孤独症谱系障碍患者社会性注意异常的机制
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摘要
以往许多研究都表明孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder, ASD)患者的社会性注意行为及其神经回路存在异常,但是对于其原因还未有确切定论.目前研究主要存在三种取向:感觉加工损伤、社会认知缺陷和贝叶斯模型.感觉加工损伤取向和社会认知缺陷取向都只从感觉加工或社会功能的其中一个层面解释该群体的社会性注意障碍.贝叶斯模型是一个综合模型,但其能否成为解释孤独症群体社会性注意缺陷的统一模型仍需进一步的实证研究验证.未来除了进一步验证不同的理论假说,还应利用理论假说开发孤独症诊断和筛查工具以及干预方法,提高研究的生态效度,进一步揭示该群体社会性注意异常的本质.
Atypical visual social attention and cortical activation have been documented in autism spectrum disorders, yet the source of this deficit remains unclear. We tried to review three perspectives about mechanisms of such impairments: atypical sensory processing,social deficit and Bayesian model. Among these perspectives, Bayesian model is a comprehensive one that explains abnormal social attention in ASD group in a bottom-up and top-down manner. It is unknown, however, whether Bayesian model can be recognized as a unified model that accounts for abnormal social attention in individuals with ASD. Finally, we offered some insights to future studies on social attention in ASD. Future research should test different theories from various levels and find effective behavioral and neurocognitive markers for early diagnosis. It is a priority to take advantage of these theories or hypotheses to develop intervention and treatment tools, which may help to ameliorate ASD group's social attention, and further, social functioning.
Atypical visual social attention and cortical activation have been documented in autism spectrum disorders, yet the source of this deficit remains unclear. We tried to review three perspectives about mechanisms of such impairments: atypical sensory processing,social deficit and Bayesian model. Among these perspectives, Bayesian model is a comprehensive one that explains abnormal social attention in ASD group in a bottom-up and top-down manner. It is unknown, however, whether Bayesian model can be recognized as a unified model that accounts for abnormal social attention in individuals with ASD. Finally, we offered some insights to future studies on social attention in ASD. Future research should test different theories from various levels and find effective behavioral and neurocognitive markers for early diagnosis. It is a priority to take advantage of these theories or hypotheses to develop intervention and treatment tools, which may help to ameliorate ASD group's social attention, and further, social functioning.
引文
1 American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.5th ed.Washington D C:American Psychiatric Publishing,2013
2 Guillon Q,Hadjikhani N,Baduel S,et al.Visual social attention in autism spectrum disorder:insights from eye tracking studies.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2014,42:279-297
3 Pfeiffer U J,Vogeley K,Schilbach L.From gaze cueing to dual eye-tracking:novel approaches to investigate the neural correlates of gaze in social interaction.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2013,37:2516-2528
4 Papagiannopoulou E A,Chitty K M,Hermens D F,et al.A systematic review and meta analysis of eye-tracking studies in children with autism spectrum disorders.Soc Neurosci,2014,9:610-632
5 Keehn B,Müller R A,Townsend J.Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2013,37:164-183
6 Tenenbaum E J,Amso D,Abar B,et al.Attention and word learning in autistic,language delayed and typically developing children.Front Psychol,2014,5:490
7 Li J,Zhu L,Liu J,et al.Social and non-social deficits in children with high-functioning autism and their cooperative behaviors.Res Autism Spectr Disord,2014,8:1657-1671
8 Thorup E,Nystr?m P,Gredeb?ck G,et al.Reduced alternating gaze during social interaction in infancy is associated with elevated symptoms of autism in toddlerhood.J Abnorm Child Psychol,2018,46:1547-1561
9 Falck-Ytter T,Nystr?m P,Gredeb?ck G,et al.Reduced orienting to audiovisual synchrony in infancy predicts autism diagnosis at three years of age.J Child Psychol Psychiatry,2018,59:872-880
10 Nystr?m P,B?lte S,Falck-Ytter T,et al.Responding to other people’s direct gaze:alterations in gaze behavior in infants at risk for autism occur on very short timescales.J Autism Dev Disord,2017,47:3498-3509
11 Leung R C,Pang E W,Cassel D,et al.Early neural activation during facial affect processing in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.NeuroImage-Clin,2015,7:203-212
12 Leung R C,Pang E W,Anagnostou E,et al.Young adults with autism spectrum disorder show early atypical neural activity during emotional face processing.Front Hum Neurosci,2018,12:57
13 Sacrey L A R,Armstrong V L,Bryson S E,et al.Impairments to visual disengagement in autism spectrum disorder:a review of experimental studies from infancy to adulthood.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2014,47:559-577
14 Landry R,Bryson S E.Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism.J Child Psychol Psychiatry,2004,45:1115-1122
15 Elsabbagh M,Fernandes J,Webb S J,et al.Disengagement of visual attention in infancy is associated with emerging autism in toddlerhood.Biol Psychiatry,2013,74:189-194
16 Chawarska K,Volkmar F,Klin A.Limited attentional bias for faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders.Arch Gen Psychiatry,2010,67:178-185
17 Fischer J,Koldewyn K,Jiang Y V,et al.Unimpaired attentional disengagement and social orienting in children with autism.Clinical Psychol Sci,2014,2:214-223
18 Fischer J,Smith H,Martinez-Pedraza F,et al.Unimpaired attentional disengagement in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder.Dev Sci,2016,19:1095-1103
19 Thye M D,Bednarz H M,Herringshaw A J,et al.The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder.Dev Cogn Neurosci,2018,29:151-167
20 Bahrick L E.Infants’perceptual differentiation of amodal and modality-specific audio-visual relations.J Exp Child Psychol,1992,53:180-199
21 Bahrick L E.Intermodal perception and selective attention to intersensory redundancy:Implications for typical social development and autism.In:Bremner J G,Wachs T D,eds.The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development.Malden:Wiley-Blackwell,2010.120-166
22 Wang Q,Campbell D J,Macari S L,et al.Operationalizing atypical gaze in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders:a cohesion-based approach.Mol Autism,2018,9:25
23 Asberg Johnels J,Gillberg C,Falck-Ytter T,et al.Face-viewing patterns in young children with autism spectrum disorders:speaking up for the role of language comprehension.J Speech Lang Hear Res,2014,57:2246-2252
24 Shic F,Macari S,Chawarska K.Speech disturbs face scanning in 6-month-old infants who develop autism spectrum disorder.Biol Psychiatry,2014,75:231-237
25 Charrier A,Tardif C,Gepner B.Slowing down the flow of facial information enhances facial scanning in children with autism spectrum disorders:a pilot eye tracking study.Encephale,2017,43:32-40
26 Beker S,Foxe J J,Molholm S.Ripe for solution:delayed development of multisensory processing in autism and its remediation.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2018,84:182-192
27 Bakirtzi V,Vatakis A.The perception of integrated events in autism spectrum disorders:the role of semantic relatedness and timing.ProcediaSocial Behaval Sci,2014,126:212-213
28 Martinez-Sanchis S.Neurobiological foundations of multisensory integration in people with autism spectrum disorders:the role of the medial prefrontal cortex.Front Hum Neurosci,2014,8:970
29 Zhou H Y,Cai X L,Weigl M,et al.Multisensory temporal binding window in autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2018,86:66-76
30 Markram H,Rinaldi T,Markram K.The intense world syndrome-an alternative hypothesis for autism.Front Neurosci,2007,1:77-96
31 Markram K,Markram H.The intense world theory-a unifying theory of the neurobiology of autism.Front Hum Neurosci,2010,4:224
32 Corden B,Chilvers R,Skuse D.Avoidance of emotionally arousing stimuli predicts social-perceptual impairment in Asperger’s syndrome.Neuropsychologia,2008,46:137-147
33 Tottenham N,Hertzig M E,Gillespie-Lynch K,et al.Elevated amygdala response to faces and gaze aversion in autism spectrum disorder.Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci,2014,9:106-117
34 Doherty-Sneddon G,Whittle L,Riby D M.Gaze aversion during social style interactions in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome.Res Dev Disabil,2013,34:616-626
35 Leung R C,Ye A X,Wong S M,et al.Reduced beta connectivity during emotional face processing in adolescents with autism.Mol Autism,2014,5:51
36 Baron-Cohen S.Theory of mind and autism:a review.In:Glidden L M,ed.International Review of Research in Mental Retardation:Autism.San Diego:Academic Press,2001.169-184
37 Baron-Cohen S.The empathizing system:A revision of the 1994 model of the mindreading system.In:Ellis B,Bjorklund D,eds.Origins of the Social Mind.New York:Guilford Press,2005.468-490
38 Moriuchi J M,Klin A,Jones W.Mechanisms of diminished attention to eyes in autism.Am J Psychiatry,2017,174:26-35
39 von dem Hagen E A,Stoyanova R S,Rowe J B,et al.Direct gaze elicits atypical activation of the theory-of-mind network in autism spectrum conditions.Cereb Cortex,2014,24:1485-1492
40 Mundy P,Newell L.Attention,joint attention,and social cognition.Curr Dir Psychol Sci,2007,16:269-274
41 Brooks R,Meltzoff A N.The development of gaze following and its relation to language.Dev Sci,2005,8:535-543
42 Gredeb?ck G,Theuring C,Hauf P,et al.The microstructure of infants’gaze as they view adult shifts in overt attention.Infancy,2008,13:533-543
43 Bedford R,Elsabbagh M,Gliga T,et al.Precursors to social and communication difficulties in infants at-risk for autism:gaze following and attentional engagement.J Autism Dev Disord,2012,42:2208-2218
44 Falck-Ytter T,Thorup E,B?lte S.Brief report:lack of processing bias for the objects other people attend to in 3-year-olds with autism.J Autism Dev Disord,2015,45:1897-1904
45 Schietecatte I,Roeyers H,Warreyn P.Exploring the nature of joint attention impairments in young children with autism spectrum disorder:associated social and cognitive skills.J Autism Dev Disord,2012,42:1-12
46 Oberwelland E,Schilbach L,Barisic I,et al.Look into my eyes:Investigating joint attention using interactive eye-tracking and fMRI in a developmental sample.NeuroImage,2016,130:248-260
47 Oberwelland E,Schilbach L,Barisic I,et al.Young adolescents with autism show abnormal joint attention network:A gaze contingent f MRIstudy.NeuroImage-Clin,2017,14:112-121
48 Saxe R.Uniquely human social cognition.Curr Opin Neurobiol,2006,16:235-239
49 Redcay E,Dodell-Feder D,Mavros P L,et al.Atypical brain activation patterns during a face-to-face joint attention game in adults with autism spectrum disorder.Hum Brain Mapp,2013,34:2511-2523
50 Broekhof E,Ketelaar L,Stockmann L,et al.The understanding of intentions,desires and beliefs in young children with autism spectrum disorder.J Autism Dev Disord,2015,45:2035-2045
51 Chevallier C,Kohls G,Troiani V,et al.The social motivation theory of autism.Trends Cogn Sci,2012,16:231-239
52 Chawarska K,Macari S,Shic F.Decreased spontaneous attention to social scenes in 6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders.Biol Psychiatry,2013,74:195-203
53 Hanley M,Riby D M,McCormack T,et al.Attention during social interaction in children with autism:comparison to specific language impairment,typical development,and links to social cognition.Res Autism Spectr Disord,2014,8:908-924
54 Grelotti D J,Gauthier I,Schultz R T.Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization:what autism teaches us about face processing.Dev Psychobiol,2002,40:213-225
55 Adolphs R,Spezio M.Role of the amygdala in processing visual social stimuli.Prog Brain Res,2006,156:363-378
56 Rademacher L,Schulte-Rüther M,Hanewald B,et al.Reward:from vasic reinforcers to anticipation of social cues.Curr Top Behav Neurosci,2017,30:207-221
57 Greene D J,Colich N,Iacoboni M,et al.Atypical neural networks for social orienting in autism spectrum disorders.Neuroimage,2011,56:354-362
58 Li T,Wang X,Pan J,et al.Reward learning modulates the attentional processing of faces in children with and without autism spectrum disorder.Autism Res,2017,10:1797-1807
59 Nele D,Ellen D,Petra W,et al.Social information processing in infants at risk for ASD at 5 months of age:The influence of a familiar face and direct gaze on attention allocation.Res Autism Spectr Disord,2015,17:95-105
60 Pierce K,Redcay E.Fusiform function in children with an autism spectrum disorder is a matter of“who”.Biol Psychiatry,2008,64:552-560
61 Greene R K,Spanos M,Alderman C,et al.The effects of intranasal oxytocin on reward circuitry responses in children with autism spectrum disorder.J Neurodev Disord,2018,10:12
62 Gordon I,Jack A,Pretzsch C M,et al.Intranasal oxytocin enhances connectivity in the neural circuitry supporting social motivation and social perception in children with autism.Sci Rep,2016,6:35054
63 Kanat M,Spenthof I,Riedel A,et al.Restoring effects of oxytocin on the attentional preference for faces in autism.Transl Psychiatry,2017,7:e1097
64 Stavropoulos K K M,Carver L J.Research Review:Social motivation and oxytocin in autism-implications for joint attention development and intervention.J Child Psychol Psychiatry,2013,54:603-618
65 Chambon V,Domenech P,Pacherie E,et al.What are they up to?The role of sensory evidence and prior knowledge in action understanding.PLoS One,2011,6:e17133
66 Chambon V,Farrer C,Pacherie E,et al.Reduced sensitivity to social priors during action prediction in adults with autism spectrum disorders.Cognition,2017,160:17-26
67 Kilner J M.More than one pathway to action understanding.Trends Cogn Sci,2011,15:352-357
68 Friston K J,Lawson R,Frith C D.On hyperpriors and hypopriors:comment on Pellicano and Burr.Trends Cogn Sci,2013,17:1
69 Maule J,Stanworth K,Pellicano E,et al.When the world becomes‘too real’:a Bayesian explanation of autistic perception.Trends Cogn Sci,2012,16:504-510
70 Von der Lühe T,Manera V,Barisic I,et al.Interpersonal predictive coding,not action perception,is impaired in autism.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci,2016,371:20150373
71 Goris J,Braem S,Nijhof A D,et al.Sensory prediction errors are less modulated by global context in autism spectrum disorder.Biol PsychiatryCogn NeuroSci NeuroImage,2018,3:667-674
72 Charman T,Loth E,Tillmann J,et al.The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project(LEAP):clinical characterisation.Mol Autism,2017,8:27
73 Loth E,Charman T,Mason L,et al.The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project(LEAP):design and methodologies to identify and validate stratification biomarkers for autism spectrum disorders.Mol Autism,2017,8:24
74 Bedford R,Gliga T,Shephard E,et al.Neurocognitive and observational markers:Prediction of autism spectrum disorder from infancy to midchildhood.Mol Autism,2017,8:49
75 Peterson C C,Slaughter V,Brownell C.Children with autism spectrum disorder are skilled at reading emotion body language.J Exp Child Psychol,2015,139:35-50
2 Guillon Q,Hadjikhani N,Baduel S,et al.Visual social attention in autism spectrum disorder:insights from eye tracking studies.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2014,42:279-297
3 Pfeiffer U J,Vogeley K,Schilbach L.From gaze cueing to dual eye-tracking:novel approaches to investigate the neural correlates of gaze in social interaction.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2013,37:2516-2528
4 Papagiannopoulou E A,Chitty K M,Hermens D F,et al.A systematic review and meta analysis of eye-tracking studies in children with autism spectrum disorders.Soc Neurosci,2014,9:610-632
5 Keehn B,Müller R A,Townsend J.Atypical attentional networks and the emergence of autism.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2013,37:164-183
6 Tenenbaum E J,Amso D,Abar B,et al.Attention and word learning in autistic,language delayed and typically developing children.Front Psychol,2014,5:490
7 Li J,Zhu L,Liu J,et al.Social and non-social deficits in children with high-functioning autism and their cooperative behaviors.Res Autism Spectr Disord,2014,8:1657-1671
8 Thorup E,Nystr?m P,Gredeb?ck G,et al.Reduced alternating gaze during social interaction in infancy is associated with elevated symptoms of autism in toddlerhood.J Abnorm Child Psychol,2018,46:1547-1561
9 Falck-Ytter T,Nystr?m P,Gredeb?ck G,et al.Reduced orienting to audiovisual synchrony in infancy predicts autism diagnosis at three years of age.J Child Psychol Psychiatry,2018,59:872-880
10 Nystr?m P,B?lte S,Falck-Ytter T,et al.Responding to other people’s direct gaze:alterations in gaze behavior in infants at risk for autism occur on very short timescales.J Autism Dev Disord,2017,47:3498-3509
11 Leung R C,Pang E W,Cassel D,et al.Early neural activation during facial affect processing in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.NeuroImage-Clin,2015,7:203-212
12 Leung R C,Pang E W,Anagnostou E,et al.Young adults with autism spectrum disorder show early atypical neural activity during emotional face processing.Front Hum Neurosci,2018,12:57
13 Sacrey L A R,Armstrong V L,Bryson S E,et al.Impairments to visual disengagement in autism spectrum disorder:a review of experimental studies from infancy to adulthood.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2014,47:559-577
14 Landry R,Bryson S E.Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism.J Child Psychol Psychiatry,2004,45:1115-1122
15 Elsabbagh M,Fernandes J,Webb S J,et al.Disengagement of visual attention in infancy is associated with emerging autism in toddlerhood.Biol Psychiatry,2013,74:189-194
16 Chawarska K,Volkmar F,Klin A.Limited attentional bias for faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders.Arch Gen Psychiatry,2010,67:178-185
17 Fischer J,Koldewyn K,Jiang Y V,et al.Unimpaired attentional disengagement and social orienting in children with autism.Clinical Psychol Sci,2014,2:214-223
18 Fischer J,Smith H,Martinez-Pedraza F,et al.Unimpaired attentional disengagement in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder.Dev Sci,2016,19:1095-1103
19 Thye M D,Bednarz H M,Herringshaw A J,et al.The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder.Dev Cogn Neurosci,2018,29:151-167
20 Bahrick L E.Infants’perceptual differentiation of amodal and modality-specific audio-visual relations.J Exp Child Psychol,1992,53:180-199
21 Bahrick L E.Intermodal perception and selective attention to intersensory redundancy:Implications for typical social development and autism.In:Bremner J G,Wachs T D,eds.The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development.Malden:Wiley-Blackwell,2010.120-166
22 Wang Q,Campbell D J,Macari S L,et al.Operationalizing atypical gaze in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders:a cohesion-based approach.Mol Autism,2018,9:25
23 Asberg Johnels J,Gillberg C,Falck-Ytter T,et al.Face-viewing patterns in young children with autism spectrum disorders:speaking up for the role of language comprehension.J Speech Lang Hear Res,2014,57:2246-2252
24 Shic F,Macari S,Chawarska K.Speech disturbs face scanning in 6-month-old infants who develop autism spectrum disorder.Biol Psychiatry,2014,75:231-237
25 Charrier A,Tardif C,Gepner B.Slowing down the flow of facial information enhances facial scanning in children with autism spectrum disorders:a pilot eye tracking study.Encephale,2017,43:32-40
26 Beker S,Foxe J J,Molholm S.Ripe for solution:delayed development of multisensory processing in autism and its remediation.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2018,84:182-192
27 Bakirtzi V,Vatakis A.The perception of integrated events in autism spectrum disorders:the role of semantic relatedness and timing.ProcediaSocial Behaval Sci,2014,126:212-213
28 Martinez-Sanchis S.Neurobiological foundations of multisensory integration in people with autism spectrum disorders:the role of the medial prefrontal cortex.Front Hum Neurosci,2014,8:970
29 Zhou H Y,Cai X L,Weigl M,et al.Multisensory temporal binding window in autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2018,86:66-76
30 Markram H,Rinaldi T,Markram K.The intense world syndrome-an alternative hypothesis for autism.Front Neurosci,2007,1:77-96
31 Markram K,Markram H.The intense world theory-a unifying theory of the neurobiology of autism.Front Hum Neurosci,2010,4:224
32 Corden B,Chilvers R,Skuse D.Avoidance of emotionally arousing stimuli predicts social-perceptual impairment in Asperger’s syndrome.Neuropsychologia,2008,46:137-147
33 Tottenham N,Hertzig M E,Gillespie-Lynch K,et al.Elevated amygdala response to faces and gaze aversion in autism spectrum disorder.Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci,2014,9:106-117
34 Doherty-Sneddon G,Whittle L,Riby D M.Gaze aversion during social style interactions in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome.Res Dev Disabil,2013,34:616-626
35 Leung R C,Ye A X,Wong S M,et al.Reduced beta connectivity during emotional face processing in adolescents with autism.Mol Autism,2014,5:51
36 Baron-Cohen S.Theory of mind and autism:a review.In:Glidden L M,ed.International Review of Research in Mental Retardation:Autism.San Diego:Academic Press,2001.169-184
37 Baron-Cohen S.The empathizing system:A revision of the 1994 model of the mindreading system.In:Ellis B,Bjorklund D,eds.Origins of the Social Mind.New York:Guilford Press,2005.468-490
38 Moriuchi J M,Klin A,Jones W.Mechanisms of diminished attention to eyes in autism.Am J Psychiatry,2017,174:26-35
39 von dem Hagen E A,Stoyanova R S,Rowe J B,et al.Direct gaze elicits atypical activation of the theory-of-mind network in autism spectrum conditions.Cereb Cortex,2014,24:1485-1492
40 Mundy P,Newell L.Attention,joint attention,and social cognition.Curr Dir Psychol Sci,2007,16:269-274
41 Brooks R,Meltzoff A N.The development of gaze following and its relation to language.Dev Sci,2005,8:535-543
42 Gredeb?ck G,Theuring C,Hauf P,et al.The microstructure of infants’gaze as they view adult shifts in overt attention.Infancy,2008,13:533-543
43 Bedford R,Elsabbagh M,Gliga T,et al.Precursors to social and communication difficulties in infants at-risk for autism:gaze following and attentional engagement.J Autism Dev Disord,2012,42:2208-2218
44 Falck-Ytter T,Thorup E,B?lte S.Brief report:lack of processing bias for the objects other people attend to in 3-year-olds with autism.J Autism Dev Disord,2015,45:1897-1904
45 Schietecatte I,Roeyers H,Warreyn P.Exploring the nature of joint attention impairments in young children with autism spectrum disorder:associated social and cognitive skills.J Autism Dev Disord,2012,42:1-12
46 Oberwelland E,Schilbach L,Barisic I,et al.Look into my eyes:Investigating joint attention using interactive eye-tracking and fMRI in a developmental sample.NeuroImage,2016,130:248-260
47 Oberwelland E,Schilbach L,Barisic I,et al.Young adolescents with autism show abnormal joint attention network:A gaze contingent f MRIstudy.NeuroImage-Clin,2017,14:112-121
48 Saxe R.Uniquely human social cognition.Curr Opin Neurobiol,2006,16:235-239
49 Redcay E,Dodell-Feder D,Mavros P L,et al.Atypical brain activation patterns during a face-to-face joint attention game in adults with autism spectrum disorder.Hum Brain Mapp,2013,34:2511-2523
50 Broekhof E,Ketelaar L,Stockmann L,et al.The understanding of intentions,desires and beliefs in young children with autism spectrum disorder.J Autism Dev Disord,2015,45:2035-2045
51 Chevallier C,Kohls G,Troiani V,et al.The social motivation theory of autism.Trends Cogn Sci,2012,16:231-239
52 Chawarska K,Macari S,Shic F.Decreased spontaneous attention to social scenes in 6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders.Biol Psychiatry,2013,74:195-203
53 Hanley M,Riby D M,McCormack T,et al.Attention during social interaction in children with autism:comparison to specific language impairment,typical development,and links to social cognition.Res Autism Spectr Disord,2014,8:908-924
54 Grelotti D J,Gauthier I,Schultz R T.Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization:what autism teaches us about face processing.Dev Psychobiol,2002,40:213-225
55 Adolphs R,Spezio M.Role of the amygdala in processing visual social stimuli.Prog Brain Res,2006,156:363-378
56 Rademacher L,Schulte-Rüther M,Hanewald B,et al.Reward:from vasic reinforcers to anticipation of social cues.Curr Top Behav Neurosci,2017,30:207-221
57 Greene D J,Colich N,Iacoboni M,et al.Atypical neural networks for social orienting in autism spectrum disorders.Neuroimage,2011,56:354-362
58 Li T,Wang X,Pan J,et al.Reward learning modulates the attentional processing of faces in children with and without autism spectrum disorder.Autism Res,2017,10:1797-1807
59 Nele D,Ellen D,Petra W,et al.Social information processing in infants at risk for ASD at 5 months of age:The influence of a familiar face and direct gaze on attention allocation.Res Autism Spectr Disord,2015,17:95-105
60 Pierce K,Redcay E.Fusiform function in children with an autism spectrum disorder is a matter of“who”.Biol Psychiatry,2008,64:552-560
61 Greene R K,Spanos M,Alderman C,et al.The effects of intranasal oxytocin on reward circuitry responses in children with autism spectrum disorder.J Neurodev Disord,2018,10:12
62 Gordon I,Jack A,Pretzsch C M,et al.Intranasal oxytocin enhances connectivity in the neural circuitry supporting social motivation and social perception in children with autism.Sci Rep,2016,6:35054
63 Kanat M,Spenthof I,Riedel A,et al.Restoring effects of oxytocin on the attentional preference for faces in autism.Transl Psychiatry,2017,7:e1097
64 Stavropoulos K K M,Carver L J.Research Review:Social motivation and oxytocin in autism-implications for joint attention development and intervention.J Child Psychol Psychiatry,2013,54:603-618
65 Chambon V,Domenech P,Pacherie E,et al.What are they up to?The role of sensory evidence and prior knowledge in action understanding.PLoS One,2011,6:e17133
66 Chambon V,Farrer C,Pacherie E,et al.Reduced sensitivity to social priors during action prediction in adults with autism spectrum disorders.Cognition,2017,160:17-26
67 Kilner J M.More than one pathway to action understanding.Trends Cogn Sci,2011,15:352-357
68 Friston K J,Lawson R,Frith C D.On hyperpriors and hypopriors:comment on Pellicano and Burr.Trends Cogn Sci,2013,17:1
69 Maule J,Stanworth K,Pellicano E,et al.When the world becomes‘too real’:a Bayesian explanation of autistic perception.Trends Cogn Sci,2012,16:504-510
70 Von der Lühe T,Manera V,Barisic I,et al.Interpersonal predictive coding,not action perception,is impaired in autism.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci,2016,371:20150373
71 Goris J,Braem S,Nijhof A D,et al.Sensory prediction errors are less modulated by global context in autism spectrum disorder.Biol PsychiatryCogn NeuroSci NeuroImage,2018,3:667-674
72 Charman T,Loth E,Tillmann J,et al.The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project(LEAP):clinical characterisation.Mol Autism,2017,8:27
73 Loth E,Charman T,Mason L,et al.The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project(LEAP):design and methodologies to identify and validate stratification biomarkers for autism spectrum disorders.Mol Autism,2017,8:24
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