京津冀一体化进程中县域生态补偿机制研究:以保定市定兴县为例
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摘要
近年来京津冀生态环境一体化进程举步维艰,生态补偿机制是有效保护区域生态环境的经济手段之一。通过对保定市定兴县2000、2008、2013和2018年4期Landsat TM遥感影像的解译,分析定兴县2000—2018年土地类型的变化,计算县域生态服务功能价值与发展权损失,探讨生态补偿标准的范围,在此基础上探讨区域对县域、县域对生态保护者2个层面的补偿问题,建立县域生态补偿机制。结果表明:由于土地的开发利用,定兴县的生态系统服务价值由8. 691 7亿元降低至8. 131 9亿元,发展权损失为6. 727 4亿元,即定兴县的生态补偿范围为6. 727 4亿～8. 131 9亿元。县域生态补偿机制应把握"谁保护、谁受益、获补偿"、"权责相等"的原则,区域对县域以资金补偿、政策补偿、技术补偿等方式,县域政策应结合时代特点落实在各乡镇、企业、环保NGO和农牧民补偿对象上,形成"合理分配、重点关注、社会参与"的"造血型"补偿机制,从而提高京津冀生态一体化进程中县域的生态补偿机制的可操作性,促进京津冀一体化。
In recent years,the integration of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ecological environment has been difficult,which has affected the integration of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. The ecological compensation mechanism is one of the economic means to effectively protect the regional ecological environment. By interpreting the Landsat TM remote sensing images of2000,2008,2013 and 2018 in Dingxing County of Baoding City,the changes of land types in Dingxing County was analyzed from 2000 to 2018,and the value of county's ecological service functions and the loss of development rights were calculated. The scope of ecological compensation standards was discussed. On this basis,how the region compensates the county,and how the county compensates the ecological protector were further discussed. The county's ecological compensation mechanism was established. The results show that due to the development and utilization of land,the value of ecosystem services in Dingxing County had been reduced from 861. 17 million yuan to 813. 19 million yuan,and the loss of development rights being 672. 74 million yuan,that is,the ecological compensation range of Dingxing County was672. 74 million-813. 19 million yuan. The county's ecological compensation mechanism was to grasp the principle of"who protects,who benefits and compensated"and"equal rights and responsibilities",and the region should provide financial compensation,policy compensation,and technical compensation to the county. The county should combine the policies of the times with the townships and enterprises,environmental NGOs,farmers and herdsmen compensated to form"hematopoietic"compensation for"reasonable distribution,key attention,and social participation",thereby improving the operationality of the county's ecological compensation mechanism in the process of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration.
In recent years,the integration of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ecological environment has been difficult,which has affected the integration of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. The ecological compensation mechanism is one of the economic means to effectively protect the regional ecological environment. By interpreting the Landsat TM remote sensing images of2000,2008,2013 and 2018 in Dingxing County of Baoding City,the changes of land types in Dingxing County was analyzed from 2000 to 2018,and the value of county's ecological service functions and the loss of development rights were calculated. The scope of ecological compensation standards was discussed. On this basis,how the region compensates the county,and how the county compensates the ecological protector were further discussed. The county's ecological compensation mechanism was established. The results show that due to the development and utilization of land,the value of ecosystem services in Dingxing County had been reduced from 861. 17 million yuan to 813. 19 million yuan,and the loss of development rights being 672. 74 million yuan,that is,the ecological compensation range of Dingxing County was672. 74 million-813. 19 million yuan. The county's ecological compensation mechanism was to grasp the principle of"who protects,who benefits and compensated"and"equal rights and responsibilities",and the region should provide financial compensation,policy compensation,and technical compensation to the county. The county should combine the policies of the times with the townships and enterprises,environmental NGOs,farmers and herdsmen compensated to form"hematopoietic"compensation for"reasonable distribution,key attention,and social participation",thereby improving the operationality of the county's ecological compensation mechanism in the process of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration.
引文
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[8]高振斌,王小莉,苏婧,等.基于生态系统服务价值评估的东江流域生态补偿研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(6):563-570.[GAO Zhen-bin,WANG Xiao-li,SU Jing,et al.Ecological Compensation of Dongjiang River Basin Based on Evaluation of Ecosystem Service Value[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(6):563-570.]
[9]闵庆文,甄霖,杨光梅.自然保护区生态补偿研究与实践进展[J].生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(1):81-84.[MIN Qingwen,ZHEN Lin,YANG Guang-mei.Progress of Researches and Practices of Ecological Compensation of Nature Reserves[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2007,23(1):81-84.]
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[12]张新荣,刘林萍,方石,等.土地利用、覆被变化(LUCC)与环境变化关系研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(12):2013-2021.[ZHANG Xin-rong,LIU Lin-ping,FANG Shi,et al.Research Advances on the Relationship Between Land Use/Cover Change and Environmental Change[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(12):2013-2021.]
[13] COSTANZA R,D'ARGE R,DE GROOT R,et al.The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital[J].Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[14]谢高地,张彩霞,张昌顺,等.中国生态系统服务的价值[J].资源科学,2015,37(9):1740-1746.[XIE Gao-di,ZHANG Caixia,ZHANG Chang-shun,et al.The Value of Ecosystem Services in China[J].Resource Science,2015,37(9):1740-1746.]
[15]段铸,刘艳,孙晓然.京津冀横向生态补偿机制的财政思考[J].生态经济,2017,33(6):146-150.[DUAN Zhu,LIU Yan,SUN Xiao-ran.The Public Financial Thinking of Horizontal Ecological Compensation Mechanism in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region[J].Ecological Economy,2017,33(6):146-150.]
[16]刘桂环,文一惠,孟蕊,等.官厅水库流域生态补偿机制研究:生态系统服务视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(增刊2):61-64.[LIU Gui-huan,WEN Yi-hui,MENG Rui,et al.Study on Developing Guanting Reservoir Watershed Ecological Compensation Mechanism:From the Perspective of Ecosystem Services[J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(Suppl. 2):61-64.]
[17]林秀珠,李小斌,李家兵,等.基于机会成本和生态系统服务价值的闽江流域生态补偿标准研究[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(2):314-319.[LIU Xiu-zhu,LI Xiao-bin,LI Jia-bing,et al.Research on Ecological Compensation Standard in Minjiang River Basin Based on Opportunity Cost and Ecosystem Service Values[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(2):314-319.]
[18]刘平养,张晓冰,宋佩颖.水源地输血型与造血型生态补偿机制的有效性边界:以黄浦江上游水源地为例[J].世界林业研究,2014,27(1):7-11.[LIU Ping-yang,ZHANG Xiao-bing,SONG Pei-ying.On the Effectiveness of Two Ecological Compensation Mechanisms:A Case Study of Drinking Water Source Land of Upstream Huangpu River[J].World Forestry Research,2014,27(1):7-11.]
[19]任敏.“河长制”:一个中国政府流域治理跨部门协同的样本研究[J].北京行政学院学报,2015(3):25-31.[REN Min.The River-Chief Mechanism:A Case Study of China's Inter-Departmental Coordination for Watershed Treatment[J].Journal of Beijing Administrative College,2015(3):25-31.]
[20]黄水木.中国沿海发达地区城乡协调发展模式与调控机制研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2007.[HUANG Shui-mu.On the Model and Mechanism for the Urban-Rural Coordinate Development in Developed Coastal Areas in China[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2007.]
[21]洪尚群,吴晓青,段昌群,等.补偿途径和方式多样化是生态补偿基础和保障[J].环境科学与技术,2001,24(增刊2):40-42.
[22]孙贤斌.基于生态服务功能的安徽省会经济圈生态补偿研究[J].皖西学院学报,2010,26(5):93-97.[SUN Xian-bin.A Study on Ecological Compensation for the Provincial City Ecology Circle Based on Ecosystem Services[J].Journal of West Anhui University,2010,26(5):93-97.]
[23]陈作成.新疆重点生态功能区生态补偿机制研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2014.[CHEN Zuo-cheng.Research on Ecological Compensation Mechanism of Key Ecological Function Areas in Xinjiang[D].Shihezi:Shihezi University,2014.]
[24]祁新华,叶士琳,程煜,等.生态脆弱区贫困与生态环境的博弈分析[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6411-6417.[QI Xin-hua,YE Shi-lin,CHENG Wei,et al.The Game Analysis Between Poverty and Environment in Ecologically Fragile Zones[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(19):6411-6417.]
[2]河北省发展和改革委员会宏观经济研究所课题组.河北省推进京津冀协同发展研究[J].经济研究参考,2018(15):5-27.
[3]赵银军,魏开湄,丁爱中,等.流域生态补偿理论探讨[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(5):963-969.[ZHAO Yin-jun,WEI Kaimei,DING Ai-zhong,et al.Discussing of the Theory of River Basin Ecological Compensation[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(5):963-969.]
[4]徐永田.生态补偿理论研究进展综述及发展趋势[J].中国水利,2011(4):29-31,38.[XU Yong-tian.Review and Development Trend of Ecological Compensation Theoretical Research[J].China Water Resources,2011(4):29-31,38.]
[5]毛显强,钟瑜,张胜.生态补偿的理论探讨[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2002,12(4):38-41.[MAO Xian-qiang,ZHONG Yu,ZHANG Sheng.Conception,Theory and Mechanism of Eco-Compensation[J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2002,12(4):38-41.]
[6]欧阳志云,郑华,岳平.建立我国生态补偿机制的思路与措施[J].生态学报,2013,33(3):686-692.[OUYANG Zhi-yun,ZHENG Hua,YUE Ping.Establishment of Ecological Compensation Mechanisms in China:Perspectives and Strategies[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(3):686-692.]
[7]欧阳志云,郑华,谢高地,等.生态资产、生态补偿及生态文明科技贡献核算理论与技术[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7136-7139.[OUYANG Zhi-yun,ZHENG Hua,XIE Gao-di,et al.Accounting Theories and Technologies for Ecological Assets,Ecological Compensation and Scientific and Technological Contribution to Ecological Civilization[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(22):7136-7139.]
[8]高振斌,王小莉,苏婧,等.基于生态系统服务价值评估的东江流域生态补偿研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(6):563-570.[GAO Zhen-bin,WANG Xiao-li,SU Jing,et al.Ecological Compensation of Dongjiang River Basin Based on Evaluation of Ecosystem Service Value[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(6):563-570.]
[9]闵庆文,甄霖,杨光梅.自然保护区生态补偿研究与实践进展[J].生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(1):81-84.[MIN Qingwen,ZHEN Lin,YANG Guang-mei.Progress of Researches and Practices of Ecological Compensation of Nature Reserves[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2007,23(1):81-84.]
[10]王鹏飞.基于GIS技术的土地生态服务价值研究:以保定市定兴县为例[D].北京:中国农业大学,2017.[WANG Peng-fei.Research on the Value of Land Ecological Service Based on GIS Technology:DingXing County as an Example[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.]
[11]李晓光,苗鸿,郑华,等.生态补偿标准确定的主要方法及其应用[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4431-4440.[LI Xiao-gang,MIAO Hong,ZHENG Hua,et al.Main Methods for Setting Ecological Compensation Standard and Their Applications[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(8):4431-4440.]
[12]张新荣,刘林萍,方石,等.土地利用、覆被变化(LUCC)与环境变化关系研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(12):2013-2021.[ZHANG Xin-rong,LIU Lin-ping,FANG Shi,et al.Research Advances on the Relationship Between Land Use/Cover Change and Environmental Change[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(12):2013-2021.]
[13] COSTANZA R,D'ARGE R,DE GROOT R,et al.The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital[J].Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[14]谢高地,张彩霞,张昌顺,等.中国生态系统服务的价值[J].资源科学,2015,37(9):1740-1746.[XIE Gao-di,ZHANG Caixia,ZHANG Chang-shun,et al.The Value of Ecosystem Services in China[J].Resource Science,2015,37(9):1740-1746.]
[15]段铸,刘艳,孙晓然.京津冀横向生态补偿机制的财政思考[J].生态经济,2017,33(6):146-150.[DUAN Zhu,LIU Yan,SUN Xiao-ran.The Public Financial Thinking of Horizontal Ecological Compensation Mechanism in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region[J].Ecological Economy,2017,33(6):146-150.]
[16]刘桂环,文一惠,孟蕊,等.官厅水库流域生态补偿机制研究:生态系统服务视角[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(增刊2):61-64.[LIU Gui-huan,WEN Yi-hui,MENG Rui,et al.Study on Developing Guanting Reservoir Watershed Ecological Compensation Mechanism:From the Perspective of Ecosystem Services[J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(Suppl. 2):61-64.]
[17]林秀珠,李小斌,李家兵,等.基于机会成本和生态系统服务价值的闽江流域生态补偿标准研究[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(2):314-319.[LIU Xiu-zhu,LI Xiao-bin,LI Jia-bing,et al.Research on Ecological Compensation Standard in Minjiang River Basin Based on Opportunity Cost and Ecosystem Service Values[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(2):314-319.]
[18]刘平养,张晓冰,宋佩颖.水源地输血型与造血型生态补偿机制的有效性边界:以黄浦江上游水源地为例[J].世界林业研究,2014,27(1):7-11.[LIU Ping-yang,ZHANG Xiao-bing,SONG Pei-ying.On the Effectiveness of Two Ecological Compensation Mechanisms:A Case Study of Drinking Water Source Land of Upstream Huangpu River[J].World Forestry Research,2014,27(1):7-11.]
[19]任敏.“河长制”:一个中国政府流域治理跨部门协同的样本研究[J].北京行政学院学报,2015(3):25-31.[REN Min.The River-Chief Mechanism:A Case Study of China's Inter-Departmental Coordination for Watershed Treatment[J].Journal of Beijing Administrative College,2015(3):25-31.]
[20]黄水木.中国沿海发达地区城乡协调发展模式与调控机制研究[D].福州:福建师范大学,2007.[HUANG Shui-mu.On the Model and Mechanism for the Urban-Rural Coordinate Development in Developed Coastal Areas in China[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2007.]
[21]洪尚群,吴晓青,段昌群,等.补偿途径和方式多样化是生态补偿基础和保障[J].环境科学与技术,2001,24(增刊2):40-42.
[22]孙贤斌.基于生态服务功能的安徽省会经济圈生态补偿研究[J].皖西学院学报,2010,26(5):93-97.[SUN Xian-bin.A Study on Ecological Compensation for the Provincial City Ecology Circle Based on Ecosystem Services[J].Journal of West Anhui University,2010,26(5):93-97.]
[23]陈作成.新疆重点生态功能区生态补偿机制研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2014.[CHEN Zuo-cheng.Research on Ecological Compensation Mechanism of Key Ecological Function Areas in Xinjiang[D].Shihezi:Shihezi University,2014.]
[24]祁新华,叶士琳,程煜,等.生态脆弱区贫困与生态环境的博弈分析[J].生态学报,2013,33(19):6411-6417.[QI Xin-hua,YE Shi-lin,CHENG Wei,et al.The Game Analysis Between Poverty and Environment in Ecologically Fragile Zones[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(19):6411-6417.]
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