析[J].国外医学医学地理分册,2012,33(1):43-45.
[15]梁松,柳智豪,汤健闻,等.2013年百色市饮用水溶解性总固体等指标的检测结果分析[J].应用预防医学,2015,21(1):36-37.
[16]黄仁德,钟嶷,王德东,等.广州市市政饮用水全分析结果调查[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2016,26(7):1043-1045.
[17]赵艳玲,张美云,郭春城,等.2006-2016年北京市朝阳区自备井水总硬度变化[J].卫生研究,2018,47(3):504-506.
[18]赵江涛,周金龙,高业新,等.新疆焉耆盆地平原区地下水溶解性总固体时空演化[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(5):120-125.
[19]姚毅.头道沟河流域地表天然水化学特征及变化趋势研究[J].地下水,2018,40(2):51-52.
[20]陈秀洪,刘丙军,李源,等.城市化建设对广州夏季降水过程的影响[J].水文,2017,37(1):25-32.