减氮结合覆盖对旱地冬小麦花后生理性状及产量的影响
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摘要
在渭北旱塬雨养农作条件下,结合当地氮肥施用过量的现状,于2012~2016年4个冬小麦种植季度,以无氮裸播为对照,研究了减氮结合覆盖(农户模式,农户减氮,垄覆沟播,全膜穴播,秸秆覆盖)对旱地冬小麦花后生理性状及产量的影响。结果表明:减氮结合覆盖较农户模式并不一定会降低小麦产量,其中全膜穴播连续3年增产分别高达175、725和1 022 kg/hm~2。叶绿素相对含量SPAD值随氮肥施用量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,而氮肥对冬小麦花期旗叶光合速率的影响虽未达到显著水平,但施氮也促进了光合速率的提升,其中覆盖处理对SPAD值及光合速率有一定的负效应。另外,过量施氮与不同覆盖处理的花期根系活力较农户减氮显著降低了30.6%~38.5%。开花期旗叶硝酸还原酶活性不仅随着施氮量的增加而提高,也对除垄覆沟播外的其它覆盖处理有显著正效应,其中全膜穴播与秸秆覆盖处理较农户减氮分别提高了4.2%和5.8%。
Based on the local situation of excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in Weibei rainfed semi-arid area,the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer combined with soil surface management on physiological characteristics of winter wheat after anthesis were determined in the winter wheat growing seasons during 2012 ~ 2016.The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates,including six treatments:(i) un-mulched with un-fertilization as control,(ii) local farmer sowing pattern(N 195 kg/hm2),(iii) reduced nitrogen fertilizer in local famer sowing pattern(N 150 kg/hm2) and three mulching treatments for nitrogen reduction(N 150 kg/hm2) were(iv) ridges mulched with plastic film and row-seeding in the furrow,(v) whole field plastic mulching with soil covering on the top of the plastic mulch and bunchseeding,(vi) straw mulch all year round,respectively.Results showed that compared to the local farmer sowing pattern,the soil surface mulching might increase or reduce the grain yield of winter wheat,for example,the yield for treatment of whole film plastic mulching and bunch-seeding for three consecutive years were 175,725,1 022 kg/hm~2 higher than that of local farmer sowing pattern,respectively.In addition,the SPAD value increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of nitrogen,and the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic rate of flag leaf in winter wheat was not significant,but it increased with the increase of fertilizer application rate.Mulching treatment had a negative effect on photosynthetic rate.The root activity of excessive application of nitrogen and mulching,compared with reduced nitrogen fertilizer in local famer sowing pattern,significantly reduced by 30.6% ~ 38.5%.The flag leaf nitrate reductase activity in flowering period also increased with the increase of amount of nitrogen fertilizer,it increased by 4.2% and 5.8%,respectively,for bunch-seeding with the whole film and the straw mulching than local farmer sowing pattern.
Based on the local situation of excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in Weibei rainfed semi-arid area,the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer combined with soil surface management on physiological characteristics of winter wheat after anthesis were determined in the winter wheat growing seasons during 2012 ~ 2016.The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates,including six treatments:(i) un-mulched with un-fertilization as control,(ii) local farmer sowing pattern(N 195 kg/hm2),(iii) reduced nitrogen fertilizer in local famer sowing pattern(N 150 kg/hm2) and three mulching treatments for nitrogen reduction(N 150 kg/hm2) were(iv) ridges mulched with plastic film and row-seeding in the furrow,(v) whole field plastic mulching with soil covering on the top of the plastic mulch and bunchseeding,(vi) straw mulch all year round,respectively.Results showed that compared to the local farmer sowing pattern,the soil surface mulching might increase or reduce the grain yield of winter wheat,for example,the yield for treatment of whole film plastic mulching and bunch-seeding for three consecutive years were 175,725,1 022 kg/hm~2 higher than that of local farmer sowing pattern,respectively.In addition,the SPAD value increased firstly and then decreased with the increasing of nitrogen,and the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic rate of flag leaf in winter wheat was not significant,but it increased with the increase of fertilizer application rate.Mulching treatment had a negative effect on photosynthetic rate.The root activity of excessive application of nitrogen and mulching,compared with reduced nitrogen fertilizer in local famer sowing pattern,significantly reduced by 30.6% ~ 38.5%.The flag leaf nitrate reductase activity in flowering period also increased with the increase of amount of nitrogen fertilizer,it increased by 4.2% and 5.8%,respectively,for bunch-seeding with the whole film and the straw mulching than local farmer sowing pattern.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国农业部.农业部关于印发《到2020年化肥使用量零增长行动方案》和《到2020年农药使用量零增长行动方案》的通知[Z].北京:种植业管理司,2015-03-18.
[2]赵护兵,王朝辉,高亚军,等.西北典型区域旱地冬小麦农户施肥调查分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(4):840-848.
[3]柴守玺,杨长刚,张淑芳,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分和产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(5):787-796.
[4]张淑芳,柴守玺,蔺艳春,等.干旱年份地膜覆盖模式对春小麦土壤水分和产量的影响[J].中国农业气象,2011,32(3):368-374.
[5]Zhang S L,L9vdahl L,Grip H,et al.Effects of mulching and catch cropping on soil temperature,soil moisture and wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,102(1):78-86.
[6]赵护兵,刘国彬,许明祥.黄土丘陵区植被恢复与流域养分环境演变研究进展[J].水土保持通报,2004,24(2):72-75.
[7]李强,王朝辉,戴健,等.氮肥调控与地表覆盖对旱地冬小麦氮素吸收及残留淋失的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(7):1380-1389.
[8]Li F M,Song Q H,Jemba P K,et al.Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2004,36(11):1893-1902.
[9]Zhou L M,Li F M,Jin S L,et al.How two ridges and the furrow mulched with plastic film affect soil water,soil temperature and yield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China[J].Field Crops Research,2009,113(1):41-47.
[10]Wang X K,Li Z B,Xing Y Y,et al.Effects of mulching and nitrogen on soil temperature,water content,nitrate-N content and maize yield in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2015,161(1):53-64.
[11]郭天财,冯伟,赵会杰,等.水氮运筹对干旱年型冬小麦旗叶生理性状及产量的交互效应[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(3):453-457.
[12]柴彦君,袁家富,熊又升,等.不同冬小麦品种氮效率及其生理差异的研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011,(1):21-25.
[13]曹翠玲,李生秀.供氮水平对小麦生殖生长时期叶片光合速率、NR活性和核酸含量及产量的影响[J].植物学报,2003,20(3):319-324.
[14]曹翠玲,李生秀.氮素形态对作物生理特性及生长的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2004,23(5):581-586.
[15]师日鹏,李娜,周芳,等.播种量和施氮量对垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦花后生理性状的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(3):758-764.
[16]Sun H Y,Shen Y J,Yu Q,et al.Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(8):1139-1145.
[17]曹学昌.应用15N研究小麦吸氮动态及不同时期追施氮肥的作用[J].山东农业科学,1988,(5):11-13.
[18]朱新开,周正权,胡宏,等.土壤氮素与小麦产量和品质关系及在施氮推荐中的应用[J].天津农学院学报,2002,9(1):13-17.
[19]徐春梅,周昌南,郑根深,等.施氮量和栽培密度对超级早稻不同器官氮素积累与转运及其吸收利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011,(1):15-20.
[20]何刚.夏闲期不同地表覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及水肥利用的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[21]高亚军,李生秀.旱地冬秸秆覆盖条件下作物减产的原因及作用机制分析[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(7):15-19.
[22]高亚军,李生秀,李世清,等.农田秸秆覆盖对冬小麦水氮效应的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,26(8):1450-1454.
[23]山东农学院.作物栽培学(上册)[M].北京:农业出版社,1992.67-68.
[24]杨永辉,吴普特,武继承,等.冬小麦光合特征及叶绿素含量对保水剂和氮肥的响应[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):79-85.
[25]罗安程,杨肖娥.氮钾供应水平与水稻生育后期对不同形态氮吸收的关系[J].中国农业科学,1998,31(3):62-65.
[26]李震,蒋士东,高迟銮,等.不同覆盖方式对烤烟生理特性及产质量的影响[J].作物研究,2014,28(5):491-495.
[27]吕丽红,王俊,凌莉,等.半干旱地区地膜覆盖、底墒和氮肥对春小麦根系生长的集成效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(3):102-106.
[28]牛俊义.地膜春小麦根系生长、物质分配及叶片衰老研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2002.
[2]赵护兵,王朝辉,高亚军,等.西北典型区域旱地冬小麦农户施肥调查分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(4):840-848.
[3]柴守玺,杨长刚,张淑芳,等.不同覆膜方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分和产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(5):787-796.
[4]张淑芳,柴守玺,蔺艳春,等.干旱年份地膜覆盖模式对春小麦土壤水分和产量的影响[J].中国农业气象,2011,32(3):368-374.
[5]Zhang S L,L9vdahl L,Grip H,et al.Effects of mulching and catch cropping on soil temperature,soil moisture and wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2009,102(1):78-86.
[6]赵护兵,刘国彬,许明祥.黄土丘陵区植被恢复与流域养分环境演变研究进展[J].水土保持通报,2004,24(2):72-75.
[7]李强,王朝辉,戴健,等.氮肥调控与地表覆盖对旱地冬小麦氮素吸收及残留淋失的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(7):1380-1389.
[8]Li F M,Song Q H,Jemba P K,et al.Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2004,36(11):1893-1902.
[9]Zhou L M,Li F M,Jin S L,et al.How two ridges and the furrow mulched with plastic film affect soil water,soil temperature and yield of maize on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China[J].Field Crops Research,2009,113(1):41-47.
[10]Wang X K,Li Z B,Xing Y Y,et al.Effects of mulching and nitrogen on soil temperature,water content,nitrate-N content and maize yield in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2015,161(1):53-64.
[11]郭天财,冯伟,赵会杰,等.水氮运筹对干旱年型冬小麦旗叶生理性状及产量的交互效应[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(3):453-457.
[12]柴彦君,袁家富,熊又升,等.不同冬小麦品种氮效率及其生理差异的研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011,(1):21-25.
[13]曹翠玲,李生秀.供氮水平对小麦生殖生长时期叶片光合速率、NR活性和核酸含量及产量的影响[J].植物学报,2003,20(3):319-324.
[14]曹翠玲,李生秀.氮素形态对作物生理特性及生长的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2004,23(5):581-586.
[15]师日鹏,李娜,周芳,等.播种量和施氮量对垄沟覆膜栽培冬小麦花后生理性状的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(3):758-764.
[16]Sun H Y,Shen Y J,Yu Q,et al.Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(8):1139-1145.
[17]曹学昌.应用15N研究小麦吸氮动态及不同时期追施氮肥的作用[J].山东农业科学,1988,(5):11-13.
[18]朱新开,周正权,胡宏,等.土壤氮素与小麦产量和品质关系及在施氮推荐中的应用[J].天津农学院学报,2002,9(1):13-17.
[19]徐春梅,周昌南,郑根深,等.施氮量和栽培密度对超级早稻不同器官氮素积累与转运及其吸收利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011,(1):15-20.
[20]何刚.夏闲期不同地表覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量及水肥利用的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[21]高亚军,李生秀.旱地冬秸秆覆盖条件下作物减产的原因及作用机制分析[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(7):15-19.
[22]高亚军,李生秀,李世清,等.农田秸秆覆盖对冬小麦水氮效应的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,26(8):1450-1454.
[23]山东农学院.作物栽培学(上册)[M].北京:农业出版社,1992.67-68.
[24]杨永辉,吴普特,武继承,等.冬小麦光合特征及叶绿素含量对保水剂和氮肥的响应[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):79-85.
[25]罗安程,杨肖娥.氮钾供应水平与水稻生育后期对不同形态氮吸收的关系[J].中国农业科学,1998,31(3):62-65.
[26]李震,蒋士东,高迟銮,等.不同覆盖方式对烤烟生理特性及产质量的影响[J].作物研究,2014,28(5):491-495.
[27]吕丽红,王俊,凌莉,等.半干旱地区地膜覆盖、底墒和氮肥对春小麦根系生长的集成效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2003,31(3):102-106.
[28]牛俊义.地膜春小麦根系生长、物质分配及叶片衰老研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2002.