生态系统价值核算指标体系研究
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摘要
生态系统价值核算是开展生态系统保护成效评估的重要手段,也是支撑生态文明制度体系建设的关键技术之一.指标体系的设定是开展生态系统价值核算的重要前提和基础,但当前生态系统价值还缺少统一的核算指标,因此,在一定程度上制约了生态系统价值在生态系统管理与决策中的应用.在总结归纳当前生态系统价值相关指标体系的基础上,以服务于生态系统管理和相关绩效考核为目标,提出了包括生物生产性、人类收益性、保护成效性、实际发生性、实物度量性、数据可获性、持续更新性、非危害性在内的8项生态系统价值核算原则,筛选形成了包括7个功能类别、15个一级科目和26个二级科目的生态系统价值核算指标体系,并针对实物量达到一定数值才能形成服务的指标设定了核算基准.以厦门市为例探讨了这一指标体系的应用能力,其不仅包括了厦门市主要生态系统服务,而且体现了厦门市作为沿海旅游城市的区域特色.在此基础上,探索了开展生态系统价值统计核算的可能途径,主要包括建立生态系统价值统计核算公式,编制技术导则,开展培训、制定定期发布制度等,旨在为实现生态系统价值的业务核算及其应用提供技术支撑.
Estimating ecosystem values is a vital approach to assessing the effects of ecosystem protection,which also serves as a key technology in constructing the system of ecological civilization. It needs to build an indicator system,which is an important premise and foundation in estimating ecosystem values. However,the current ecosystem value estimation lacks the consistent estimating indicators,to some extent prohibiting the application of ecosystem values in ecosystem management and decision-making. Therefore,aiming to help ecosystem management and performance assessment,this study developed an indicator system for estimating ecosystem values based on recent advances in relevant indicators of ecosystem values and 8 principles,including biological production,human benefit,protection effect,really happening,physical measurement,data availability,continuous renewal,and non-harmfulness. The built indicator system involved 8 function types,15 primary indicators,and 21 secondary indicators. A series of estimating benchmarks for the indicators that happened under certain conditions were also set. Furthermore,selecting Xiamen City as a case study,we examined the application ability of the built indicator system. Results showed that it not only contained Xiamen's main ecosystem services but also exhibited its regionalfeatures as a coastal tourist city. To support the administrating accounting of ecosystem values and its application,possible approaches of statistical accounting ecosystem values were further explored,including developing statistical accounting formulas,compiling technical guideline,carrying out training,making regular release system,etc.
Estimating ecosystem values is a vital approach to assessing the effects of ecosystem protection,which also serves as a key technology in constructing the system of ecological civilization. It needs to build an indicator system,which is an important premise and foundation in estimating ecosystem values. However,the current ecosystem value estimation lacks the consistent estimating indicators,to some extent prohibiting the application of ecosystem values in ecosystem management and decision-making. Therefore,aiming to help ecosystem management and performance assessment,this study developed an indicator system for estimating ecosystem values based on recent advances in relevant indicators of ecosystem values and 8 principles,including biological production,human benefit,protection effect,really happening,physical measurement,data availability,continuous renewal,and non-harmfulness. The built indicator system involved 8 function types,15 primary indicators,and 21 secondary indicators. A series of estimating benchmarks for the indicators that happened under certain conditions were also set. Furthermore,selecting Xiamen City as a case study,we examined the application ability of the built indicator system. Results showed that it not only contained Xiamen's main ecosystem services but also exhibited its regionalfeatures as a coastal tourist city. To support the administrating accounting of ecosystem values and its application,possible approaches of statistical accounting ecosystem values were further explored,including developing statistical accounting formulas,compiling technical guideline,carrying out training,making regular release system,etc.
引文
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[20] WONG C P,JIANG Bo,KINZIG A P,et al. Linking ecosystem characteristics to final ecosystem services for public policy[J].Ecology Letters,2015,18(1):108-118.
[21] LI Cong,ZHENG Hua,LI Shuzhuo,et al. Impacts of conservation and human development policy across stakeholders and scales[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2015,112(24):7396-7401.
[22] DONG Xiaobin,YANG Weikun,ULGIATI S,et al. The impact of human activities on natural capital and ecosystem services of natural pastures in North Xinjiang,China[J]. Ecological Modelling,2012,225:28-39.
[23] LIU Jianguo,LI Shuxin,OUYANG Zhiyun,et al. Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China's policies for ecosystem services[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2008,105:9477-9482.
[24]高吉喜,范小杉,李慧敏,等.生态资产资本化:要素构成·运营模式·政策需求[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(3):315-322.GAO Jixi,FAN Xiaoshan,LI Huimin,et al.Research on constituent elements,operation modes and political demands for capitalizing ecological assets[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(3):315-322.
[25] COSTANZA R,DE GROOT R,BRAAT L,et al. Twenty years of ecosystem services:how far have we come and how far do we still need to go?[J].Ecosystem Services,2017,28:1-16.
[26] HAINES-YOUNG R, POTSCHIN M. Common international classification of ecosystem services(CICES):consultation on version 4[R].Nottingham:University of Nottingham,2013.
[27] LANDERS D,NAHLIK A. Final ecosystem goods and services classification system(FEGS-CS)[R]. Washington DC:Environmental Protection Agency,2013.
[28] US Environmental Protection Agency. National ecosystem services classification system(NESCS):framework design and policy application[R].Washington DC:Environmental Protection Agency,2015.
[29]国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 3838—2002地表水环境质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[30]国家环境保护总局.GB 3097—1997海水水质标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2004.
[31] DAILY G C,POLASKY S,GOLDSTEIN J,et al.Ecosystem services in decision making:time to deliver[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2009,7:21-28.
[32] FISHER B,TURNER K,ZYLSTRA M,et al. Ecosystem services and economic theory:integration for policy-relevant research[J].Ecological Applications,2008,18:2050-2067.
[33] VIGLIZZO E F,PARUELO J M,LATERRA P,et al. Ecosystem service evaluation to support land-use policy[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2012,154:78-84.
[34] OLANDER L,MALTBY L. Mainstreaming ecosystem services into decision making[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2014,12:539-539.
[35] GUERRY A D,POLASKY S,LUBCHENCO J,et al.Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions:from promise to practice[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2015,112:7348-7355.
[36] BENNETT E M,PETERSON G D,GORDON L J. Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services[J]. Ecology Letters,2009,12(12):1394-1404.
[2] DAILY G C,SDERQVIST T,ANIYAR S,et al. The value of nature and the nature of value[J].Science,2000,289(5478):395-396.
[3] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and human wellbeing:synthesis[M].Washington DC:Island Press,2005.
[4] TEEB(edited by KUMAR P). The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity:ecological and economic foundations[M]. London:Earthscan Ltd.,2010.
[5] Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services(IPBES). Report of the first session of the plenary of the intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services[R]. Bonn:IPBES Secretariat,2013.
[6] United Nations,European Commission,Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development,World Bank Group. System of environmental-economic accounting 2012:experimental ecosystem accounting[R].New York:United Nations,2014.
[7]国家林业局.LY/T 1721—2008森林生态系统服务功能评估规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.
[8]国家林业局.LY/T 2735—2016自然资源(森林)资产评价技术规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2016.
[9]国家质量监督检验检疫总局,国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T28058—2011海洋生态资本评估技术导则[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011.
[10]国家林业局. LY/T 2006—2012荒漠生态系统服务评估规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012.
[11]李文华.生态系统服务研究是生态系统评估的核心[J].资源科学,2006,28(4):4.
[12]欧阳志云,朱春全,杨广斌,等.生态系统生产总值核算:概念、核算方法与案例研究[J].生态学报,2013,33(21):6747-6761.OUYANG Zhiyun,ZHU Chunquan,YANG Guangbin,et al. Gross ecosystem product:concept,accounting framework and case study[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(21):6747-6761.
[13]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,等.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.XIE Gaodi,ZHANG Caixia,ZHANG Leiming,et al.Improvement of the evaluation method for ecosystem service value based on per unit area[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
[14]傅伯杰,于丹丹,吕楠.中国生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系[J].生态学报,2017,37(2):341-348.FU Bojie,YU Dandan,LV Nan.An indicator system for biodiversity and ecosystem services evaluation in China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(2):341-348.
[15]高艳妮,李岱青,蒋冲,等.基于能值理论的三江源区生态系统服务物质当量研究[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(1):101-109.GAO Yanni,LI Daiqing,JIANG Chong,et al. Estimation of substance-equivalent of ecosystem services in the Three-River Headwaters Region based on emergy[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(1):101-109.
[16] LI Guangdong,FANG Chuanglin.Global mapping and estimation of ecosystem services values and gross domestic product:a spatially explicit integration of national ‘green GDP’ accounting[J].Ecological Indicators,2014,46:293-314.
[17] LU Nan,FU Bojie,JIN Tiantian,et al.Trade-off analyses of multiple ecosystem services by plantations along a precipitation gradient across Loess Plateau landscapes[J].Landscape Ecology,2014,29:1697-1708.
[18]刘纪远.中国陆地生态系统综合监测与评估[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[19]马国霞,於方,王金南,等.中国2015年陆地生态系统生产总值核算研究[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(4):1474-1482.MA Guoxia,YU Fang,WANG Jinnan,et al. Measuring gross ecosystem product(GEP)of 2015 for terrestrial ecosystems in China[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(4):1474-1482.
[20] WONG C P,JIANG Bo,KINZIG A P,et al. Linking ecosystem characteristics to final ecosystem services for public policy[J].Ecology Letters,2015,18(1):108-118.
[21] LI Cong,ZHENG Hua,LI Shuzhuo,et al. Impacts of conservation and human development policy across stakeholders and scales[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2015,112(24):7396-7401.
[22] DONG Xiaobin,YANG Weikun,ULGIATI S,et al. The impact of human activities on natural capital and ecosystem services of natural pastures in North Xinjiang,China[J]. Ecological Modelling,2012,225:28-39.
[23] LIU Jianguo,LI Shuxin,OUYANG Zhiyun,et al. Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China's policies for ecosystem services[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2008,105:9477-9482.
[24]高吉喜,范小杉,李慧敏,等.生态资产资本化:要素构成·运营模式·政策需求[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(3):315-322.GAO Jixi,FAN Xiaoshan,LI Huimin,et al.Research on constituent elements,operation modes and political demands for capitalizing ecological assets[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(3):315-322.
[25] COSTANZA R,DE GROOT R,BRAAT L,et al. Twenty years of ecosystem services:how far have we come and how far do we still need to go?[J].Ecosystem Services,2017,28:1-16.
[26] HAINES-YOUNG R, POTSCHIN M. Common international classification of ecosystem services(CICES):consultation on version 4[R].Nottingham:University of Nottingham,2013.
[27] LANDERS D,NAHLIK A. Final ecosystem goods and services classification system(FEGS-CS)[R]. Washington DC:Environmental Protection Agency,2013.
[28] US Environmental Protection Agency. National ecosystem services classification system(NESCS):framework design and policy application[R].Washington DC:Environmental Protection Agency,2015.
[29]国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 3838—2002地表水环境质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[30]国家环境保护总局.GB 3097—1997海水水质标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2004.
[31] DAILY G C,POLASKY S,GOLDSTEIN J,et al.Ecosystem services in decision making:time to deliver[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2009,7:21-28.
[32] FISHER B,TURNER K,ZYLSTRA M,et al. Ecosystem services and economic theory:integration for policy-relevant research[J].Ecological Applications,2008,18:2050-2067.
[33] VIGLIZZO E F,PARUELO J M,LATERRA P,et al. Ecosystem service evaluation to support land-use policy[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2012,154:78-84.
[34] OLANDER L,MALTBY L. Mainstreaming ecosystem services into decision making[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2014,12:539-539.
[35] GUERRY A D,POLASKY S,LUBCHENCO J,et al.Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions:from promise to practice[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2015,112:7348-7355.
[36] BENNETT E M,PETERSON G D,GORDON L J. Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services[J]. Ecology Letters,2009,12(12):1394-1404.
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