基于A~2/O处理工艺的生活污水的成组生物毒性评价
|
摘要
为了更加准确评估城市生活污水的综合生物毒性以及处理工艺对污水毒性的削减状况,本研究通过发光菌急性毒性、遗传毒性、雌激素活性检测方法对A~2/O工艺处理前后污水的毒性进行评价,同时通过斑马鱼暴露实验分析污水和回用水对水生生物内分泌干扰效应的作用模式.结果表明,污水厂进水具有较强的急性毒性、遗传毒性以及雌激素活性,水质较差.经二级生物处理后,上述毒性显著性降低,污水厂出水水质提高.但污水出水雌二醇当量为1.89 ng·L-1,仍可能会对受纳水体的水生生物产生潜在危害.浓缩2.5倍的水样导致雄性斑马鱼肝脏的卵黄原蛋白基因(vtg1)和雌激素受体基因(esr1)的表达水平显著上升,由此可以得出污水可通过干扰目的基因的表达来调控水生生物的内分泌活动.而esr1基因在肝脏的表达被抑制说明污水可能具有抗雌激素作用,同时反映进行生物毒性效应分析时应从多个组织或器官考虑,以获得比较全面的信息.
In order to accurately evaluate the comprehensive ecotoxicity of domestic wastewater and the toxicity reduction efficiency of different treatment processes,standardized assays focusing on Vibrio fischeri,SOS / umu test and yeast estrogen screen were applied.Simultaneously,male zebrafish was used to address the mode of action of endocrine disrupting effects of wastewater and reclaim water on aquatic life. Results of this study indicated that the influent was severely polluted: highly acute toxicity,genotoxicity and estrogenicity were observed. After the secondary biological treatment,the above toxicities were significantly reduced,making the water quality improved. However,the estrogencity of secondary effluent was detected at 1. 89 ng·L~(-1),which still posed potential risk on the aquatic life in receiving water. In addition,the up-regulation of estrogen receptor( esr1) and vitellogenin( vtg1) in the livers of zebrafish was observed after exposure to 2. 5 times concentrated wastewaters,which demonstrated that wastewater modulates hormonal activities of aquatic life by disturbing target genes expression. Moreover,the slight down-regulation of esr1 was observed in the gonads.These observations reflect that the evaluation of biological toxic effect should be analyzed in different tissues or organs,so that more comprehensive information about the adverse effects of wastewaters on aquatic life can be obtained.
In order to accurately evaluate the comprehensive ecotoxicity of domestic wastewater and the toxicity reduction efficiency of different treatment processes,standardized assays focusing on Vibrio fischeri,SOS / umu test and yeast estrogen screen were applied.Simultaneously,male zebrafish was used to address the mode of action of endocrine disrupting effects of wastewater and reclaim water on aquatic life. Results of this study indicated that the influent was severely polluted: highly acute toxicity,genotoxicity and estrogenicity were observed. After the secondary biological treatment,the above toxicities were significantly reduced,making the water quality improved. However,the estrogencity of secondary effluent was detected at 1. 89 ng·L~(-1),which still posed potential risk on the aquatic life in receiving water. In addition,the up-regulation of estrogen receptor( esr1) and vitellogenin( vtg1) in the livers of zebrafish was observed after exposure to 2. 5 times concentrated wastewaters,which demonstrated that wastewater modulates hormonal activities of aquatic life by disturbing target genes expression. Moreover,the slight down-regulation of esr1 was observed in the gonads.These observations reflect that the evaluation of biological toxic effect should be analyzed in different tissues or organs,so that more comprehensive information about the adverse effects of wastewaters on aquatic life can be obtained.
引文
[1]Haddaoui I,Mahjoub O,Mahjoub B,et al.Occurrence and distribution of PAHs,PCBs,and chlorinated pesticides in Tunisian soil irrigated with treated wastewater[J].Chemosphere,2016,146:195-205.
[2]Tsui M M P,Leung H W,Wai T C,et al.Occurrence,distribution and ecological risk assessment of multiple classes of UV filters in surface waters from different countries[J].Water Research,2014,67:55-65.
[3]Buser H R,Balmer M E,Schmid P,et al.Occurrence of UV filters 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and octocrylene in fish from various Swiss rivers with inputs from wastewater treatment plants[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(5):1427-1431.
[4]Valitalo P,Perkola N,Seiler T B,et al.Estrogenic activity in Finnish municipal wastewater effluents[J].Water Research,2016,88:740-749.
[5]Miller D,Wheals B B,Beresford N,et al.Estrogenic activity of phenolic additives determined by an in vitro yeast bioassay[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2001,109(2):133-138.
[6]Wang L S,Hu H Y,Wang C.Effect of ammonia nitrogen and dissolved organic matter fractions on the genotoxicity of wastewater effluent during chlorine disinfection[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(1):160-165.
[7]Sponza D T.Incorporation of toxicity tests to the discharges of pulp paper industry in Turkey[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2002,69(5):719-726.
[8]周海东,黄霞,王晓琳,等.北京市城市污水雌激素活性的研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(12):3590-3595.Zhou H D,Huang X,Wang X L,et al.Evaluation of estrogenicity of sewage samples from Beijing,China[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(12):3590-3595.
[9]王丽莎,胡洪营,魏杰,等.城市污水再生处理工艺中发光细菌毒性变化的初步研究[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(1):72-74.Wang L S,Hu H Y,Wei J,et al.Change of sewage toxicity on photo-bacteria during its treating process for water recycling[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2006,6(1):72-74.
[10]杜丽娜,杨帆,穆玉峰,等.某制药废水对发光细菌急性毒性的评价研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):286-291.Du L N,Yang F,Mu Y F,et al.Evaluation of the acute toxicity of pharmaceutical wastewater to luminescent bacteria[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(1):286-291.
[11]程爱华,王磊,史新斌,等.水中微量弱极性内分泌干扰物测定方法的研究[J].环境污染与防治,2007,29(2):134-137.Cheng A H,Wang L,Shi X B,et al.Measurement of trace level low polar endocrine disruptors in water[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2007,29(2):134-137.
[12]Ma X Y,Wang X C,Wang D H,et al.Function of a landscape lake in the reduction of biotoxicity related to trace organic chemicals from reclaimed water[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,318:663-670.
[13]王昌稳,李军,赵白航,等.A2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(9):3351-3356.Wang C W,Li J,Zhao B H,et al.Behavior and removal mechanism of estrogens in A2O process[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2013,7(9):3351-3356.
[14]ISO 11348.Water quality-Determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of Vibrio Fischeri[S].
[15]ISO 13829.Water quality-Determination of the genotoxicity of water and waste water using the umu-test[S].
[16]Xu J Y,Zhao C T,Wei D B,et al.A toxicity-based method for evaluating safety of reclaimed water for environmental reuses[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(10):1961-1969.
[17]Zhang Q Y,Ma X Y,Wang X C,et al.Assessment of multiple hormone activities of a UV-filter(octocrylene)in zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Chemosphere,2016,159:433-441.
[18]Stapleton D R,Vlastos D,Skoutelis C G,et al.Photolytic and photocatalytic diminution and preliminary genotoxicity studies of2-chloropyridine[J].Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies,2008,11(3):486-500.
[19]袁星,赵晓明,赵元慧,等.硝基苯、苯酚衍生物对发光菌毒性定量构效关系研究[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(5):426-428.Yuan X,Zhao X M,Zhao Y H,et al.QSAR study for the toxicity of nitrobenzene and phenol derivatives to Photobacterium phosphoreum[J].China Environmental Science,1997,17(5):426-428.
[20]Matthews J B,Twomey K,Zacharewski T R.In vitro and in vivo interactions of bisphenol a and its metabolite,bisphenol a glucuronide,with estrogen receptorsαandβ[J].Chemical Research in Toxicology,2001,14(2):149-157.
[21]塔春红,王丽莎,胡洪营,等.二氧化氯消毒前后污水毒性的变化及消毒条件的影响[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(1):124-128.Ta C H,Wang L S,Hu H Y,et al.Change in genotoxicity of wastewater after chlorine dioxide disinfection and the influence of disinfection conditions[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(1):124-128.
[22]塔春红,韩相奎,荆玲,等.氯消毒副产物及其影响因素的研究概况[J].辽宁化工,2012,41(1):28-31.Ta C H,Han X K,Jing L,et al.Chlorination disinfection byproducts and their influencing factors[J].Liaoning Chemical Industry,2012,41(1):28-31.
[23]Chen Z,Yang C Y,Lu J H,et al.Factors on the formation of disinfection by-products MX,DCA and TCA by chlorination of fulvic acid from lake sediments[J].Chemosphere,2001,45(3):379-385.
[24]柯浪文,冯珊,黄艳雄.曝气沉砂池对砂粒附着有机物的去除及砂粒纯净度[J].广东化工,2015,42(15):180-181.Ke L W,Feng S,Huang Y X.Analyzation of aerated grit chamber removing organic matter on the sand and sand Purity[J].Guangdong Chemical Industry,2015,42(15):180-181.
[25]柳清,张丽萍,刘文君,等.umu试验研究饮用水氯和氯胺消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化以及消毒条件的影响[J].环境科学,2010,31(1):93-98.Liu Q,Zhang L P,Liu W J,et al.Genotoxicity of drinking water during chlorine and chloramine disinfection and the influence of disinfection conditions using the umu-test[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(1):93-98.
[26]Beck I C,Bruhn R,Gandrass J.Analysis of estrogenic activity in coastal surface waters of the Baltic Sea using the yeast estrogen screen[J].Chemosphere,2006,63(11):1870-1878.
[27]Baronti C,Curini R,D'Ascenzo G,et al.Monitoring natural and synthetic estrogens at activated sludge sewage treatment plants and in a receiving river water[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(24):5059-5066.
[28]Johnson A C,Sumpter J P.Removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in activated sludge treatment works[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(24):4697-4703.
[29]Zhu B T,Han G Z,Shim J Y,et al.Quantitative structureactivity relationship of various endogenous estrogen metabolites for human estrogen receptorαandβsubtypes:insights into the structural determinants favoring a differential subtype binding[J].Endocrinology,2006,147(9):4132-4150.
[30]Moriyama K,Matsufuji H,Chino M,et al.Identification and behavior of reaction products formed by chlorination of ethynylestradiol[J].Chemosphere,2004,55(6):839-847.
[31]JarosováB,Bláha L,Giesy J P,et al.What level of estrogenic activity determined by in vitro assays in municipal waste waters can be considered as safe?[J].Environment International,2014,64:98-109.
[32]Vethaak A D,Lahr J,Schrap S M,et al.An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and biological effects in the aquatic environment of The Netherlands[J].Chemosphere,2005,59(4):511-524.
[33]Tyler C R,van Aerle R,Hutchinson T H,et al.An in vivo testing system for endocrine disruptors in fish early life stages using induction of vitellogenin[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1999,18(2):337-347.
[34]Rose J,Holbech H,Lindholst C,et al.Vitellogenin induction by 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol in male zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology&Pharmacology,2002,131(4):531-539.
[35]Thorpe K L,Cummings R I,Hutchinson T H,et al.Relative potencies and combination effects of steroidal estrogens in fish[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(6):1142-1149.
[36]胡建英,谢国红.酵母双杂交系统测定抗雌激素物质[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2003,39(4):449-453.Hu J Y,Xie G H.Determination of chemical compounds using antagonist assay based on yeast two-hybrid system[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2003,39(4):449-453.
[37]Kunz P Y,Fent K.Multiple hormonal activities of UV filters and comparison of in vivo and in vitro estrogenic activity of ethyl-4-aminobenzoate in fish[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2006,79(4):305-324.
[2]Tsui M M P,Leung H W,Wai T C,et al.Occurrence,distribution and ecological risk assessment of multiple classes of UV filters in surface waters from different countries[J].Water Research,2014,67:55-65.
[3]Buser H R,Balmer M E,Schmid P,et al.Occurrence of UV filters 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and octocrylene in fish from various Swiss rivers with inputs from wastewater treatment plants[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(5):1427-1431.
[4]Valitalo P,Perkola N,Seiler T B,et al.Estrogenic activity in Finnish municipal wastewater effluents[J].Water Research,2016,88:740-749.
[5]Miller D,Wheals B B,Beresford N,et al.Estrogenic activity of phenolic additives determined by an in vitro yeast bioassay[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2001,109(2):133-138.
[6]Wang L S,Hu H Y,Wang C.Effect of ammonia nitrogen and dissolved organic matter fractions on the genotoxicity of wastewater effluent during chlorine disinfection[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41(1):160-165.
[7]Sponza D T.Incorporation of toxicity tests to the discharges of pulp paper industry in Turkey[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2002,69(5):719-726.
[8]周海东,黄霞,王晓琳,等.北京市城市污水雌激素活性的研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(12):3590-3595.Zhou H D,Huang X,Wang X L,et al.Evaluation of estrogenicity of sewage samples from Beijing,China[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(12):3590-3595.
[9]王丽莎,胡洪营,魏杰,等.城市污水再生处理工艺中发光细菌毒性变化的初步研究[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(1):72-74.Wang L S,Hu H Y,Wei J,et al.Change of sewage toxicity on photo-bacteria during its treating process for water recycling[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2006,6(1):72-74.
[10]杜丽娜,杨帆,穆玉峰,等.某制药废水对发光细菌急性毒性的评价研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):286-291.Du L N,Yang F,Mu Y F,et al.Evaluation of the acute toxicity of pharmaceutical wastewater to luminescent bacteria[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(1):286-291.
[11]程爱华,王磊,史新斌,等.水中微量弱极性内分泌干扰物测定方法的研究[J].环境污染与防治,2007,29(2):134-137.Cheng A H,Wang L,Shi X B,et al.Measurement of trace level low polar endocrine disruptors in water[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2007,29(2):134-137.
[12]Ma X Y,Wang X C,Wang D H,et al.Function of a landscape lake in the reduction of biotoxicity related to trace organic chemicals from reclaimed water[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,318:663-670.
[13]王昌稳,李军,赵白航,等.A2O工艺中雌激素的行为变化和去除机理[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(9):3351-3356.Wang C W,Li J,Zhao B H,et al.Behavior and removal mechanism of estrogens in A2O process[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2013,7(9):3351-3356.
[14]ISO 11348.Water quality-Determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of Vibrio Fischeri[S].
[15]ISO 13829.Water quality-Determination of the genotoxicity of water and waste water using the umu-test[S].
[16]Xu J Y,Zhao C T,Wei D B,et al.A toxicity-based method for evaluating safety of reclaimed water for environmental reuses[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(10):1961-1969.
[17]Zhang Q Y,Ma X Y,Wang X C,et al.Assessment of multiple hormone activities of a UV-filter(octocrylene)in zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Chemosphere,2016,159:433-441.
[18]Stapleton D R,Vlastos D,Skoutelis C G,et al.Photolytic and photocatalytic diminution and preliminary genotoxicity studies of2-chloropyridine[J].Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies,2008,11(3):486-500.
[19]袁星,赵晓明,赵元慧,等.硝基苯、苯酚衍生物对发光菌毒性定量构效关系研究[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(5):426-428.Yuan X,Zhao X M,Zhao Y H,et al.QSAR study for the toxicity of nitrobenzene and phenol derivatives to Photobacterium phosphoreum[J].China Environmental Science,1997,17(5):426-428.
[20]Matthews J B,Twomey K,Zacharewski T R.In vitro and in vivo interactions of bisphenol a and its metabolite,bisphenol a glucuronide,with estrogen receptorsαandβ[J].Chemical Research in Toxicology,2001,14(2):149-157.
[21]塔春红,王丽莎,胡洪营,等.二氧化氯消毒前后污水毒性的变化及消毒条件的影响[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(1):124-128.Ta C H,Wang L S,Hu H Y,et al.Change in genotoxicity of wastewater after chlorine dioxide disinfection and the influence of disinfection conditions[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(1):124-128.
[22]塔春红,韩相奎,荆玲,等.氯消毒副产物及其影响因素的研究概况[J].辽宁化工,2012,41(1):28-31.Ta C H,Han X K,Jing L,et al.Chlorination disinfection byproducts and their influencing factors[J].Liaoning Chemical Industry,2012,41(1):28-31.
[23]Chen Z,Yang C Y,Lu J H,et al.Factors on the formation of disinfection by-products MX,DCA and TCA by chlorination of fulvic acid from lake sediments[J].Chemosphere,2001,45(3):379-385.
[24]柯浪文,冯珊,黄艳雄.曝气沉砂池对砂粒附着有机物的去除及砂粒纯净度[J].广东化工,2015,42(15):180-181.Ke L W,Feng S,Huang Y X.Analyzation of aerated grit chamber removing organic matter on the sand and sand Purity[J].Guangdong Chemical Industry,2015,42(15):180-181.
[25]柳清,张丽萍,刘文君,等.umu试验研究饮用水氯和氯胺消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化以及消毒条件的影响[J].环境科学,2010,31(1):93-98.Liu Q,Zhang L P,Liu W J,et al.Genotoxicity of drinking water during chlorine and chloramine disinfection and the influence of disinfection conditions using the umu-test[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(1):93-98.
[26]Beck I C,Bruhn R,Gandrass J.Analysis of estrogenic activity in coastal surface waters of the Baltic Sea using the yeast estrogen screen[J].Chemosphere,2006,63(11):1870-1878.
[27]Baronti C,Curini R,D'Ascenzo G,et al.Monitoring natural and synthetic estrogens at activated sludge sewage treatment plants and in a receiving river water[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(24):5059-5066.
[28]Johnson A C,Sumpter J P.Removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in activated sludge treatment works[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(24):4697-4703.
[29]Zhu B T,Han G Z,Shim J Y,et al.Quantitative structureactivity relationship of various endogenous estrogen metabolites for human estrogen receptorαandβsubtypes:insights into the structural determinants favoring a differential subtype binding[J].Endocrinology,2006,147(9):4132-4150.
[30]Moriyama K,Matsufuji H,Chino M,et al.Identification and behavior of reaction products formed by chlorination of ethynylestradiol[J].Chemosphere,2004,55(6):839-847.
[31]JarosováB,Bláha L,Giesy J P,et al.What level of estrogenic activity determined by in vitro assays in municipal waste waters can be considered as safe?[J].Environment International,2014,64:98-109.
[32]Vethaak A D,Lahr J,Schrap S M,et al.An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and biological effects in the aquatic environment of The Netherlands[J].Chemosphere,2005,59(4):511-524.
[33]Tyler C R,van Aerle R,Hutchinson T H,et al.An in vivo testing system for endocrine disruptors in fish early life stages using induction of vitellogenin[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1999,18(2):337-347.
[34]Rose J,Holbech H,Lindholst C,et al.Vitellogenin induction by 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol in male zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology&Pharmacology,2002,131(4):531-539.
[35]Thorpe K L,Cummings R I,Hutchinson T H,et al.Relative potencies and combination effects of steroidal estrogens in fish[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(6):1142-1149.
[36]胡建英,谢国红.酵母双杂交系统测定抗雌激素物质[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2003,39(4):449-453.Hu J Y,Xie G H.Determination of chemical compounds using antagonist assay based on yeast two-hybrid system[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2003,39(4):449-453.
[37]Kunz P Y,Fent K.Multiple hormonal activities of UV filters and comparison of in vivo and in vitro estrogenic activity of ethyl-4-aminobenzoate in fish[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2006,79(4):305-324.